1

Evaluation of Downstream and Ecosystem Water Quality and Quantity through Targeting Conservation Practices in Mississippi

Program Director’s Annual MeetingOctober 12 – 13, 2016

Washington D.C.

Investigators: Parajuli P. B., Ouyang Y., Bingner R. L., Tack J., Krutz J.

Graduate students/co-authors: Jayakody, P.; Dakhlalla, A.; Schmitz, D. W.; Sassenrath G. F.

Project Objectives

Objective 1: Evaluate transport processes of sediment, nutrient and bacteria in conjunction with field observed data and conservation practices using surface-ground hydrologic and water quality models.

Objective 2: Evaluate sensitivity of conservation practices on downstream surface-ground water quality and quantity due to future climate variability and land use changes.

Objective 3: Develop extension programs to educate watershed stakeholders, minorities, youth, consumers, and farmers through workshop, research, extension, and international partnerships.

Project Objectives

Objective (1): Evaluate transport processes of sediment, nutrient and bacteria in conjunction with field observed data and conservation practices using surface-ground hydrologic and water quality models.

Objective 2: Evaluate sensitivity of conservation practices on downstream surface-ground water quality and quantity due to future climate variability and land use changes.

Objective 3: Develop extension programs to educate watershed stakeholders, minorities, youth, consumers, and farmers through workshop, research, extension, and international partnerships.

4

TSS

TP

TN

Bacteria

Big Sunflower River watershed: Merigold, Sunflower, and Leland sampling stations

Water Quality Monitoring

Water quality (TSS, TP, TN): standard methods (EPA 160.2 for TSS, EPA 365.3 for TP, and EPA 351.2 for TN; APHA, 1998). MSU/Forest Hydrology Lab (Dr. Courtney Siegert)

Bacteria: EPA method 1103.1 (EPA, 2002). USDA Lab (Dr. John Brooks)

5

Water Quality Analysis

Evaluating the impacts of crop rotations on groundwater storage

and recharge in the Mississippi Delta

Study Area

Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) About 72% cropland Texture: Clay, Silty clay loam, Silty clay

Water Use Permits

Approximately 80% of the water use permits in Mississippi are in the Mississippi Delta (YMD, 2013)

Water withdrawn from Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer

Source: http://www.ymd.org/pdfs/statepermits.pdf

BSRW Observed Water Table Depths

Source: YMD, 2013Average water table depths in the Fall are higher than Spring

RECHARGE REVAPVadose Zone

PERCOLATION

PUMPINGBaseflow

Groundwater Model in SWAT

Neitsch et al., 2011

Observed daily streamflow

Daily streamflow observed data (2003-2009) Merigold (USGS 07288500) Sunflower (USGS 07288280) Leland (USGS 07288650)

SWAT-CUP-SUFI-2 method used to calibrate for streamflow by sampling from 12 hydrological parameters using Latin Hypercube Sampling (Abbaspour, Karim C., 2007)

12

Merigold

Sunflower

Leland

Model Evaluation for Daily Streamflow

Observed Water Table Depths

Water table depth: obtained from YMD from 1996 to 2010

Measurements taken only during Spring and Fall

Observed water table depths were compared to simulated water table depths at Sub-basin 9 Sub-basin 25

Simulated water table depth: changes were calculated based on the changes in water depths in the shallow aquifer

14

Model Evaluation for Water Table Depths

15

Crop Rotation Impacts

Continuous rice lead to the highest groundwater recharge and cont. cotton caused the lowest groundwater recharge. With groundwater storage, cont. corn had the highest storage, while rice rotations had the lowest storage

Summary

Model calibrated and validated: for daily streamflow and seasonal water table changes

Rice crop: resulted in the highest groundwater recharge rates (+19.6% to + 60.1%), likely because of the response to the deficiency of groundwater needed for irrigation

Corn and Cotton: resulted in the largest groundwater storage (+9.7% to +27.2%), which is the result of the low irrigation rates

17

Assessing climate variability impacts on crop and sediment yields

By the late 21st century Mean Temperature increase: 1.4 to 5.8°C due to the

greenhouse effect (IPCC, 2007; 2013) CO2 concentration: double? (IPCC, 2007; 2013) Precipitation and surface runoff form/pattern: alter

(Legesse et al., 2003; Doris et al., 2007) Runoff changes

Climate variability > land use changes (Hu et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2008)

Climate variability18

Climate studies: Fewer conducted in the Southern U.S. (Goolsby et al., 2001; Knox, 2002)

Mississippi watersheds: Very few (Cathcart et al., 2007; Parajuli, 2010; Kim et al., 2013)

Crop yield modeling

SWAT and LARS-WG modelsVariety trial data: Corn and SoybeanTwo locations:

Stoneville: USDA experiment station Clarksdale: farm

Management data: 2001 to 2009

0 20 4010 Kilometers

±

!(

!(

1

4

6

5 11

2

3

15

8

27

24

22

9

16

31

7

32

33

28

25

34

21

10

30

36

26

18

29

13

23

14

35

17

20

12

37

19

Clarksdale

Stoneville

19

Calib.

Valid.

Three Tillage Practices: Conventional,

Reduced 1 (R1) and Reduced 2 (R2)

Monthly streamflow calibration and validation

BIG SUNFLOWER RIVER MERIGOLD, MS

BIG SUNFLOWER RIVERSUNFLOWER, MS

BOGUE PHALIALELAND, MS

20

StationR2 E R2 E

Merigold 0.72 0.71 0.82 0.81Sunflower 0.73 0.79 0.81 0.71Leland 0.72 0.70 0.73 0.71

Calibration (2001-2006) Validation (2007-2013)

0

40

80

120

160

200

240Observed Simulated

Stre

am f

low

(m3 s

-1)

Period in months (2001-2006 for calibration and 2007-2013 for validation)

Merigold

0

40

80

120

160Observed Simulated

Stre

am f

low

(m3 s

-1)

Period in months (2001-2006 for calibration and 2007-2013 for validation)

Summerflower

0

40

80

120

160

Observed Simulated

Stre

am f

low

(m3 s

-1)

Period in months (2001-2006 for calibration and 2007-2013 for validation)

Leland

Monthly calibration (2001-2006) and validation (2007-2013)

Sunflower

Crop Statistics Calibration-Stoneville

Validation-Clarksdale

Corn R2 0.45 0.40NSE 0.86 0.72RMSE (Mg/ha)

1.57 2.94

Soybean

R2 0.59 0.43

NSE 0.48 0.57RMSE (Mg/ha)

0.48 0.80

Calibration and validation (2001-2009)

0 20 4010 Kilometers

±

!(

!(

1

4

6

5 11

2

3

15

8

27

24

22

9

16

31

7

32

33

28

25

34

21

10

30

36

26

18

29

13

23

14

35

17

20

12

37

19

Clarksdale

Stoneville

Similar results has been reported by previous study in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (Srinivasan et al., 2010)

21

Calibration

Validation

Crop yield calibration and validation

Effects due to tillage practices (R1 and R2) on crop yield as compared to conventional

• Crop yield changes (%) due to reduce 1 and 2 as compared to conventional tillage system• Corn yield slightly decreased• Effects on soybean yield less than corn yield

22

Tillage management impacts on crop yields

Average Corn yield in the mid-century (2046-2065) will increase by 3% (conventional tillage) 2.8% (reduce tillage 1) 2.6 % (reduce tillage 2)

Average Corn yield in the late-century (2080-2099) will increase by about 1% in all tillage systems

Average Soybean yield from all tillage systems will decrease by 3% (Mid-century: 2046-2065) 1.5% (Late-century: 2080-2099)

Climate change impacts on crop yields23

Climate variability impacts on Corn-yield

Change: from -12% to 34%

24

Variable corn-yield in sub-basins

Climate variability-tillage impact

Tillage

Corn Soybean

Baseline Mid Late Baseline Mid Late

Conventional 12.6 13.4 14.2 14.1 15.0 16.3

Reduce 1 10.2 11.1 11.9 11.1 12.0 13.2

Reduce 2 8.7 9.6 10.5 9.0 9.8 10.9 Sediment yield from corn fields

will increase 6% to 11% in mid-century and 13% to 21% in late-century Reduce tillage 2 showed the lowest increase Sediment yield from the soybean fields

will increase 6 % to 9% in mid-century and 16 % to 21% in late-century

25

Mid/Late centuries climate variability/tillage impact on sediment yield (Mg/ha) as compared to baseline condition

Summary

Flow/crop simulations: good to very good model perform.

Three tillage systems (Conventional, Reduce 1, and Reduce 2):

significant effects on sediment yield from the BSRW

Three tillage systems (Conventional, Reduce 1, and Reduce 2):

no significant effects on crop yield from the BSRW

26

Project Objectives

Objective (1): Evaluate transport processes of sediment, nutrient and bacteria in conjunction with field observed data and conservation practices using surface-ground hydrologic and water quality models.

Objective 2: Evaluate sensitivity of conservation practices on downstream surface-ground water quality and quantity due to future climate variability and land use changes.

Objective 3: Develop extension programs to educate watershed stakeholders, minorities, youth, consumers, and farmers through workshop, research, extension, and international partnerships.

28

Participated in the Yazoo River Basin meeting in 2013, and 2014

Presented research project objectives to the watershed stakeholders

Presented project objectives and preliminary research work with the project collaborators (YMD and USGS) in the Water and Science Center, USGS, Jackson, MS

Presented preliminary research progress to MS WRRI, IBE, and ASABE meetings (2014, 2015, 2016)

Conducted “Water Seminar Series” to present water research where watershed stakeholders, students, faculty, WRRI board members, and other water professionals were participated

Research, extension, and education …..

29

Water Seminar Series – students, faculty, WRRI, collaborators

마스터 제목 스타일 편집

Moon-Seong Kang, Associate Professor (Ph.D.)Moon-Seong Kang, Associate Professor (Ph.D.)Department of Rural Systems EngineeringDepartment of Rural Systems EngineeringCollege of Agriculture and Life SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Seoul National UniversitySeoul National UniversityMarch 4, 2015March 4, 2015

Presented by: Dr. Prem Parajuli Presented by: Dr. Prem Parajuli Dept. of Agricultural Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State Universityand Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University

AGRICULTURAL NPS AGRICULTURAL NPS POLLUTION IN SOUTH POLLUTION IN SOUTH KOREA: PROBLEMS, ISSUES KOREA: PROBLEMS, ISSUES & STRATEGIES& STRATEGIES

Water Seminar Series

Invited Scientific Talks 2014-2016: ~ 71.2016 UCOWR/NIWR Annual Conference. Special Session: Impact of Irrigation Strategies to Reduce Overdraft of Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer. Irrigation Water Management Strategies that Improve Crop Yield and/or on Farm Profitability June 21-23. Pensacola, FL. (20)2. 19th Annual Cotton & Rice Conference. Surge Valves: An Underutilized Irrigation Water Management Practice that Improves Yield and/or Profitability January 13-14. Memphis, TN (40) (45)3. 19th Annual Cotton & Rice Conference. Irrigation Water Management Strategies that Improve Corn Yield and/or Profitability January 13 -14. Memphis, TN (20) (21)

Technical Presentations 2015-2016: ~ 301.MSU Administrator Visit to DREC. Water Conservation Research and Extension. Delta Research & Extension Center. Stoneville, MS [MAFES, MSU-ES] 09-01-162. Mississippi Water Resources Conference. Irrigation Water Management Strategies that Improve Crop Yield and/or On-Farm Profitability. Jackson, MS 04-05-16 (71)3.Cochran Program Fellows – Africa. Irrigation and Crop Production. Delta Research & Extension Center. Stoneville, MS [MSU] 08-09-16 (15)

Grower Meetings 2016: ~ 201. Delta Agricultural Exposition. Water Management Strategies. Cleveland, MS 01-20-16 (55).2. Sanders/Pinnacle Ag. Irrigation Strategies for Corn and Soybean. DREC/Stoneville, MS 01-19-16 (15) 3. Don Stallings Consulting, Water Use in Mississippi. Indianola, MS 06-08-16 (25)

Field Days 2015-2016: ~ 61.Biennial North Mississippi Research and Extension Center Agronomic Row Crops Field Day. Cover Crops and Irrigation Water Management. Verona, MS [MSU-ES/MAFES] 08-11-16 (115)2. Turn-Row Talk for Coahoma County. Irrigation Water Management. Lyon, MS [MSU-ES] 08-10-16 (30)

Research, extension, and education …..

Publications

P. B. Parajuli, P. Jayakody, G.F. Sassenrath, Y. Ouyang. 2016. Assessing the impacts of climate change and tillage practices on stream flow, crop and sediment yields from the Mississippi River Basin. Agricultural Water Management, 168: 112–124. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377416300427

Dakhlalla, Abdullah O.; Parajuli, Prem B.; Ouyang, Ying; and Schmitz, Darrel W. 2016. Evaluating the impacts of crop rotations on groundwater storage and recharge in an agricultural watershed. Agricultural Water Management, 163: 332–343. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377415301207

H. Kim, and P. B. Parajuli. 2014. Impacts of Reservoir Outflow Estimation Methods in SWAT Model Calibration. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 57(4): 1029-1042. Available at: http://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=45050&t=3&dabs=Y&redir=&redirType=

Ouyang, Y., Parajuli, P., Li, Y., Leininger, T., and Feng, G. 2016. Assessment of Climate Change and its Impact on Forest Stream Flow Using Wavelet Analysis. Ecological Engineering (submitted).

32Peer-Reviewed Refereed Journal: 4

Conference Proceedings/Presentations: 8Dakhlalla, A. O., P. B. Parajuli, Ouyang Ying, and Darrel Schmitz. 2015. Evaluating the impacts of crop rotations on groundwater storage and recharge in a humid sub-tropical watershed. ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 26-29, New Orleans, Louisiana. Dakhlalla, A. O., and P. B. Parajuli. 2015. Assessing model parameter sensitivity and uncertainty of streamflow, sediment, and nutrient predictions in an agricultural watershed using SWAT. ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 26-29, New Orleans, Louisiana. Ni, X., and P. B. Parajuli. 2015. A coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model to evaluate the effects of management practices on surface-groundwater. ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 26-29, New Orleans, Louisiana. Dakhlalla, A. O., and P. B. Parajuli. 2015. Sensitivity of Fecal Coliform Bacteria Transport to Climate Change in an Agricultural Watershed. IBE Annual Conference, March 5-7, Crowne Plaza St. Louis-Clayton, St. Louis, Missouri. Dakhlalla, A. O., P. B. Parajuli, and Darrel Schmitz. 2015. Evaluating the impacts of crop rotations on groundwater storage and recharge in the Mississippi Delta. 2015 Mississippi Water Resource Conference, April 7-8, Hilton, Jackson, MS. Ni, X., and P. B. Parajuli. 2015. A coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model to evaluate the effects of agricultural management practices on surface and groundwater. 2015 Mississippi Water Resource Conference, April 7-8, Hilton, Jackson, MS. Parajuli P. B., Priyantha Jayakody, and Gretchen Sassenrath. 2014. Assessing climate variability impacts on crop and sediment yields. ASABE Paper No. 141913046. ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 13-16, Montreal, QC CanadaOuyang, Y., M. Moran, P. Parajuli, and B. Zhao. 2016. Characterization of Surface Water Quality in Sunflower River Watershed, Mississippi. Poster presentation at the 2016 Mississippi Water Resources Conference in Jackson, MS. April 5-6, 2016.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the USDA/NIFA for the financial support (award # 2013-67020-21407)

We would also like to acknowledge the support of YMD for the groundwater data

We would like to acknowledge the support of Mr. Kenneth

Hood; Dr. Courtney Siegert; Dr. John Brooks; Stoneville & Clarksdale experiment stations; USGS, and our all collaborators

My graduate students and collaborating investigators

Thank you very much!?

34