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DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE CHARCOAL SECTOR IN SUB-‐SAHARAN AFRICA
Our Common Future Under Climate Change 7-‐10 July – Paris
2218 – Land-‐based MiMgaMon: Agriculture, Forests, Bioenergy UNESCO Fontenoy – Room IX – 8 July 2015 – 16.30-‐18.00
Henry Neufeldt1, Phil Dobie1, Miyuki Iiyama1, Klas Sander2
1 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 2 World Bank
Percent of populaIon dependent on solid biofuels in Africa and Asia
Francis H
annaway
WWF
In Africa 80% of energy is derived from firewood and charcoal
Wood fuels
Charcoal Hofstad et al 2009
Hofstad et al 2009
Million tons
Million m3
Sustainable charcoal
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
fore
st a
reas
requ
ired
to m
eet
char
coal
dem
and
(000
ha/
year
)
kiln @10%
kiln @10% + improved stove
kiln @10% + improved stove + AF
kiln @10→@30%
kiln @10→@30% + improved stove
kiln @10→@30% + improved stove + AF
¢ US$8b revenue +7m employment in 2007; esImated US$12b+12m by 2030 ¢ complex and mulI-‐layered “command and control”-‐type regulatory contexts,
which result in an unclear framework for stakeholders operaIng in the sector Figure 17: Marketing channels for charcoal in Kenya
Production Site (wood and Charcoal)
Middlemen
Households
Road Side
Wholesalers
Retailers
KFS
Police
Local Authorities
www.businessdailyafrica.com
erinmurraytravels.blogspot.com
KFS (2013)
www.businessdailyafrica.com
0-‐3%
~16% 20~22%
~3%
~20%
~2% 20-‐30%
Nairobi, Kenya
Ya]a, Kenya
Mutomo, Kenya Kerio, Kenya
G Ndegwa
Somalia Export to Gulf www.trust.org
Charcoal is among the most commercialized resources in SSA; many stakeholders are compeMng for profit margins at different stages of the value chain from rural
supply centres to urban demand centres
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
A major recommendaIon of the workshop is to recognize that improving the cooking of food using wood-‐based fuels in Africa requires an in-‐depth understanding of the full
produc;on-‐to-‐use system, and investments in improvement should be based on this principle.
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
• Developing advocacy tools and publicity materials that accurately portray the role of firewood and charcoal in Africa today
• PresenIng available knowledge evidence to show that poor people should not be blamed for deforestaMon when they collect firewood,
• and that charcoal can be produced, sold and used sustainably
• Providing objecMve comparisons of advantages and disadvantages of different energy systems in naIonal and regional contexts
A fundamental challenge for biomass cooking systems is to rehabilitate the reputaMon of firewood and charcoal as appropriate fuels for Africa at this Ime. This should be done by:
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
• Reviewing the knowledge of fuel wood producMon chains
• Assessing the current status of availability of firewood from different sources within reasonable reach of households and developing plans to increase supply where it is lacking
• Reviewing the knowledge of charcoal value chains and developing proposals to introduce improvements
• Carrying out sustainability research to becer model and understand the dynamics of wood extracMon, processing, trade and use in order to provide data to advise policy decisions
While elements of the cooking system have been extensively studied, and very good informaIon is available, much of the exisMng evidence has not been collated and there has been a lack of evidence-‐based decision-‐making relaMng to tree-‐based bioenergy. Further research is needed along with the development of becer decision tools. This should be done in specific countries by:
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
• Carrying out policy research to ensure that policies can be improved and harmonized
• Preparing knowledge-‐based materials for policy makers and engage in debates with them
• IntegraMng firewood and charcoal into naMonal energy policy processes in order to develop appropriate policies and legislaIon
• IntegraMng firewood and charcoal into land use planning processes at naIonal and local (landscape) levels
• PromoMng charcoal to policy-‐makers as a mulM-‐million dollar business that countries and districts can derive income from
• Reforming policies and sedng standards
There is a challenge to include firewood and charcoal into naMonal energy policy processes. This should be addressed by:
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
• Developing parMcipatory naMonal and local plans to ensure a sustainable supply of wood through agroforestry, woodlots or natural regeneraMon
• Ensuring that the most suitable tree species are made available based on knowledge of their physical properIes, lack of toxicity and local preferences
• Establishing systems to grow and disseminate excellent planMng materials
• Carrying out local parIcipatory trials of improved charcoal producMon methods
• Ensuring that improvements are equitable
• Introducing enhanced cooking techniques, including clean cook stoves, in a manner that integrates their use into a full cooking system including fuel quality, kitchen management and cooking space venMlaMon
There is a need to improve technology throughout the cooking system. This should be done in a manner that fully respects social issues by:
Workshop recommendaIons for Cooking Systems
• Applying parMcipatory processes throughout the cooking systems development process to idenIfy challenges and soluIons
• Reviewing energy taxaMon policies to ensure that woody biomass is not unfairly treated
• Encouraging the involvement of the private sector by removing obstacles to their parMcipaMon (e.g. the distorIons of current charcoal value chains)
There is a need for incenMves to reform the use of firewood and charcoal. This should include:
Overall Workshop Conclusions
Tree-‐based bioenergy systems, ranging from fuelwood and charcoal to liquid biofuels and power generaIon: • offer great opportuniMes for sustainable green growth
pathways in sub-‐Saharan Africa, • with sustainable forest management and forest and
landscape restoraMon. • What is needed to effecIvely promote them is a shif in
percepMon to rehabilitate their negaMve image, • a holisMc approach that considers the full producMon to end-‐
user cycle, • collaboraMon of relevant stakeholders to overcome
investment barriers and • poliMcal coordinaMon at subnaMonal, naMonal and regional
levels.
Thanks for a future