Annals of Tropical Research 36[2]:xx-xx(2014)© VSU, Leyte, Philippines

Correspondence : Z. Imran Address: Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University,Higashi-Hiroshima739-8528,Japan Tel: +81-90-6416-5499 E-mail: Zulhamsyah.imran@gmail.com

Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Anchovy Fisheries in Krueng Raya Bay, Aceh,

Indonesia

1,2 1Zulhamsyah Imran and Masahiro Yamao

1GraduateSchoolofBiosphereScience,HiroshimaUniversity,Higashi-Hiroshima739-8528,Japan

2DepartmentofAquaticResourcesManagement,BogorAgriculturalUniversity,KotaBogor,JawaBarat16680,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Anchovy�isheriesinIndonesiafacesanimminentcollapseinthenextdecade. This research explores some crucial factors contributing to theover�ishingordepletionofanchovyresources.ItwasconductedinKruengRayaBayduringSeptember-October2012.Survey,focusgroupdiscussionand interviews were implemented to explore the state of anchovy andcoastal ecosystem degradation. It was shown that 52% of the totalproductionwascaughtbyliftnetboatsduringthewestmonsoonseasonof2012.SimpleregressionanalysisresultedtodifferentmodelsofMSYeitherbefore or after the tsunami in 2004whichwere shown as y = 0.8696 –0.00008xandy=0.1138–0.00002x,respectively. Model1recommendedreducingthenumberofliftnetboatto43unitsforoptimizationofyield.Ontheotherhand,Model2suggestedthatonly23unitscouldbeoperatedforoptimalefforteachyear. AveragerecentcatchinMSYshowed53.9%(lessabundant) before the tsunami and 5.5% (depletion) after that. Theseconditions was led by increasing effort, un-friendly, destructive �ishinggears, anddegradationof coral reef andmangrove. Sucha tragedywasaccelerated by anthropogenic factors and compounded by the tsunamifactor.Thetsunamiimpactonanchovy�isherydepletionmaybelesserthanthecombinedeffectsofdestructive�ishingandanthropogenicfactors.

Keywords: Anchovy �isheries, factors contributing,maximum sustainableyield,anchovydepletion

INTRODUCTION

Anchoviescontributegreatlytocapture�isheriesinIndonesiawhereinthey are utilized for human consumption and as bait �ish. Fishconsumptiongraduallyincreasedfrom23kg/capita/yearin2003to38.4kg/capita/yearin2010(MinistryofMarineAffairandFisheries-MMAF,2011),althoughthereare fewrecordsshowinghumanconsumptionofanchovy. Various species of anchovy are used for bait �ish, such asStolephorusdevisiandS.heterolobusinWesternSumatera,SouthernJava,andSouthernNusaTenggara(IndianOceanTunaTaggingProgram,2000);EncrasicholinaheterolobainAmbonBay(Ongkers,2011),andStolephoruscommersonii inKruengRayaBay. Indeed, salted anddried anchovy iswidelyproducedbysmall-scaleprocessingplantswhicharelocatedalongthecoastlinesofAceh. Increasing demand for anchovy has resulted from both increasedhuman consumption and need for bait �ish in Indonesia. As a result,anchovyproductionhas�luctuated, decreasedduringtheperiod2001-2007 (averagegrowth -1.1%)and increasedagain in theperiod2008-2011 (average growth4.4%),with an average annual growth reaching1.4% (MMAF, 2012). However, over the past 14 years production hasshown a decline in several anchovy �isheries centers including AcehProvince. Anchovyproductiondeclinedto5,516tons(2004)from7,062tons(2001),beinga-21.9%decrease.Itgraduallydroppedfrom2005to2010,withanaveragedeclineof-3.4%(AcehProvinceMarineAffairandFisheries(APMAF),2001-2011). There were several factors contributing to anchovy productiondecreaseinAcehProvince.Themostdecisivefactoristherapidincreaseofliftnetboats.Thenumberoftheseboatsincreasedfrom593unitsin1994to607unitsin2004. Afterthe2004tsunami,liftnetboatsdramaticallydroppedto194units,butagainincreasedgraduallyto224unitsin2012.Another factor was environmental degradation that affected anchovyresources. Nowadays,over�ishing,mangroveandcoralreefdestruction,and waste pollution, have become worse and they would expectedlyimpactonanchovy �isheries in thenear future. Moreover, thetsunamiindirectlyin�luencedthedeclininganchovyproductionduringtheperiod2005-2012. Over�ishingofanchovyresourceshasalsooccurred inKruengRayaBay. Unfortunately,thereisnoscienti�icreportonanchovystockforthissemicloseecosysteminrelationtoanchovy�isheriesmanagement,but

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thosefocusingonlyonsocialandeconomicsaspectdoexist(Muchlisinetal.,2012;LisnaandSofyan,2012;Miftachuddin,2007).Ourstudyin2012foundthatanchovyproductionshowedasharpdecreasefrom2,072tonsin1999to1,050tonsin2004anddramaticallydeclinedfurtherto171tonsan aftermath of the tsunami (Imran and Yamao, 2014). Anchovyproductionshowed�luctuationintheperiod2005-2009.Itwaslessthanits pre-tsunami production that reached 126.57 tons in 2012. On thecontrary,thenumberofliftnetboatsincreasedfrom8unitsin2005to31units in 2009. In-depth interviewswith the Panglima Laot Lhok (seacommander,hereinaftercalledPLL)in2012indicatedthatbothcoralreefandmangroveecosystemdegradationweredecisivefactorsinreducinganchovycatchbeforeandafterthe2004tsunami. Several researches identi�ied thatmajor factors of the depletion ofanchovyresourcesaroundtheworldwereover�ishing(Clark,1977),andElNino in the1970sandduring1982-1983 (Clark,1977;HilbornandWalters, 2001). Daskalov and Mamedov (2007) reported that thecombinationofcompetitivepressurewithjelly�ish(Mnemiopsisledyi)andenvironmentalconditionledtothedepletionofanchovykilka(Clupeonellaengrauliformis) in the Caspian Sea during the period 2001-2005.However,notmanyresearchespaidattentiononwhatnaturaldisasterscandirectlyandindirectlydototheanchovy�isheries. Pastdatawerenotappropriatetofullyaccountfortheanchovies'stateandcondition.Scienti�icdataarealsolimitedtorevealwhetheranchovy�isheriesaresubjectedtoeitherover�ishingordepletioninKruengRayaBay. Therefore, this study aims to explore some crucial factorscontributingtoover�ishingordepletionofanchovyresourcesinKruengRaya Bay. The speci�ic objectives of this research are to identify thecharacteristics of anchovy resources; to examine the maximumsustainableyield(MSY)ofanchovybeforeandafterthetsunami;and,toexaminethestateofanchovystockcategories.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

TheresearchsitewasconductedinKruengRayaBaywhichislocatedon the edge of Malacca Strait and North Sea waters (Figure 1). It isstrategically positioned for anchovy �isheries center. Intensive datacollectionwasconductedinfourvillages(desas),i.e.,Ruyung,MeunasahKeudee,MeunasahKulamandMeunasahMon. Primarydataof somebiologicalaspectofanchovywerecollectedthroughsamplingsurveyinthe

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period Sept-Oct 2012 using lift net �ishing gearswhich are commonlyoperatedinKruengRayaBay. Anchovieswererandomlysampledfromeightareas(Figure1)thatweremarkedbyglobalpositionsystem(GarminetrexVISTACx).Forbodylengthandweight,anchovysamplesweretakenatrandomuntiltheyrepresent10%ofthetotalcatchandamountedto188. Thisresearchselected83respondentswhoansweredstructuredandsemi-structured questionnaires to obtain speci�ic information aboutmonsoon season, anchovy catch, size of anchovy, �ishing gear, �ishingground, factor affecting the decline of anchovy catch, coral reef andmangroveconditions,andliftnet�isheries. InterviewsandFocusGroupDiscussions(FGD)werealsocarriedouttoexploredeeperinformationonwhy anchovy resource has continually declined. Secondary data andinformation,inparticularabouttheproductionofanchovy,numberofliftnet boats, and coral reef condition, were obtained from APMAF.Productionofanchovyandthenumberofliftnetboatseriesdatainperiod1999-2012wereanalyzed toassessMSYandproduction trend. Othersecondarydata,suchas�isheriesandecosystemdata,weresourcedfromavailablereports. Several data analyses were conducted to document the state ofanchovy �ishery (Table1), as follow: (1) anchovy'sMSYwasestimatedusingsurplusproductionmodel(SPM),whichiswidelyusedin�isheriesrelatedapplications(Gaertneretal.,2001),toexplorethestateofanchovyproduction; (2) length-weight relationship (LWR) and t test weredetermined to assess the relationshipbetweenweight and length, andgrowthcategories;(3)descriptivestatistics,comparativeand�ishstockclassi�icationanalysiswerealsousedtodeterminethestateofanchovy�isheries;(4)ecosystemconditionandtsunamiimpactswereassessedtoclarify theireffectonanchovy �isheries; and (5) �ish identi�icationwasconductedusingFAOSpeciesCatalogueVolume7. Amodi�iedversionofthepreviousstudyofMohammedetal.(2007)wasalsoinferredinthisresearch.Thepercentaveragecatchforthelasttwotothreeyearsinrelationtothehistoricalmaximumvaluewasusedtode�inethestateof�ishstock.ThisstudyappliedthepercentaveragecatchinrelationtotheMSYbeforethetsunamitodeterminethestateofanchovystock(Table2).

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No. Data Analysis Equation Remark

1. Length and weight - Length and weight

relationship1 W = aLb To estimate a and b parameter using Log W = Log a + b Log L

W = total weight (gram) L = total length (mm) a = constant b = coefficient estimator

- t test t test = |b - 3|/Sb with the hypothesis: H0 = 3, weight growth is isometric H1 ? 3, weight growth is allometric (allomatric growth can be positive (b > 3) or negative (b < 3)

b = regression coefficient Sb = standard error of b H0 = hypothesis null H1 = hypothesis one Reject H0 if t test > t table Accept H0 if t test < t table

2. Length size classification2 K = 1 + 3.3 Log N r = (Xmax – Xmin)/K

K = a number of class W = interval/range r = wide of interval Xmax = maximum value Xmin = minimum value

3. Maximum Sustainable Yield1

Vessel optimal3

Y = a + b X Where MSY = a2/4b, and f opt = a/2b V opt = f opt/ē

Y = catch per unit effort X = effort (unit/trip/years) a = constant b = coefficient estimator f opt = effort optimal (unit/trip/years V opt = vessel optimal (unit) ē = average trip in certain period (trip/years)

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Table 1. Length-weight relationship, length size classification, and MSY analysis

Table 2. Equation and criteria for fish stock classification

Equation Stock classification

Recent average catch in MSY (%)

% of recent catch in MSY = [?/MSY] X 100%

where: ? : average catch last three years before or after tsunami; MSY : MSY during the period before disaster.

Abundant Less Abundant Declining Depleted Collapsed

> 80

50-80

26-49

6-25

< 5

1

y

y

RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS

Identi�icationandcharacteristicsofanchovy

InIndonesia,anchoviesaregenerallycalled“IkanTeri”,butitisknownas “ikan bileh” in Aceh. Anchovies sampled in this study belonged toStolephorus commersonii Lacepede, 1803 (Figure 2b). Fishermen inKruengRayaBaydivideanchoviesintosmall,medium,andbigsizes.Thisresearchidenti�iedthatthesesamplesofanchovieshavesizerangesof6.8

≠

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–9.9cmstandardlength(medium-bigsize),5.3-8.3gweight,asilverstripelineinthecompressedbody,andalittleroundedbelly. Commonly,S.commersoniiisusedfordailyconsumptionand�ishbait.Therefore,itcanbecomeacommercialspeciesforthe�ishingcommunitiestoearnincomeandsustaintheirlivelihood.

(a) (b)

Figure2.Stolephoruscommersonnii(Randall,J.E.1995)(a),Stolephoruscommorsonii(Doc.Imran2012)(b)

Aregressionwascalculatedforallthelengthandweightofanchovy1.0809 2

sample.TheregressionformulafoundwasW=0.0556L (r =0.9625).Thesecomputationsdidnotconsider:(1)theLWRofthejuvenile;and(2)theseparationofmaleandfemalesamples.Regardingttesttocoef�icientestimator(b), it revealedthat t test(123)wasmorethant table (0.05, 187)

(1.972),anditmeansinthiscasetorejectthenullhypothesis(H =3).0

Logarithmic transformation analysis performed has revealed that b(1.0809)waslessthan3.Therefore,anchovygrowthcouldbesubjectedtoanegativeallometricgrowth,meaninglengthgrowthisfasterthanweightgrowth(GayaniloandPauly,1997).

Productiontrend

As regards production change in Krueng Raya Bay, the anchovy�isheriescanbecategorizedintothreedistinctperiods,namely:(i)beforethetsunamidisaster(1999-2004),(ii)afterthetsunami(2005-2006),and(iii) the recovery process period (2007-2012). Before the tsunami,anchovyproductionshowedadecreasingtrend(Figure3).Anchovycatchdroppedto1,050tonsin2004anditsharplyplummetedto171tonsin2005afterthetsunami. Eventually, it �luctuatedbetween126and279tons in the period 2006-2012. Figure 3 also point out that actualproduction has been less than the result of production surplusmodelrecommendation(Figure3).

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Figure 3. Comparison of actual production of anchovy and Surplus ProductionModelrecommendationintheperiod1999-2012, Sources: APMAF (2000-2012) and Data Analysis (2013)

During the �ieldsurveyonSeptember-October2012,anchovycatchwasverylowintheeastmonsoonseason.Withtheoperationof7-29unitsofliftnetboats,anchovyproductionwas 7.8tons. Averagecatchperuniteffort (CPUE) reached 13.5 kg/day or total catch of 100-425 kg/day.Duringthisoperation,anchovycatchcompositionwas52%ofthetotalcatch. Other small pelagic �ish catch composition were sardines(Sardinella sp., 25%), pony �ishes (Leiognathus sp., 14%), yellow tailtrevally(Caranxsp.,6%)andmackerels(Decapterussp.,3%).

Fishingoperationinthemonsoonseasons

Asatypical�ishinggearoperatedonlyinthecoastalwaterzone,liftnetboatscancatchvarioussmallpelagic�ishesincludinganchovythroughouttheyear. Fishingoperation starts at0430Hand �inishes the followingmorningat0700H. Variouspelagic �ish specieswere caught and totalvolumeofcatchdiffersbetweenwest(October-March)andeastmonsoonseason(April-September).

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The size of anchovy caught is diversed during the east and westmonsoonseasons.Thechangeinanchovysizeoccursasfollow:�irst,smallanchovywascaughtinthebeginningoftheeastmonsoonseason(June-July)andthewestmonsoonseason(October-November)whenwindandwaveswerecalm. Second,bothmediumandbigsizedanchovieswereusuallyharvestedfromAugusttoSeptemberandfromFebruarytoApril(attheendofwestandeastmonsoonseasons,respectively)whenwindandwavesweregraduallychangingfrommoderatetostrong.Third,othersmallpelagicspeciessuchassardines,pony�ishes,mackerelsandyellowtailtrevallieswereharvestedinthesameseasonwhenmediumandbiganchoviesarecaught.Thisresearchfoundthat23%and15%ofanchovysizeweredistributedwithinintervalsof84.4-88.4mmand88.5-92.5mmduringtheperiodSeptember-October2012,respectively(Figure4).Themeanoftotallengthvaluewas84±0.02mm;thus,itcanbeclassi�iedasadultstage.

Figure4.Thesizeclassofanchovy'sdistributionintheperiodSeptember-October2012Sources:DataAnalysis(2013)

MaximumSustainableYield(MSY)andtheStateofAnchovyStock

MSYcomputationwasdivided to theperiod1999-2004and2007-2012. Two point data were excluded to estimate MSY in both theseperiods because those data showed an extreme decline in anchovyproductionin2005and2006. Thesepointscanbecalledasanoutliner

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point(instatisticaltermsitcanbeclassi�iedasbiaseddata)orcriticalyearforanchovyforstockrecoveryandequilibrium. Anchovyproductionissigni�icantlycorrelatedwitheffortasindicatedinthedatafortheperiod1999-2012(Table3). Whentheeffortreached9,344tripsin1999,anchovycatchwas1,905.58tons. Afterward,catchvolume�luctuatedandfellsharplyin2003. Thisfactindicatedthatthecritical point of anchovy �isheries occurred after the 2004 tsunami.Productiondroppedextremelydownto166.94tonsin2005using432trips. Eventhoughthe�ishingeffortwasthreetimesthanthatin2005,anchovyproductiononlywentupalmosttwicein2006. Simultaneously,the total effort gradually increased during the recovery process, butanchovycatchcontinuedtoshowconstantdecline.

Table 3. Anchovy production, effort, and catch per unit effort from 1999-2012 in Krueng Raya Bay

Period Year Production (ton)1 Number of vessel2 Effort (unit/trip/years)2

CPUE

Before Tsunami 1999 1,905.58 73 9,344 0.2039 2000 1,855.47 72 9,216 0.2013 2001 1,833.11 71 8,946 0.2049 2002 1,743.29 68 8,568 0.2035 2003 1,053.47 76 9,576 0.1100 2004 1,024.18 73 9,198 0.1113

After Tsunami 2005 166.94 6 432 0.3864 2006 272.12 18 3,067 0.1575

Recovery Process

2007 182.32 24 2,715 0.059 2008 156.79 22 2,839 0.055 2009 129.82 23 3,086 0.048 2010 136.28 24 3,150 0.044 2011 129.87 26 3,325 0.039 2012 126.57 29 3,654 0.035

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Aliftnetboatoperatedfrom18to22dayseachmonthforatotalofsixmonths per year. PLL (2012) mentioned that these boats were notoperated to maximum capacity, but only around 60-80% of the totalcapacitywereusedfor�ishinganchoviesbothbeforeandafterthetsunami.Asaconsequence,thenumberofvessels,totalefforts,andanchovycatch�luctuatedduringtheperiod1999-2012(Table3). DatarevealedthatCPUEinboththeperiod1999-2004and2007-2012tendtodecreasewithincreasingefforts(Figure5). CorrelationbetweenCPUEasadependentvariable(y)andeffortasanindependentvariable(x)was computed using SRA. According to SRA, we can propose twodistinguishablemodelsofanchovyMSY inKruengRayaBay. Model1represented the period before the tsunamiwith equation y= 0.8696 –0.00008xandModel2addressedtheperiod2007-2012withequationy=0.1138 – 0.00002x. Both models recommended the MSY of anchovy

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�isheriesandtheoptimumefforttobespentinamanagedareaofKruengRayaBay (Table4). Tosustain theanchovy �isheries foreachperiod,models1and2alsoperformedtheoptimumnumberof43unitsand23unitsofliftnetboats,respectively.

Figure5.CPUE-effortcorrelation(aandb)andMSYcurve(candd)ofachovyresourcesinthepriod1999-2012,Sorces:APMAF(2000-2012)andDataAnalysis(2013)

Lateron,anchovy'sMSYcurvecanbedirectedusingbothconstant(a)andcoef�icient(b)estimators(Figure5).ThisresearchrevealedthatMSYintheperiodbeforetsunami(1999-2004)andrecoveryprocess(2008-2012) were 2,363.138 tons/year and 161.881 tons/year, respectively.Meanwhile, actual productions in the same period were in range of1,024.18-1,905.58 ton and 126.57-156.79, respectively. According toFigures4actualproductionwaslessthananchovy'sMSY,buttheactualefforthadalreadybeenovertheoptimumeffortsasthismodelsuggestedforbothperiods.Interestinglythe�indingsinthisresearchwere:(1)the�ishery'sMSYintheperiodofrecoveryprocesswas20timeslessbeforethetsunami(Table4);(2)therecentaveragecatchinMSYwas53.9%of

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MSYanditcanbeclassi�iedtothelessabundantstockinbeforetsunami;and(3) therecentaveragecatch inMSYwentdownto5.5%ofMSY, itmeansthestockfacedimminentdepletion.

Anchovyidenti�icationanditscharacteristicrolein�isheriesmanagement

Asaninitialresearch,westartedtoidentifyanchovyspeciesanditscharacteristics in Krueng Raya Bay which was established as one ofanchovy centers in Aceh Province prior to the 2004 tsunami. Thedistribution of anchovy in Aceh Province had been known in coastalwatersoftheMalaccaStraitandtheIndianOceanfromourobservationduring theperiod2005-2012. However, there isnoprevious researchcarried out to de�ine the characteristics of anchovy. In this case, theidenti�icationofanchovyasStolephoruscommersoniiLacepede(1803)inKrueng Raya Baywas an interesting task to initiate anchovy �isheriesmanagementinthefuture. ThespecieshashadwidespreaddistributionintheIndianOceanandWesternPaci�ic(Whiteheadetal.,1988),AmbonBay(SumadhihargaandYulianto,1987),BimaBay-WestNusaTenggara(Andamarietal.,2002),andKabuyBay-RajaAmpat(Baileyetal.,2007). However,somecharacteristicsofS.commersoniiidenti�icationanditsLWR analysiswere inappropriate for the holistic determination of thestock concept in termof �isheriesmanagement purposes. Begg et al.,(1999) concluded that a fundamental of �isheries managementrequirement is to consider the full impact of management actions,including identi�ication of the stock complexity of a �ish species. Asmorphometricstudy,LWRinthisresearchwasasmallpartof�ishstockidenti�ication. Nowadays, anchovy that has had a negative allometricgrowthpatternwasnotonlyfoundinKruengRayaBay,butalsothissimilarpatternofLWRwasidenti�iedforanchovyinBimaBay-AmbonProvince(Andamariet al., 2002) andCirebon's coastalwater (Supriyadi, 2008).Samsunetal.(2004)alsofoundthattheanchovyfunctionalregressionwasanegativeallometricgrowthpattern(b<3)intheMid-blackSea. ParaskeviandStergiou(2012)notedthattheallometricgrowthmodelwas (1) the most appropriate in describing �ish morphometricrelationship; and (2) study on effect of feeding habit and habitat tomorphologicalcharacteristics.Theystatedthatanchovy,assmallpelagic�ilter feeder which prey on small zooplankton (copepods), has smallmouth and strong dentition in adaption of food habit. Our researchpredicted that seasonal migration of S. commersonii might has

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relationshipwithfoodhabit,monsoonseason,enrichmentofnutrientintowater column regarding FGD with �ishermen. Furthermore,oceanography and type of ecosystem; such as current, temperature,existence of mangrove and coral reef; might be contributed inestablishment of anchovy population. For instance, the populationstrategiesofEuropeanAnchovytotheseasonalupwellingecosystemhasrelationshipwiththeenrichmentofcoastalwaterandgrowthinvestment(Cubillos et al., 2001). Integration of anchovy identi�ication, itscharacteristicsandfoodhabit,LWR,andfactorscontributingonseasonalmigrationshouldbepaidattentiononanchovy�isheriesmanagementinthefuture.Otherwise,thesecrucialfactorsmighthavein�luencedonun-sustainabilityofS.commersoniiinKruengRayaBay.

Over�ishingofanchovy�isheriespriortothetsunamidisaster(1999-2004)

Over�ishingofanchovy�isherieswasshownbyactualeffortmorethantheoptimumeffortandactualproductionlessthantheMSY(seeFigure5cand Table 4). Indeed, anchovy stock could be considered into lessabundant state, which is shown by the recent average catch in MSY(53.9%). Therewereseveralmajorfactorsthatcausedover�ishingofanchovy�isheriespriortothetsunamidisaster.Firstly,thenumberofliftnetboatsde�initelyincreasedinthe1980sandthe1990s.Intheearlierstageofanchovy�isheriesdevelopmentinthe1970s,only2liftnetboatshadbeenputintooperationfor�ishinganchovy,accordingtoPLL.Thenumberofliftnetboatsrapidlyincreasedto70unitsinthe1980s,andreached89unitsinthe1990s.PLLmentionedthatthenumberof�ishingboatswas91unitsjustbeforethedisasterin2004. Secondly,sincethe1990s,equipmentandmaterialsusedfor�ishinghavebecomerapidlysophisticatedwithasharpriseofproductivity.Intheearlier stage of development, the lift net boats used simple kerosenelampsinthe1970sandthe1980s;�inally,theyoperated�luorescentlamps(capacity10watts)sincethe1990stoattractphytoplanktonandsmallschooling�ish, includinganchovy. Motorizationofpullboatsequippedwithoutboardenginewasadecisivefactortoincreasecatcheffort.Inthelasttwodecades,generatorswereequippedonboardaspowerplantforlight�ishingtoincreaseproductivity.Eachliftnetboatwasequippedwith25-40white�luorescentlampsandonegreenlamp. Lightintensityanddistributionhavein�luenced�ishharvesting.Forexample,Sudirmanatal.(1992)reportedthatusinglightintensityof6,000wattsbyliftnetboatsin

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SouthSulawesiwaterssince1987resultedtohigher�ishcatchthanthoseusing5,000and4,000wattslamps. Thirdly,themeshsizeoftheliftnet�ishinggearisbecomingsmaller.Fishermenusedthemeshsize0.95cmonthebottomside,1.27cminthemiddleside,and2.54cmonthetopsidetoconstructasetofliftnet�ishinggearwithwide18mX18manddepthofaround15–20m. This�ishingnetisnotselective,targetingjuvenilestageofanchovy(�ishermenknewsuch�ishassmallanchovyor“TeriMedan”),andcatchingallkindofsmallpelagic�ish. Infact,thedesignofliftnetalsoharvestedthesmallsizeofanchovy (10-15 mm) during east and west monsoon seasons. As aconsequence, stockof anchovy facedpressuredconditionanddeclinedyearafteryear,becauseithasnochancetoreachsexualmaturitystage.Thereisnospecialrecordtheintervallengthof�irststagematurityforS.commersonii. However,Luther(1979)reportedthatminimumsizeofS.commersoniiat�irstmaturityis110mminthesouthwestcoastofIndia.Andamari et al. (2002) mentioned that the maturity stage of S.commersoniiwasidenti�iedinaveragelength109.9±0.5mminBimaBay. Fourthly,anchovyisharvestedthroughouttheyearinbothwestandeastmonsoons.Itmightcauseadeclineofstocktosupportreproductionsystemofanchovy.Incaseoftropicalanchovy,spawningseasonmayhaveoccurredthroughouttheyearandreproductiveseasonsareoftenlinkedtothemonsoonseason(Tiewsetal.,1970).

Other factors to boost anchovy �isheries depletion during the recoveryprocess(2005-2012)

Over�ishingofanchovy �isheriescontinuedduringtheperiod2005-2012. Becausetheactualproductionand�ishingeffortsweremorethanMSYandoptimumeffortsinthesameperiod(Table3andTable4), meansanchovy�isherieswasinovercapacitycondition. FAO(2008)notedthatovercapacitymightoccurwhenthe�ishing�leetislargerthanitneedstobetocatchtheavailable�ishresources.Liftnet�isherieswasinovercapacityat around16.7%byusing the effort of 3,325 trips in2011. Thus, thenumberof liftnetboatshad tobe reducedby23units for sustainableanchovy�isheries.Otherwise,anchovyresourcessustainabilitywouldbethreatenedanddepletedduetotherecentaveragecatchinMSY(5.5%ofMSY). Besidesthefactorsmentionedabove, therearemanyotherfactorsasto why anchovy �isheries showed depletion. Firstly, coral reef and

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mangrove ecosystem degradation might have contributed to anchovydepletion. TherewerenoresearchactivitiesconductedtoanalyzethestateofthisecosysteminpriorthetsunamiinKruengRayaBay.AccordingtotheCenterforOceanography-IndonesiaResearchInstitute(2005),coralreefs in the western part of Indonesia are in poor condition (35.7%),includingthereefinthisstudyarea. Asanaftermathofthetsunami,thearea,lengthandaveragelivingcoverofthecoralreefecosystemwere196.4ha,13kmand10%,respectively(Longetal.,2006);andthelivecoverofhardcoralwas36.9%(OceanDivingClub,2011). Therefore,thecoralreefecosystemwasinpoorconditionbasedontheclassi�icationdevelopedbyMcAllister(1988). Itisestimatedthat62-90%ofthisecosystemwasindegraded condition. We also observed that the point of AkhmadRahmanyang peninsula and Lhok Mee Beach are frequently used forharvesting the small anchovy during October-November in the westmonsoon. Commonly, coral reefdamage in thestudyareahasbeencausedbyincreasing intensity of line boat activities, anthropogenic factors, andtsunami impact. Increasing number of line boats to 31.3%before thetsunamimighthavecontributedtothedestructionofcoralreefecosystemsbecausetheseboatscapturedreef�ishasatargetspecies.Theseboatsalsofrequentlydroppedanchorsonreefsthatcancauseseveredamagetocoralreefecosystems. Anthropogenic factors have simultaneously occurred towardcontributing to anchovy depletion after the tsunami. Nowadays,potassiumcyanidethatcankillcoralpolyps,symbioticalgae,andothersmall organisms necessary for healthy reefs has been used to catchornamentalreef�ishbysome�ishermeninthestudyarea.Explosives,land-basedpollution,destructive�ishing,oilspills,sandmininganduntreatedhuman sewage might have exerted much stress towards coral reefdegradation. Indeed, mangrove conversion, deforestation, agriculture,shippingandharborconstructionhavedestroyedthecoralreefecosystemindirectly. ThetsunamialsoaffectedthemangroveecosystemsinKruengRayaBay. It isestimated that77.1haofmangroveecosystem isdistributedalong a 15.27 km stretch within the Aron Meudawa-Ujung TeungkuPeninsulazone.Thepercentagecoverofmangrovetreeshadremainedataround5%anditcanbeclassi�iedasundertheseverelydamagedcategoryaccording to theMinistryofEnvironmentClassi�ication (2004). In the1980s,themangroveareawasestimatedataround300hainKruengRaya

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Bay. Themangroveecosystemhasbeenconverted intobrackishwatershrimp ponds，which might be a major factor for the ecosystemdegradationinthisarea. Asacomparison,WibisonoandSuryadiputra(2005) reported that 26,823 ha mangrove ecosystem in Aceh BesarDistrictwasaffectedbythehugetsunamidisaster.However,thetsunami'seffectwaslessthantheotheranthropogenicimpactsonthemangroveswhichareharvestedforcharcoal,housingand�irewood. Secondly,rapidhumanpopulationgrowthinKruengRayaBayafterthetsunami disaster has urged �ishing communities to depend more on�isheriesresources(inparticularanchovy)thanbeforethe2004tsunami.Beforethedisaster,around69%ofthepopulationinthisregionhadbeendependent on capture �isheries and 31% on other livelihoods such asagriculture and livestock. After the tsunami disaster, thosewhowereengagedincapture�isheryandreliedonitfortheirincomeincreasedto78%. Lotze et al. (2006) stated that rapid human population growthcausedanincreasingdemand,commercializationofresources,technologydevelopment, unselective and destructive �ishing gears that caused asharply upward trend on �ish resources depletion. They added thathumanactivitieshaveimpactedtomorethan90%ofimportantspeciesdepletion; and 60% sea grass and wetlands habitat destroyed, waterqualitydegradation,andacceleratedspeciesinvasion.

CONCLUSION

Anchovy,identi�iedasStolephoruscommersonii,hasasigni�icantroleto sustain livelihood for the �ishing communities in Krueng Raya Bay.Increasingutilizationanddependencyofanchovyresourcescausedthedecline of anchovy �isheries which is increasingly unable to support�isherieslivelihoodafterthe2004tsunami. Asaconsequence,anchovy�isherieswasoverexploitedduring theperiod1999-2004andbecamedepleteintheperiod2005-2012. There are several factors that contributed to over�ishing anchovy�isheries prior to the tsunami. The lack of anchovy characteristicknowledge, increasingeffort,non-selectivemesh size,unlimiteduseoflighting,harvestingthroughoutthemonsoonseasonweredirectfactorscontributing to anchovy over�ishing. Anthropogenic factors de�initelycausedthedegradationofcoralreefandmangroveecosystemandthesefactorscouldbeindirectfactorsonthedeclineofanchovy�isheriespriortothetsunami.

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Anchovy�isheriesfacedover�ishinganddepletionconditionduetotheactual production of anchovy and average recent catch in MSY. Thisanchovy�isheriesdepletioncanleadtoatleastsixscenarios,asfollow:(1)anchovy resources sufferedunderextremepressureduring the criticalyears (2005-2006), (2) the direct factor continued contributing onanchovyresourcedecliningduringrecoveryprocess,(3)thedestructive�ishing operations threaten the coral reef ecosystem, (4) theanthropogenicfactorsleadtocoralandmangroveecosystemdegradation,(5)tsunamiimpactcompoundsthedegradationofcoastalecosystem;and(6)thepopulationincreasecausedtheincreaseofanthropogenicfactorsand dependency on anchovy resources. However, it is clear that thetsunamiimpactonanchovyresourcesdepletionmaybelesserthanthecombinedeffectsofdestructive�ishingandanthropogenicfactors. Onapositivenote,anchovydepletioncanbeturnedaroundtoavertanotheranchovy�isheriescollapseinthefuture.Topreventsuchabigger“tragedyofthecommons,”theGovernmentofAcehProvince(GOAP)needstoprepare“GoodGovernanceofAnchovyFisheriesManagement,GGAFM”inthefuture. Withinashorttime(1-5years),theGOAPshouldconductresearch on the unit stock to generate new baseline data of anchovyresources, information dissemination for preventing destructive andecologicallyun-friendly�ishinggearutilizationforanchovycatch,andthegreaterinvolvementofsocietyinthemanagementofcoastalecosystemsfor anchovy resources. The Zoning and Management Plan must bepreparedtointegratemulti-purposeusesofthecoastalzoneofKruengRayaBayforthenext5-10years.Themostinterestingscenarioistokeepanchovy �isheries sustainable by integrating the indigenous institution(Panglima Laot Lhok) and district governments in managing �isheriesresources by using social ecological approach and establishingMarineProtectedAreasinthelongrun(25years). Thisrecommendationwillbeuseful to further conserve anchovy resources and the ecosystem, thuspotentiallycontributingtoanincreaseinincomeof�ishingcommunitiesinKruengRayaBay.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The�irstauthorwouldliketoexpresshisthanksandappreciationtotheDirectorateGeneralofHigherEducationandCenterforCoastalandMarine Resources Studies who always provided support andencouragementintheconductofthisstudy.Weappreciatethevaluable

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help of all �ishermen and Panglima Laot Lhok Krueng Raya whoparticipatedintheinterviewresearch,andDr.LawrenceM.Liao,visitingprofessor of the Graduate School of Biosphere Science, HiroshimaUniversityforhisacademicsuggestions.

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