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Climate change and carbon trading
ByJayappaPALB6084Dept. of Plant Pathology
22/12/2016Dept. of Plant Pathology
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Flow of presentation Introduction Climate change: causes and effectsCarbon tradingCarbon trading in IndiaAdvantages & disadvantages of CTConclusion
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Introduction
• India is the largest growing economies in South Asia• India’s growing population and economic development put
enormous strain on environment. • Environmental degradation and climate change is one of the
greatest challenges of 21st century• India is the second largest in population, fourth largest
in energy consumption and third largest in green house gas producer and burns ten folds fuel wood as compare to United State
• In India, Coal fired power generation is the biggest polluter and the biggest opportunity for emission reduction
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First of all, you should know that weather and climate
are not same
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WEATHER• Short term• Limited area• Can change rapidly• Difficult to predict
WEATHER is what’s happening outside your
window right now.22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 5
• Long term• Wide area • Seasonal
changes• Measured over
long spans of time
CLIMATE is the average of many years of weather observation.
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Climate is affected by many factorsABIOTIC FACTORS:
LatitudeAltitudeOcean CurrentsTopographySolar RadiationEvaporationOrbital VariationsVolcanic Activity
BIOTIC FACTORS:TranspirationRespirationPhotosynthesisDecompositionDigestion
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Contribution of different sectors in world to climate change.
(Sources of Greenhouse Gas emissions)
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Greenhouse gases
Rising
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Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and
oil) solid waste trees and wood products result of certain chemical reactions (e.g.,
manufacture of cement)
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Estimates of Future Levels of CO2
Year CO2, ppm 2000 369
2010-2015 388-398
2050/2060 463-623
2100 478-1099
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Per capita emission of green house gas emission
(Nair et al., 2013)22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 14
MethaneMethane is emitted during the • production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil• livestock and other agricultural practices and• decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills
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Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide is produced by cars, by fossil fuels used for heat and electricity, and by agriculture.
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Global Average Abundances of Major, Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases
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Other…• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)• Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)• Hydrobromofluorocarbon (HBFC)• Hydrocarbon (HC)• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)• Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) • Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)
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The greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere is being altered by human activity.The result of this change is
global warming.
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Global warming???Global warming is when the earth heats up and the temperature increases
Causing more dangers for people, animals, plants and our environment
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Glaciers are melting away worldwide
Agassiz Glacier, Montana, in 1913…
Pasterze Glacier, Austria, in 1875…
…and in 2005
…and in 2004
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Animal and plant life is changing
2/3 of European butterfly species studied have shifted their ranges northward by as much as 150 miles. (Parmesan, 1996; Parmesan et al., 1999)
An analysis of the distributions of British birds found that many species have moved
north by an average of 18.9 km. (Thomas et
al., 1999)
At Boston's Arnold Arboretum, plants are flowering eight days earlier on average than they did from 1900 to 1920. (Primack et al.,2004)
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• Longer summers can disrupt animal habitation• A Warmer World Will Mean More Pests and
Pathogens for Crops• Damaged crops due to sudden climate change • Floods, Droughts, heat waves, extreme winters
and storms, hurricanes, typhoons• More wildfires• Changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation
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Tsunami
Tornado
Hurricane
New diseases and pests
Changed habitation
Forest fires22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 24
Changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation
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UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• 165 nations signed the in 1992, UNFCCC at Rio de Janeiro• The Convention divides countries into two main groups -
Annex I & Non-Annex I Countries• Annex I (developed countries) agreed to reduce their GHGs
by 5.2 % below 1990 levels in 1st commitment period 2008 – 2012
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• Convention is based on three principles– Common but differentiated responsibility– Precautionary approach– Sustainable Economic Growth and Development
• The Kyoto protocol defined how to bring down the emissions in COP 3 in 1997
(COP-conference of the parties)
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Highlights of KYOTO Protocol:• An United Nation- led international agreement reached in 1997 in
Kyoto, Japan under UNFCCC Put to force on 16th February 2005 To address the problems of climate change and the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions • Results Commitment to move away from fossil fuel energy sources (oil, gas
and coal) to renewable sources of energy viz. hydro, wind, solar power by 38 signatory countries
Targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction were established for each industrialized country
Developing countries including China and India were asked to set voluntary targets for greenhouse gas emissions
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Carbon trading
In India, Coal fired power generation is the biggest polluter and the biggest opportunity for emission reduction and hence can be the biggest carbon credits producer Presently, next to china India is generating the highest number of carbon credits in the world In comparison to the developed nations the carbon emission level in India is much less
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HISTORY
Carbon Credits
• A carbon credit is a financial instrument that represents a tonne of CO2 or CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent gases) removed or reduced from the atmosphere from an emission reduction project
• Carbon credits are measured in units of certified emission reductions (CERs).
• Each CER is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide reduction (1 credit= reduction of 1 ton of CO2)
• Such a credit can be sold in the international market at a prevailing market rate
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CT Types1. Carbon cap-trade program2. Carbon offsetting
1. Carbon cap-trade program CAP- Assignment of an upper threshold limit on the amount of pollutant
that can be emitted (measured in Assigned Amount Units or AAUs) by a country
Emission permits or credits are issued to emit a specific amount of carbon dioxide (cap) to the country
TRADE- the transfer or trade of allowances Excess or unused credits can be traded to the countries whose
emissions have exceeded their assigned cap
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Carbon cap and trade
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2. CARBON OFFSETTING Offset Credits for eco-friendly technologies are purchased by developed
nations to avoid or substitute reduction in their own emission Investments in green technologies and harness alternative forms of energy
in the developing nations
Example :• A landowner plants an acre of field and can generate credits for how much
Carbon Dioxide is reduced as a result of the plantation• The credits are known as Offset Credits• The landowner can sell the offset credits to the potential investors or
industrial facilities• The facility can buy the offset credits and count it in favor of its emission
responsibilities• It attests that the same amount of carbon dioxide is reduced in the
atmosphere as a result of the plantation process
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How it works??
Carbon Trading Implementation Mechanisms
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• Emission Trading (ET) Countries whose emissions are less than their assigned amount can sell the
excess amount to countries whose emissions have exceeded their assigned amount
The Assigned amounts can be defined as a tradable allowances, or commodity, and this free market is known as the “CARBON MARKET"
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Developed countries can fund emission reduction projects (e.g. Solar energy,
wind energy and other green technologies) in developing nations that did not sign Kyoto Protocol
In exchange, the developed countries earn legally recognized emission credits called CERs (Certified Emission Reduction) to offset their emission obligations
• Joint implementation (JI) Developed countries can implement emission reduction projects in another
developed or developing country and earn Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) ERUs can be used to meet the carbon allowance or can be sold in the market
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The Indian Scenario• India forms a part of Non-Annexure country of the Kyoto
Protocol with no compulsion to abide by emission targets but has a large potential for carbon trading
• Currently, the value of one CER (Carbon Emission CO2e) Reduction) or Carbon Credit in Indian Rupees is about Rs.1400
• Capital investment in CDM projects has also increased from 358 crores in 2003 to 64443 crores in 2007
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The Indian infrastructural agencies, agreed to adopt the following concepts in making Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects:
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Delhi Transco LimitedDelhi Metro Rail CorporationDelhi Jal BoardDelhi International AirportDelhi Transport CorporationNew Delhi Municipal Council
EXAMPLES OF CARBON TRADING IN INDIA
1. Jindal Vijaynagar Steel: Yearly it will be ready to sell $225 million worth of saved carbon. This was made possible since their steel plant uses the Corex furnace technology which prevents 15 million tonnes of carbon from being discharged into the atmosphere.
2. Powerguda in Andhra Pradesh: The village in Andhra Pradesh was selling 147 tonnes equivalent of saved carbon dioxide credits. The company has made a claim of having saved 147 MT of CO2. This was done by extracting bio-diesel from 4500 Pongamia trees in their village.
3. Handia Forest in Madhya Pradesh: In Madhya Pradesh, it is estimated that 95 very poor rural villages would jointly earn at least US$300,000 every year from carbon payments by restoring 10,000 hectares of degraded community forests.22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 40
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Advantages• Reduction in green house gas emission
Stringency in the cap or the upper threshold limit is contributing to lower emission over the years
• Source of revenue for developing nationsDeveloping nations can earn revenue by selling carbon credits to countries with more fossil fuel demand
• Supports a free market systemThe carbon trade market is without any economic intervention and regulation by government except to regulate against force or fraud
• Alternative sources of energy or green technologyThreshold limits encourages industries to harness alternative sources of energy and invest in green technology globally or in indigenous research22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 42
Disadvantages• Right to pollute
Industries in the ratified nations are purchasing legal rights to pollute the atmosphere
• Slow processIndustries are opting the easy way– purchase more allowances than implementing greener technologies
• Lack of centralized system or global frameworkAbsence of a centralized and accepted global standards/act are missing
• No effective carbon reduction in the atmosphereLeads to carbon reduction in one place and results in carbon emission in some other place22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 43
Here’s what you can do…
What can be done?
• Heating and Cooling• Conserve Hot Water• Conserve in the Car• Conserve Electricity• Reduce waste
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There’s no place like home…
…and there may never be again. Do your part.22/12/2016 Dept. of Plant Pathology 45
Referenceswww.ucsusa.org/global_warming/www.epa.gov/climatechange/www.climatehotmap.org/www.stopglobalwarming.orgParmesan, C., 1996. Climate and species range. Nature 382, 765-
766Parmesanet al., 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of
butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399, 579-583.
Primack et al., 2004. Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston. American Journal of Botany, 91, 1260-1264.
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Go green…
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THANK YOU