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USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Gender WorkshopIslamabad, Pakistan
Cheryl Simmons, USDA NRCS in cooperation with FASNational Conservation Planning Technical Specialist
Central National Technology Support CenterFort Worth, TX, USA
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Abstract;• In many cultures, just telling people to include women doesn’t work. Looking
at the gender aspect in demonstrating and disseminating sustainable agricultural practices opens the door to implementing newer technologies.
• Working with Gender experts and led by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Simmons co-led a group working on better and more effective incorporation of women into activities that promote soil fertility and soil health. Topics included Sex and Gender; Equity and Equality, the 24 Hour Day, Gender Roles and Valuation of Labor and Gender Mainstreaming in research and applied sciences.
• Simmons will highlight the work in Pakistan and touch briefly on some current projects in the U.S.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Young soil scientists, biologists and engineers
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Gender Mainstreaming And Basic Concepts
Perspective•View
Perhaps there is something under the bed
I’ve got it again - An eerie feeling like there is something on top of the bed. Far Side, Gary
Larson
Sky & Water, M. C. Escher, 1938
“Below the line” issues, can behuge & invisible
Purposely hidden, or simply lack of awareness
photo by Ralph Clevenger
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
More PerspectiveViewWoman without her man is nothing
Woman,without her man,
is nothing
Statement (is this about Sex/Gender?) • Women give birth to babies' men do not • Little girls are gentle and boys are tough • Amongst Pakistani agricultural workers, women are paid
40-60 % of the male wage• Women can breastfeed babies , men can not• Women are better at caring for children than men• Men are sexually more aggressive than Women• Men need more help in post disaster because they are
main bread winners• Men's voices break at Puberty, women's do not.• At Construction sites, construction materials are carried
by women
Gender Sex• Refers to socially constructed roles and
responsibilities, mainly influenced by perceptions
• Differs between and within cultures/societies, But in all cultures, gender determines power and resources for females and males
• Includes variables identifying differences in roles, responsibilities, opportunities, needs and constraints.
• However, gender attitudes are learned and can be Changed
• Perceptions of gender are deeply rooted• People are born female or male, but learn to
be women and men.
• Biologically defined• Determined by
birth • Universal• Unchanging ….???
Sex rolesBiological makeup and cannot be changed e.g. bearing a baby is biological role, only women become pregnant and give birth.
Gender rolesThose behaviors, tasks and responsibilities that a society considers appropriate for men, women, boys and girls. These are socially constructed; learned; dynamic (they change over time); multi-faceted (they differ within and between cultures) and influenced by class, age, caste, ethnicity and religion .
Reproductive/family maintenance Role Productive Role Community managing
Role
Ensure the reproduction of society such as child bearing and rearing and caring for family members. Most activities are labor intense
Refers to activities to produce goods and services. Example; economic activity, income, agricultural activities ….
Voluntary unpaid work done as an extension of their reproductive role. Example; water collection, caring elderly
For example; managing household chores, bearing and caring for children,food preparation, water and fuel collection, family health care
For Example;plowing, transplanting paddy, fencing, harvesting, maintaining water pump or any other related – often paid work … income generating activities
For example; social gatherings, community meetings, spiritual and cultural events - often structured to support men
Gender Equality
Equal participation of women and men in decision-making, equal ability to exercise their human rights, equal access to and control of resources and the benefits of development, and equal opportunities in employment and in all other aspects of their livelihoods.
Gender Balance
The equal and active participation of women and men in all areas of decision-making, and in access to and control over resources and services.
The United Nations considers gender balance fundamental to the achievement of equality, development and peace.
Gender Equity Fairness and impartiality in the
treatment of women and men in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities.
By creating social relations in which neither of the sexes suffers discrimination.
Gender equity aims at improving gender relations and gender roles, and achieving gender equality.
The essence of equity should always be considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities .
*Gender Mainstreaming
Globally recognized strategy for achieving gender equality.
Gender mainstreaming is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action in all areas and at all levels.
That means making both the concerns and experiences of women and men an integral dimension of all development efforts.
Gender RelationsThe ways in which a society defines rights, responsibilities and the identities of men and women in relation to one another.
Gender Blind Gender-blindness refers to a failure to identify or acknowledge difference on the basis of gender where it is significant.
Gender Sensitivity Ability to perceive existing gender inequalities/Being aware of the differences between women’s and men’s needs, roles, responsibilities, and constraints.
Gender Analysis
Provides us with ways to compare the relative advantages and disadvantages faced by women and men in different spheres of life; the family, the workplace, the community and the political system.
Helps us to understand the status, roles and responsibilities of men and women in society, as well as their access and control of resources, benefits and opportunities.
It also can yield baseline information against which the potential gender impacts of programmes policies can be evaluated.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Gender Sensitive Extension/Dissemination Strategy• Promote equitable access to improved agricultural strategies• How?
• Pre-testing of strategies to assess the willingness of farmers to adopt the technology – men and women?
• Agriculture Providers and Field – will their sex matter?• Organization of field/demonstration days – offer
alternative days, time, place, conducive learning environment?
• Dissemination of information of improved technologies?
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Impacts….MORE… MORE … MOREEnvironmental impact – improvements in soil nutrients, vegetation coverage, etc.Social impact – women accessing technologies, increased community collaboration, etc.Economic impact – increased incomeInstitutional impact – increased capacity at different levels of gov’t, changes in policy, etc.
22USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Data Collection Tools• Secondary sources of data• Surveys – structured interviews/questionnaires• Focus Groups• Resource Mapping• Oral Life Histories• Daily and seasonal activity calendars• Access and control• Poverty Mapping (overlay GIS with economic data)• Valuation of labor – paid and unpaid labor.
23
Gender Mainstreaming/Analysis Tools
Production of goods and services Males Females Notes Subsistence crops
Cash crops
Livestock
Tasks
Irrigation
Land preparation
Planting and harvesting
Construction and fence building
Human capital production
Food preparation
Child care
Community/political
Activity analysis – gender division of labor• Used to record time spent on activities and the location of the activities
24
Activity – seasonal calendar
SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES WHO?
JAN F MA AP MA JU JU AU SE OC NO DE
PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
Land clearing Hired labor, grandmother
Land preparation Hired labor, grandmother
Planting Hired labor, grandmother, wife
WeedingGrandmother, husband, wife,
children
Herding Hired labor
Harvesting Hired labor, grandmother, wife
REPRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
Cooking Grandmother, adolescent daughter
Laundry Adolescent daughter
Gathering food, shopping Grandmother, adolescent daughter,
wife
Slaughtering Relatives, neighbors, husband
Food processing Grandmother, adolescent daughter
REDISTRIBUTED FARM Wife
SCHOOLING
URBAN LABOR Husband
SOCIAL NETWORKSGrandmother, Husband, Wife,
children
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Why Does Gender Matter?• On average 47% of the world’s farmers are women (FAO 2011)
Women’s Labor Input in Selected Crops
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Field Visit from Pakistan• Focus group discussion and the problem tree (core problem,
causes, and effects)• The question: “What is the main challenge in improving
productivity of your land?”• Divide into 3 groups:
• All women group• All men group• Men and women group
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Women are comfortable in many styles
Thank you to Dr. Shaheen and Ms. Dessalegn. For sharing their presentations.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
Gender is particularly important in the context of agriculture in Pakistan. Women perform an important role in the sector with three-fourths of women in the workforce employed in agriculture. Labor statistics show this proportion has increased in the last 10 to 15 years. In effort to more fully recognize women in the Soil Fertility and Soil Health efforts, USDA collaborated with ICARDA and other Pakistan partners to present the Gender Mainstreaming in Soil Fertility and Soil Health Training Workshop.
Discussions and presentations focused on why and how including a gender perspective and analysis can make agriculture research, and more specifically soil fertility programs, more effective. Simmons presented examples from the U.S. and spoke to the cultural similarities in the desire for healthy food from healthy soil.
Participants were introduced to a broad range of gender analysis tools, examples in terms of case studies and on-going projects, and were given opportunities to learn by doing through group exercises and by testing some of the tools in the field.
Cheryl Simmons, USDA, (Center) joined Dr. Shaheen Asraf Shah, Gender Consultant (Right), and Beza Dessalegn, ICARDA (Left) to lead the workshop.