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Energy & Energy Resources
• Energy & energy resources important to economies– Hunter-gatherer– Agricultural– Industrial
2
Energy & Energy Resources
4
• Energy use related to – Prosperity– Quality of life
• More energy used: more GNP per capita. Is this correct?– but, Switzerland, Japan,
Denmark, Germany have achieved high GNP using less energy than USA
How we use Energy
5
• Electrical– lighting (room, street,
advertising)
– heating & air conditioning
– air circulation
• Heat– residential & commercial
buildings
– hot water
– industrial processes
• Kinetic.– transportation
• cars
• trucks
• trains
• airplanes
Energy & Economy
• Electricity• (In)efficiency: 2nd Law• ~ 75% of energy lost in generation from coal
and “stepping down” to household voltage• Inefficient incandescent light bulbs
6
Electrical generation sources
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– Fossil fuels, 66.6%
– Nuclear, 15.2%
– Hydro, 16.0%
– Renewable, 2.2%
Energy Formation
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• Fossil fuels
– Coal– Petroleum
• crude oil• tar sands
• oil shales
– Natural gas
Energy Source
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• Coal– Fossilized plant
remains, mostly 250-300 Million yr old
– Abundant– Enough to last
~200 years at present rate of use
Energy & Economy
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• Coal mining
– Subsurface mining
• Dangerous to miners
– Open cast mining
• Destroys surface landscape
• Acid drainage
Energy & Economy
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• Electrical generation from coal– Source, quality of coal – Emissions– Ash disposal
Energy & Economy
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• Petroleum
• crude oil
• tar sands
• oil shales
• Production
• transport
• Consumption
Energy & Economy
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• Crude oil refined to:
– fuel
• gasoline
• diesel
– lubricants
• motor oil, etc.
– asphalt paving
– plastics
• By-products
Energy & Economy
16
• Natural gas– Clean burning
• CO2
• H2O
– Difficult & dangerous to store and transport
• Pipelines• Liquid natural gas
Energy & Economy
20
• Alternatives to fossil fuels
– Biomass energy
• Wood
• Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
• Vegetable oil
– Land dedicated to biomass production
• Unavailable for food
• Nutrient depletion
Energy & Economy
24
• Alternatives to fossil fuels– Hydrogen fuel cells
• Used in space capsules, shuttles, International Space Station, since 1960s
• Strip hydrogen atoms of electrons– Electrons flow
(current)– Protons pass through
membrane– Waste = water vapor