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ESTUARIES:
Where Rivers Meet the Sea
By: Ezel Anne Benitez
Jhulien DizonMark Adrian Bernardino
Estuaries:
Origins and Types of Estuaries
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries (Salinity, Substrate, Other Physical Factors)
Estuaries as Ecosystem (Types of Communities, Feeding Interactions)
Human Impact on Estuarine Communities
http://www.earthgauge.net/wp-content/images/Estuaries_Low.jpg
Estuaries are partially closed bodies of water where freshwater rivers and streams meet and mix with the salt water of the ocean.
Over 60% of coastal rivers and bays in the continental U.S. are degraded by nutrient pollution from things like fertilizers and pet waste
75% of commercial aquatic species – like salmon, oysters and horseshoe crabs – depend on estuaries for their primary habitat, spawning grounds and nursery areas.
Estuaries come in all shapes and sizes. They can be called bays, lagoons and inlets.
• Drowned River Valleys / Coastal Plain Estuaries
Melting of ice rose sea level = sea invaded lowlands and river mouths
Most common
Ex. Chesapeake Bay, mouth of Delaware River, St. Lawrence River, mouth of River Thames
Origin and Types of Estuaries
←Delaware River
Chesapeake Bay
← Cape Hatteras
• Bar-built Estuaries
Accumulation of sediments along the coast =sand bars & barrier islands
acts as walls between fresh water and ocean.
Ex. Cape Hatteras , Texas Coast of Gulf Mexico
Origin and Types of Estuaries
←Delaware River
Chesapeake Bay
← Cape Hatteras
• Tectonic Estuaries
Land sank or subsided,
Result of movements of crust
Origin and Types of Estuaries
• Fjords
Retreating glaciers cut deep valleys along the coast.
Submerged when sea level rose and rivers flow
Common in Southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, New Zealand
Origin and Types of Estuaries
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SALINITY
Seawater 35% salinity + Freshwater 0% salinity
↑ Salinity = ↑ Depth 35% 25% 15% 5% 0%
• SALINITY
Diurnal tide – organisms are subjected to 2 shifts in salinity
Semidiurnal Tide- 4 shifts in salinity
35% 25% 15% 5% 0%
25% 15% 5% 0%
35%
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SALINITY
Distribution of Salinity is influenced by:
the shape of estuary & its bottom, wind, evaporation of water, and tide
Seasonal variations in freshwater runoff from rivers by rainfall patterns or snowmelt
Little freshwater runoff + high evaporation = high salinity estuaries
May reach 50% -100% during dry spells = negative estuaries
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SALINITYCurrent – tide rushes in creating strong tidal currentsIn few places tide comes in a nearly vertical wall of water tidal bore - as high as 6m in Qiantang River, ChinaGreatly affects salinity
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SALINITYCoriolis Effect
Northern hemisphere– fresh water toward the sea is deflected to the right
Southern hemisphere– the flow is to the left
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SUBSTRATELarge amount of sediments & other materials are from river
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SUBSTRATESand & Coarse material settle out in upper reaches
Fine, muddy particles are carried down the estuary in quiet waters
Substrate of most estuaries is sand or soft mud
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SUBSTRATE
Mud
Combination of silt and clay , rich in organic material
Decay bacteria uses up oxygen in interstitial water
Water cannot easily flow through fine sediments to replenish oxygen
As result, sediments in estuaries are devoid of oxygen = anoxic
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SUBSTRATE
Mud
Black color and rotten-egg smell
Accumulation of Hydrogen sulfide H2S → toxic to most organisms
Anaerobic bacteria thrive under these conditions
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• SUBSTRATE
There is plenty of oxygen in unimpeded tidal flow
Sill restricts water circulation
Stagnant deep water may become depleted in oxygen ↔ decomposition of organic matter
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
• OTHER PHYSICAL FACTORS
Water temperature is affected by depths and surface area
Organisms exposed at low tide face drastic temperature fluctuations
Suspended sediments reduces water clarity
Can clog surfaces of filter feeders → death
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Estuaries are tremendously productive and are home to large numbers of organisms
Provide breeding & feeding grounds for birds, fishes, shrimps, etc.
Estuarine ecosystems consist of several distinct communities
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Need to adapt to extremes in salinity, temperature, and other physical factors.
No other marine environments changes so rapidly in many ways as an estuary.
Few species have adapted to estuarine conditions
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Euryhaline species tolerate wide range of salinities
Stenohaline species are limited to upper/lower ends of estuary
Rarely penetrate estuary proper
Can be marine or freshwater origin
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Brackishwater – water of intermediate salinity
Brakishwater, stenohaline, and freshwater marine species.
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Some undergo osmosis
Some animals adapt by hiding in mud burrows, close their shells, or swim away
Most organism rely on other mechanism
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Osmoconformers – maintain osmotic balance by changing salinity of body fluids.
Soft-bodied estuarine animals, mollusks, polychaetes worms.
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Osmoregulators – keep the salinity of body fluids constant.
Via Active transport
Accomplished by gills, kidneys & other structures
Bony fishes osmoregulate - lower salinity of body fluid
Salmon & freshwater eel - active transport in gills and kidney
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Perfect Osmoconformers or Perfect Osmoregulators –
Invertebrates
Osmoregulate = low salinities
Osmoconform =high salinities
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity Fluctuations
Estuarine Plants
Grasses & some Salt-marsh plants have high salt tolerance
Absorb salts & concentrate sugars to prevent water from leaving tissues
Opposite to marine organisms in estuaries
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity FluctuationsCordgrasses, other Salt-marsh plants, and Mangroves
Excrete excess salts by salt glands in their leaves
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Cordgrass (Spartina)
Black Mangrove leaf
Estuaries as Ecosystems
Coping with Salinity FluctuationsPickleweed (Salicornia) – succulents
Absorb water to dilute salts
• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Estuaries as Ecosystems• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Adapting to the MudProblem:
Nothing to hold on to → most animals burrow or live in permanent tubes
Clams extend their siphons for food and oxygen
Difficult to move on mud → inhabitants tend to be stationary/ slow-moving
Depletion of oxygen → burrowers pump oxygen-rich water into their burrows
→ Some have blood with hemoglobin
Estuaries as Ecosystems• LIVING IN AN ESTUARY
Adapting to the MudBenefit:
Salinity fluctuation is less drastic