Chemical waste from Industries

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Chemical waste from Industries

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TOPIC: Chemical waste from industries

SUBJECT: Est Course: co4g

Year: 2015-16 GROUP MEMBERS:

Rajkumar SHAH: 85 kaushal SHAH: 82

Naman talati: 102

Ahmed tanwar: 103

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Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5

2. Guidance for Disposal of Chemical Wastes ........................................................................... 6

3. Chemical Compatibility Guideline ........................................................................................ 7

4. Waste containers ................................................................................................................... 7

A. Packaging .................................................................................................. 8

B. Labelling ................................................................................................... 8

C. Storage ...................................................................................................... 9

5. Mapping of chemical waste in the United States ................................................................. 10

6. Chemical Waste Management ............................................................................................ 12

Laboratory Chemical Waste Management Procedures ...................................... 12

DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL WASTE ..................................................................... 12

SELECTING A CONTAINER .................................................................................. 14

i. Liquid Chemical Waste ............................................................................. 14

ii. Laboratory Clean Out of Regent Chemicals ............................................... 16

iii. Sample Vials - Sealed 15 ml or less ........................................................ 16

iv. Solid Waste Streams ................................................................................. 17

v. Chemically Contaminated Sharps ............................................................. 18

vi. Empty Chemical Containers ...................................................................... 18

vii. Clean, Uncontaminated Broken Glassware ............................................ 19

viii. Gas Cylinders ......................................................................................... 19

ix. Gas Cylinder Resources: ........................................................................... 20

x. Recycling and Laboratory Wastes ............................................................. 20

LABELING CHEMICAL WASTE ............................................................................. 21

i. How to Label: ........................................................................................... 21

ADDING WASTE TO A CONTAINER ..................................................................... 22

i. Procedure for liquid chemical waste management: .................................. 23

ii. Procedures for solid waste management:................................................. 24

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STORING YOUR WASTE ..................................................................................... 24

INSPECTING YOUR WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS ........................................... 26

HOW TO HAVE CHEMICAL WASTE REMOVED .................................................... 26

7.Waste Minimization and Recycling ..................................................................................... 30

8. Disposal Options and Problems .......................................................................................... 31

9.Hazardous Waste Production in the United States .............................................................. 33

10. Waste Summits ................................................................................................................. 34

A. 2015 .............................................................................................................. 34

B. 2014 .............................................................................................................. 35

11. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 36

12. Bibliography and Reference ............................................................................................. 39

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Chemical waste from Industries

1. Introduction

Chemical waste is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly produced by

large factories). Chemical waste may fall under regulations such as COSHH in

the United Kingdom, or the Clean Water Act and Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act in the United States. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as

state and local regulations also regulate chemical use and disposal. Chemical waste

may or may not be classed as hazardous waste. A chemical hazardous waste is a

solid, liquid, or gaseous material that

displays either a “Hazardous Characteristic”

or is specifically “listed” by name as a

hazardous waste. There are four

characteristics chemical wastes may have to

be considered as hazardous. These are

Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and

Toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must

be categorized as to its identity, constituents,

and hazards so that it may be safely handled

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and managed. Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of

materials. Consult your Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product Data Sheet or

Label for a list of constituents. These sources will tell you if you have a chemical

waste that needs special disposal.

In the laboratory, chemical wastes are usually segregated on-site into appropriate

waste carboys, and disposed by a specialist contractor in order to meet safety, health,

and legislative requirements.

Waste organic solvents are separated into chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvent

waste. Chlorinated solvent waste is usually incinerated at high temperature to

minimize the formation of dioxins. Non-chlorinated solvent waste can be burned

for energy recovery. Innocuous aqueous waste (such as solutions of sodium chloride)

may be poured down the sink; aqueous waste containing toxic compounds are

collected separately. Waste elemental mercury, spent acids and bases may be

collected separately for recycling.

2. Guidance for Disposal of Chemical Wastes

If in the laboratory, some chemicals can be washed down with excess water. This

includes: concentrated and dilute acids and alkalis, harmless soluble inorganic salts

(all drying agents), alcohols containing salts, hypochlorite solutions, fine silica and

alumina.

In contrast to this, chemical materials on the "Red List" should never be washed

down a drain. This list includes: compounds with transitional metals, biocides,

++cyanides, mineral oils and hydrocarbons, poisonous organosilicon compounds,

metal phosphides, phosphorus element, and fluorides and nitrites.

Moreover, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prohibits disposing certain

materials down any UVM drain. Including flammable liquids, liquids capable of

causing damage to wastewater facilities (this can be determined by the pH), highly

viscous materials capable of causing an obstruction in the wastewater system,

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radioactive materials, materials that have or create a strong odour, wastewater

capable of significantly raising the temperature of the system, and pharmaceuticals or

endocrine disruptors.

3. Chemical Compatibility Guideline

Many chemicals may react adversely when combined. It’s recommended that

incompatible chemicals are stored in separate areas of the lab.

Acids should be separated from alkalis, metals, cyanides, sulfides, azides,

phosphides, and oxidizers. The reason being, when combined acids with these type of

compounds, violent exothermic reaction can occur possibly causing flammable gas,

and in some cases explosions.

Oxidizers should be separated from acids, organic materials, metals, reducing agents,

and ammonia. This is because when combined oxidizers with these type of

compounds, inflammable, and sometimes toxic compounds can occur.

When disposing hazardous laboratory chemical waste, chemical compatibility must

be considered. For safe disposal, the container must be chemically compatible with

the material it will hold.

4. Waste containers

Packaging, labelling, storage are the three requirements for disposing chemical waste.

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A. Packaging

For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers should only be filled up to 75%

capacity to allow for vapour expansion and to reduce potential spills which could

occur from moving overfilled containers. Container material must be compatible with

the stored hazardous waste. Finally, wastes must not be packaged in containers that

improperly identify other nonexisting hazards.

In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, incompatible

materials should never be mixed together in a single container. Wastes must be stored

in containers compatible with the chemicals stored as mentioned in the container

compatibility section. Solvent safety cans should to be used to collect and temporarily

store large volumes (10-20 litres) of flammable organic waste solvents, precipitates,

solids or other non-fluid wastes should not be mixed into safety cans.

B. Labelling

Label all containers with the group name from the chemical waste category and an

itemized list of the contents. All chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals

posing a significant hazard.All waste must be appropriately packaged.

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C. Storage

When storing chemical wastes, the containers must be in good condition and should

remain closed unless waste is being added. Hazardous waste must be stored safely

prior to removal from the laboratory and should not be allowed to

accumulate. Container should be sturdy and leakproof, also has to be labeled. All

liquid waste must be stored in leakproof containers with a screw- top or other secure

lid. Snap caps, mis-sized caps, parafilm and other loose fitting lids are not acceptable.

If necessary, transfer waste material to a container that can be securely closed. Keep

waste containers closed except when adding waste. Secondary containment should be

in place to capture spills and leaks from the primary container, segregate

incompatible hazardous wastes, such as acids and bases.

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5. Mapping of chemical waste in the United States

TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of

Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of

Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore

data from theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release

Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs. TOXMAP is a resource funded

by the US Federal Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health

information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network

(TOXNET) and PubMed, and from other authoritative sources.

Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are

extremely harmful to people and the environment.

Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant

and into rivers, lakes and oceans.

Pollutants from industrial sources include:

o Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health hazard and carcinogenic.

Asbestos fibres can be inhaled and cause illnesses such as asbestosis,

mesothelioma, lung cancer, intestinal cancer and liver cancer.

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o Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and

environmental problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard

to clean up once the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the

health of many animals, including humans, as it can inhibit the action of

bodily enzymes.

o Mercury – This is a metallic element and can cause health and

environmental problems. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is hard

to clean up once the environment is contaminated. Mercury is also

harmful to animal health as it can cause illness through mercury

poisoning.

o Nitrates – The increased use of fertilisers means that nitrates are more

often being washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This can

cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine

environments.

o Phosphates – The increased use of fertilisers means that phosphates are

more often being washed from the soil and into rivers and lakes. This

can cause eutrophication, which can be very problematic to marine

environments.

o Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine

life.

o Oils – Oil does not dissolve in water, instead it forms a thick layer on the

water surface. This can stop marine plants receiving enough light

for photosynthesis. It is also harmful for fish and marine birds.

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6. Chemical Waste Management

Laboratory Chemical Waste Management Procedures

Proper chemical management is necessary to protect the health and safety of the

University and surrounding communities and the environment. There are federal and

state regulations that require all generators of chemical waste receive training and

follow proper waste management and

disposal procedures. These regulations have

severe monetary and civil penalties

associated with them. Between 1990 and

2004, over twelve million dollars in fines

have been levied against University and

Colleges for hazardous waste and other

environmental violations, leading the EPA

to question waste management at educational institutions.

DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL WASTE

Chemical waste is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency

and by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control.

Definitions, management practices and compliance are outlined in 40 Code of

Federal Regulations and the Delaware Rules Governing Hazardous Waste. All

policies and practices developed by the

University of Delaware are designed to

meet or exceed these regulations and

assure compliance.

University Policy 7-18 states that all

University of Delaware personnel must

manage all chemical and hazardous

waste in compliance with these federal

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and state regulations and in accordance with procedures set up by the Department of

Environmental Health & Safety.

Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of materials. Consult

your Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product Data Sheet or Label for a list of

constituents. These sources will tell you if you have a chemical waste that needs

special disposal. To reduce its long-term liability, the University is proactive in

managing all of its chemical waste in an environmentally sound manner. If there are

any questions on whether a material must be managed through the chemical waste

management program, contact EHS or call 831-8475.

Examples of Chemical Waste include, but are not limited to:

Unused and surplus reagent grade chemicals

Intermediates and by-products generated from research & educational

experiments

Batteries

Anything contaminated by chemicals

Used oil of all types

Spent solvents - including water based

Mercury containing items

Photographic film processing solutions and chemicals

Pesticides

Non-returnable gas cylinders

Non-empty aerosol cans

Chemically contaminated sharps

Finely divided powders

Contaminated syringes, needles, GC syringes, razor blades, pasteur pipettes,

pipette tips

Equipment and apparatus containing hazardous waste

Computer/electronic equipment

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Toner

cartridges

Ethylene

glycol

Paints - both

oil and latex

Fluorescent

light bulbs

Light ballasts

Preserved

specimens

Custodial and industrial cleaners

Uncured Resins(Phenolic, Epoxy, Styrene, etc....)

Dye and glazes

Degreasing solvents

Brake/Transmission/Power Steering Fluids

SELECTING A CONTAINER

i. Liquid Chemical Waste

Once it is determined that chemical waste will be generated, a container must be

selected prior to waste generation. For bulk solvent and aqueous liquid waste

streams use a Low Density Polyethylene Nalgene container. These containers will be

returned within a week to the lab and are available from most laboratory supply

companies and the campus storerooms. Nalgene containers are compatible with most

chemical wastes, but there are a few waste streams that should not be accumulated in

these container

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DO Not Use glass, plastic-coated glass or other re-used reagent chemical bottles to

store or accumulate bulk liquid chemical waste.

Examples of chemical that should not be stored in Nalgene containers:

Amyl Chloride

Bromine

Butyric Acid

Carbon disulfide

Nitrobenzene

Sulfur Dioxide

Thionyl Chloride

Vinylidene Chloride

Certain types of Nalgene containers work best for DEHS' operations. Please try to

purchase containers that meet the following requirements:

Low density polyethylene

Either a 53B or 83B screw cap

Containers with a large handle

Capacity no larger than 5 gallons

For bulk corrosive liquid waste streams, use the Justrite Safety Containers for

Waste Disposal. These containers are specially designed for corrosive chemical waste

and vent under emergency conditions. DO NOT store or accumulate bulk liquid

corrosive chemical waste in any other container. Go to Liquid Corrosive Chemical

Waste Management for more information on managing corrosive waste streams.

Do Not use containers that are old, dented, damaged, leaking or cracked. The

container must be able to be capped, sealed or closed. The container must be

compatible with the waste streams that will be placed in it. For example, do not use a

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metal container to store acids, do not use a glass container to store hydrofluoric acid,

do not use glass or metal containers to store organic peroxides and do not use metal

containers to store picric acid and solutions of picric acid. Do not use containers that

can be confused with consumer commodities like soda bottles or milk jugs. Do not

use metal containers for flammable liquid waste, unless proper bonding and

grounding precautions are taken.

ii. Laboratory Clean Out of Regent Chemicals

All laboratories should, based on the hazards they pose, inspect all of their reagent

chemicals. Look for chemicals that are no longer needed, old and out of date or

unusable. Try to redistribute unneeded chemicals around the department or building.

If no one else needs the chemical or if they are out of date or unusable, then package

them as follows for disposal through DEHS:

Package by hazard class in sturdy cardboard boxes. Go to Chemical

Storage for guidance on packaging by hazard class.

Use sufficient packing material to prevent container damage en route.

Place a completed chemical waste label and packing slip on the outside of the

box.

iii. Sample Vials - Sealed 15 ml or less

Some laboratories generate a number of sealed sample vials. If the laboratory does

not want to reuse the glassware or plasticware and does not want to empty the

contents into a liquid chemical waste container, the following procedures must be

used:

Obtain a clean 5-gallon polyethylene pail with lid.

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Line the pail with a heavy-duty plastic bag.

Place a chemical waste label on the outside of the pail.

Place only compatible material in pail. Go to Chemical Storage for guidance

on compatibility.

Place the lid on the pail.

When full, tightly seal bag with tape or bag closure tie.

iv. Solid Waste Streams

Solid waste includes any laboratory material that has come in contact with a chemical

or is potentially contaminated with a chemical. Examples include gloves, bench-top

paper, weighing boats and papers, paper towels, clean up material and permanently

contaminated glassware and plasticware. Go to Laboratory Solid Waste Disposal

Procedures for a flow chart that helps decide if a material requires management as

chemical waste or if it can be placed in the normal trash. Use the following

procedures to manage solid chemical waste:

Use five-gallon poly pails, cardboard boxes, or other sturdy containers.

All containers must have lids.

Apply a completed chemical waste label on the outside of the container or in

vinyl tags attached to the containers.

Line the container with a

7-mil polyethylene bag or

three standard trash bags.

All bags must be sealed

unless laboratory

personnel are actively

adding waste. Seal the

bag with a bag closure tie

or a large binder clip.

When the container is

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full, seal the bag with tape. If the container is in a cardboard box, secure the

box with tape as well.

It is important not to overload containers. Full boxes should not weigh more

than 40 pounds. Do not use overly large boxes. Only fill boxes two-thirds full

if they contain broken glass.

v. Chemically Contaminated Sharps

Anything that is capable of cutting or puncturing must be managed in a sharps

container. Examples of sharps include needles, syringes, razor blades, slides, scalpels,

pipettes, broken plastic or glassware, micropipettes and pipette tips. Sharps containers

are available free of charge from DEHS. Go to Sharp and Piercing Object

Disposal for more information about sharps management. If a sharp is chemically

contaminated, simply place it in a sharps container that is labeled with a properly

filled out Orange Chemical Waste Label.

vi. Empty Chemical

Containers

Empty chemical containers

are still hazardous to the

University personnel and the

environment until they are

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properly managed. Go to Glass Only Disposal/Empty Chemical Container Disposal

Procedures for complete information on empty container management. Below is a

summary of the steps required to make empty chemical containers safe for disposal:

Triple rinse with copious amounts of water. Collect the first rinse as chemical

waste. Rinse two and three can go down the sanitary sewer.

Place a label over the original container label or deface the label.

Do not replace the cap on the container.

Place empty/triple rinsed containers in a glass only box, recycling container or

directly into the dumpster.

vii. Clean, Uncontaminated Broken Glassware

In an effort to minimize the amount of chemical waste generated on campus, clean,

uncontaminated glassware and plasticware should not be managed as waste.

Unwanted clean non-broken glassware and plasticware can be packaged up by the

laboratory personnel and taken to the dumpster or recycling area. Broken glassware

and plasticware creates a potential hazard so special procedures are needed:

Purchase a glass only box from a campus storeroom or a laboratory supply

company, or reuse a heavy corrugated cardboard box lined with a plastic liner.

Construct the box as per directions.

Tape the bottom.

When the container is 3/4's full, seal and take to the dumpster yourself.

Remember that you must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while

handling these boxes. Minimum PPE includes leather work gloves and safety

glasses. Custodial Services will not handle broken laboratory glassware and

plasticware.

viii. Gas Cylinders

The disposal of gas cylinders is extremely expensive. Unknown gas cylinders may

cost in excess of $1,000 to identify and properly manage. Always check to make sure

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that all labels on gas cylinders are in good condition and legible. Contact the cylinder

supplier and arrange a return if possible. It is best to use cylinders that will be

returned. If lecture cylinders are required for research, use cylinders supplied by

Aldrich, Matheson Tri Gas or Messer Gas. Disposal of Aldrich cylinders are

inexpensive and Matheson and Messer Gas have a lecture bottle return program.

ix. Gas Cylinder Resources:

MG Industries (800)-362-1221

Matheson (609)-467-2770

x. Recycling and Laboratory Wastes

Certain laboratory materials can be recycled while others cannot. Go to Campus

Computer, Electronic Equipment and Office Supplies Recycling for complete

information on recycling. Below is

information specific for

laboratories:

Laboratory materials that can be

recycled:

Brown glass

Clear glass

Metal cans

Computer and electronic equipment

Laboratory materials that cannot be recycled:

Any glass bottles that are plastic coated

Pyrex

Glass only boxes

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LABELING CHEMICAL WASTE

After you have determined what waste you are going to generate and have obtained

the appropriate containers, you must properly fill out a chemical waste label and

attach it to the containers. Chemical waste labels are available from DEHS, free of

charge. There are directions on the back side of the label and labels must be applied

on all chemical waste containers as soon as waste is added. These labels are designed

to meet the regulatory requirements, therefore, every piece of information on the

label is critical and must be completed.

i. How to Label:

The generator is the person who is filling out the waste label, not the lab group

or Principal Investigator (PI) unless the PI is filling out the waste label.

Date the label with the date that the waste is first added.

Fill in building, room number and telephone number where the person who is

filling out the waste label can be reached.

Circle the appropriate waste steam(s) or write it in.

List each waste constituent down to 1%; heavy metals must be listed down to

the parts per million range. Label contents must add up to 100%. Volumes are

acceptable.

Use only common

chemical names or

IUPAC nomenclature

when listing the chemical

constituents on the label.

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Do not use:

o Abbreviations

o Chemical symbols

o Trade names

Check the appropriate boxes for the waste stream.

If this waste is being moved to a Central Accumulation Area such as the

Brown Solvent Shed,

Colburn Solvent Shed or the

McKinly Waste Storage

Area, fill in the date that it is

moved on the line at the

bottom of the waste label.

ADDING WASTE TO A CONTAINER

Waste can be added only after you choose the proper container and it is labeled. The

minimum personal protective equipment (PPE) may be dictated in the Chemical

Hygiene Plan. If not, all personal working with chemical waste must wear the

following:

Safety glasses

Splash goggles if working with liquid waste

Lab coat

Gloves specific for the compounds in use

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i. Procedure for liquid chemical waste management:

Perform liquid chemical waste management in a fume hood. Mixing of liquid

waste may generate toxic or corrosive aerosols.

Check the container label to assure that waste is being added to the correct

container.

The container must be in secondary containment, i.e. large plastic bin or

bucket.

Uncap the container.

Use a funnel sufficient for the size of the container and volume of waste being

added.

Slowly add the waste, watching for any unintended reactions. If you observe a

reaction, immediately stop adding the waste, close the fume hood sash and

contact DEHS.

After the waste has been added,

remove the funnel and seal the

container with the cap.

Another option for liquid waste

management is to use a

specially designed waste funnel

called ECO-Funnel. Go

to Safety Ecological Funnels for

more information.

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ii. Procedures for solid waste management:

Go to Laboratory Solid Waste Disposal Set-Up and Laboratory Solid Waste

Disposal Procedures for information

and guidance on how to set up your

solid chemical waste management

program in your lab.

Obtain and label a proper container

as described above.

Open the lid to the container and

unseal the bag.

Add the waste.

Seal the bag with a bag closure tie or

large binder clip.

Reseal the lid.

STORING YOUR WASTE

Proper storage of chemical waste is extremely important. Explosions have occurred

on campus that are attributed to improper storage of chemical waste. If you

improperly label a container, other laboratory personnel unknowingly may add

incompatible material to the container. For

example, if an organic solvent solution is

added to a container that is not labeled or

labeled as an aqueous inorganic acid, and a

fellow researcher may generate an

inorganic nitric acid solution and add it to

the container. Nitric acid and organic

solvents are extremely incompatible and the

container over a short period of time

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generates pressure and explodes. Go to Chemical Storage for guidance. Adhere to the

following procedures on chemical

waste storage to protect the health

and safety of others, protect the

University's facilities and to keep

the University in compliance with

all federal, state and local

regulations:

Waste containers must remain closed or sealed at all times, except when waste

is being added or removed from the container.

Liquid waste containers must be stored in secondary containment systems

according to hazard class.

Store all bulk liquid waste containers in appropriate cabinets. DO NOT store

bulk liquid chemical waste containers in fume hoods that have active

experiments or reactions occurring.

o Flammable Cabinets

o Corrosive Cabinets

o Under Fume Hood Cabinets

Do not allow excess accumulation of chemical waste to build up in your lab.

Go to Hazardous Waste Definitions for more information on the limitations of

waste storage.

Containers can only be filled to a maximum 90% full. Head space is needed for

expansion and/or ease of dispensing.

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INSPECTING YOUR WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS

All satellite chemical waste accumulation areas must be inspected on a weekly basis.

This inspection does not have to be a formal inspection with documentation but

laboratory personnel must inspect all chemical waste stored in their laboratories to

assure the following:

There are no leaking containers of

chemical waste.

All containers holding chemical

waste are labeled with a

completed orange chemical waste

label.

All containers are sealed and

closed. This includes waste

containers holding solid chemical waste.

All liquid chemical wastes are stored in secondary containment bins.

Incompatible wastes are stored away from each other and in separate

containment bins.

There is not an excessive accumulation of waste stored in the

laboratory.Immediately correct any of the above if they are encountered during

the course of the weekly inspection.

HOW TO HAVE CHEMICAL WASTE REMOVED

Certain departments and buildings have a Central Accumulation Area (CAA) set up

in close proximity to their building. Laboratories in McKinly, Wolf, Brown, Lammot

DuPont, Drake Hall, Colburn and Spencer should take their waste to the CAA. Go

to Chemical Waste Removal Process for complete information on the CAA's.

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Once a chemical waste container is full, DEHS should be contacted to remove the

container or it should be moved to the CAA. In addition, if a chemical waste

container has been in a laboratory for more than a year, it should be removed. If your

building does not have a CAA, follow the procedure below:

You can request a chemical waste pick-up via the DEHS Web Page. Go

to Chemical Waste Pick-Up Form and complete the web form. If you do not

have access to a computer or if the web form does not work, contact EHSat

831-8475. We strongly encourage everyone to use the web form. This assists

DEHS with complying with certain federal and state Regulations and tracking

programs.

DEHS will only remove waste

that is properly labeled and in a

satisfactory container. If the

container is not labeled or

satisfactory, an attempt will be

made to find the laboratory

personnel to correct the

problems. If no one can be

located, the container will be

left and DEHS will send an

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email to the responsible parties notifying them that the container was not

removed.

Contact EHS directly or 831-

8475 if you have a large or non-

routine chemical waste pick-up.

DEHS routinely encounter a group of

common problems and issues with

chemical waste. These common

problems are listed below with

suggestions to prevent them from occurring. The EPA has fined Universities and

Colleges for the problems listed below. Your support in eliminating these problems

will greatly reduce the University's liability.

Unknown / Unlabeled chemical waste is very difficult and expensive to

dispose of and poses an unnecessary risk to laboratory personnel as well as

University personnel handling the waste. Unlabeled containers are a direct

violation of the Federal and State

hazardous waste regulations. Typically,

DEHS covers the cost of all wastes

generated by academic departments and

programs. Departments

generating unknown

wastes may be charged

for its disposal because

of the extreme costs.

o Prevention -

Label all

chemical waste

with an orange

chemical waste label. Update the constituents on the label every time

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waste is added. Inspect waste on a weekly basis to assure that containers

are labeled and that the labels are in good condition. Inspect your

chemical reagents to assure that the labels are still attached. Tape or

replace as necessary.

Mixing or storage of incompatible chemicals may result in an explosion, fire

or generation of toxic aerosols, vapor or fumes.

o Prevention - Having an accurate, up-to-date waste label on each

container will greatly reduce the possibility of mixing incompatible

materials. Store incompatibles away from each other and in separate

secondary containment bins.

Chemical containers that are left uncapped / open - This is a direct violation

of Federal and State chemical waste and air permitting regulations and must

not occur

o Prevention - Seal all containers immediately after waste is added.

Inspect accumulation areas to assure all containers are sealed. Purchase

and use ECO-Funnels.

Laboratory personnel that are inadequately trained in the proper

management of chemical waste - This is a direct violation of Federal and

State chemical waste regulations. Additionally a lack of training places

University Personnel, facilities and the environment at risk.

o Prevention - Complete DEHS' online Chemical Waste training class.

Go to Environmental Health & Safety Training Schedule to sign up for a

live training session in the EHS Office .

Liquid containers stored outside of secondary containers - If container(s)

fail, the contents may migrate and commingle with incompatible chemicals or

migrate to floor or sink drains. This is a direct violation of the Federal and

State chemical waste regulations.

o Prevention - Store all liquid chemical waste in secondary containment.

Waste Containers Stored In and/or Near Sink Areas and Floor Drains - If

containers leak the contents could discharge down the drain. If this occurs, it is

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a direct violation of the Federal and State chemical waste and safe drinking

water regulations.

o Prevention - Store all liquid chemical waste in secondary containment

and away from all floor and sink drains.

7.Waste Minimization and Recycling

Recycling and waste minimization may be the best ways to deal with hazardous

waste. Waste minimization reduces the volume of waste generated, whereas recycling

means that less hazardous waste requires disposal. Techniques for waste

minimization may include audits, better inventory management, production

process/equipment modifications, and operational/maintenance procedures. Raw

material changes, volume reductions,

nonhazardous material substitutions, reuse,

or recovery also reduce hazardous waste

production. For example biodegradable,

nontoxic lactate esters are solvents

manufactured from

renewable carbohydrate sources that can

be substituted for toxic halogenated

solvents.

The EPA's Industrial Toxics Project is a

nonregulatory program initiated in 1990 to achieve, voluntarily, overall reductions for

seventeen toxic chemicals reported in the government's Toxics Release Inventory

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(TRI), including cadmium, lead, mercury, trichloroethylene, and toluene. The

recycling of waste through waste exchanges is one aspect of industrial ecology and

another way to address the issue of hazardous waste disposal. For example the sludge

that accumulates in scrubbers removing sulfur dioxide from power plant smokestacks

contains calcium sulfate, which can be recycled in wallboard. Waste exchange also

promotes the use of one company's waste as another company's raw material. Waste

exchanges typically list both available and desired materials. Several regional waste

exchanges exist, as well as exchanges within small geographic regions. Some

exchanges charge for their services, whereas others are supported by grants.

8. Disposal Options and Problems

Disposal options for hazardous waste include landfills, injection wells , incineration,

and bioremediation , as well as several others. The greatest concern with the

disposal of hazardous waste in landfills or injection wells is that toxic substances will

leak into surrounding groundwater. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water

worldwide and once it is contaminated, pollutants are extremely difficult and costly

to remove. In some instances, it is impossible to remove groundwater contamination.

The ideal disposal method is the destruction and conversion of hazardous waste to a

non-hazardous form. New technology for hazardous and mixed low-level radioactive

waste conversion includes a high-temperature plasma torch that converts low-level

radioactive wastes to environmentally safe glass. Conversion toWorkers wearing

hazardous materials suits, neutralizing hazardous materials.

©Pete Saloutos/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.

environmentally safe substances can be very expensive for some types of hazardous

wastes and technically impossible for others, creating the need for alternative

disposal methods.

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The most common form of hazardous waste disposal in the United States is

landfilling. Hazardous waste landfills are highly regulated and are required to include

clay liners, monitoring wells, and groundwater barriers. The 1984 Hazardous Solid

Waste Amendments require the monitoring of groundwater near landfills for thirty

years. Injection wells may be used to inject hazardous waste deep into the earth, but

problems result with aquifer

contamination and the ultimate fate of the

hazardous waste after injection is

unknown.

Incineration may be an effective way to

convert hazardous waste into a

nonhazardous form while greatly

decreasing its volume. The waste is burned and converted into carbon dioxide, water,

and inorganic by-products. The problems associated with incineration are high capital

and operating costs, and the disposal of ash, which may contain hazardous

substances. In addition, incinerating wastes can cause mercury and dioxin air

pollution. Bioremediation may also be used in situ or ex situ to convert hazardous

wastes to nontoxic by-products using microorganisms and natural degradation

processes. Biodegradation requires very long treatment times and it may be difficult

to control or enhance natural

degradation processes.

Phytoremediation, the process by

which plants absorb and in some cases

degrade hazardous substances in the

environment, is being investigated as

an emerging cleanup technology. For

example poplar trees have been shown

to break down the herbicide atrazine,

mustard plants will remove lead from soil, and the alpine pennycress plant will take

large amounts of heavy metals and alsouranium from soil.

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When hazardous waste is to be transported off-site for disposal, the waste generator

prepares a shipping document called a manifest. This form must accompany the

waste to its final destination and is used to track the waste's movements from "cradle

to grave."

9.Hazardous Waste Production in the United States

Facilities that produce hazardous waste, usually as a result of an industrial process,

are considered large-quantity generators (LQG) or small-quantity generators (SQG)

depending on the quantities produced. Hazardous waste may be transported to

alternate locations to be treated, stored, or disposed of, or may be managed at the

place of generation.

In 1995, 20,873 LQGs produced 214 million tons of hazardous waste regulated by

RCRA. There were 3,489 fewer LQGs and a reduction of 44 million tons of waste by

1995 compared to 1993. The five states generating the largest amount of hazardous

waste were Texas (69 million tons), Tennessee (39 million tons), Louisiana (17

million tons), Michigan (13 million tons), and Illinois (13 million tons), accounting

for 70 percent of the national totals.

The industrial trade of hazardous waste has become an extensive problem. Many

third world countries accept large volumes of hazardous waste for disposal in return

for sizable financial compensation. Unfortunately, the large profits reaped by such

poor countries do not compensate for the long-term environmental impacts from

improperly managed hazardous waste.

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10. Waste Summits

A. 2015

The Environment and Recycling Council of CII Godrej GBC is playing a catalytic

role to promote organized waste management & recycling movement in the country,

and usher in a waste management movement. Towards this, CII-Godrej GBC is

making concentrated efforts in bringing together all the key stakeholders in

highlighting the need and importance of waste management.

Taking this forward, the council is organizing 6th edition of Waste Management

Summit 2015 on 9 & 10 December 2015 at Hyderabad.The summit is one of the

flagship events of CII, provides a unique platform for all key stakeholders to address

various issues and challenges on waste management, acclimatize new concepts and

technologies and facilitate new business opportunities.

Objectives of Summit

Develop common platform for all key stakeholders to discuss issues and

challenges of waste management

Provide opportunities for companies to showcase latest products and technologies

Envisage pathway for waste management movement in the country through

combine efforts of industries, regulatory bodies, policy makers, technology

consultants and service providers

Summit Focus

National and International Best Practices on Waste Management

Panel Discussion on latest amendments in Waste Management Rules 2015

Advancements in Waste to Energy concept

Sectoral approaches to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge

Focused session on e-waste management

Success stories on waste management & resource conservation

Exclusive B2B meeting amongst waste generators and waste users / service

providers

Who Should Attend?

Manufacturing & Service Industry Personnel

Waste Management Facilities and Environment Consultants

Hospitals, Hotels, IT Sectors

Technology and service providers

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Education Institutes, etc.

B. 2014

The Environment and Recycling Council of CII Godrej GBC is playing a catalytic

role to promote organized waste management & recycling movement in the country,

and usher in a waste management movement. Towards this, CII-Godrej GBC is

making concentrated efforts in bringing together all the key

stakeholders in highlighting the need and importance of waste management.

Taking this forward, the council is organizing 5th

edition of Waste Management

Summit 2014 on 16 & 17 December 2014 at Mumbai.The summit is one of the

flagship events of CII, provides a unique platform for all key stakeholders to address

various issues and challenges on waste management, acclimatize new concepts and

technologies and facilitate new business opportunities.

Objectives of Summit

Develop common platform for all key stakeholders to discuss issues and

challenges of waste management

Provide opportunities for companies to showcase latest products and

technologies

Envisage pathway for waste management movement in the country through

combine efforts of industries, regulatory bodies, policy makers, technology

consultants and service providers

Summit Focus

Approach towards Resource Management

Promoting Waste to Wealth and Waste to Energy concepts

Dedicated session on sector-wise waste generation issues, challenges and

its surmount

Corporate Initiative and success stories on Resource Conservation

Who Should Attend?

Manufacturing & Service Industry Personnel

Waste Management Facilities and Environment Consultants

Hospitals, Hotels, IT Sectors

Technology and service providers

Education Institutes, etc.

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11. Conclusion Proper chemical waste management protects the health and safety of everyone and

prevents or minimizes pollution. All generators of chemical waste should do their

best to minimize the amounts or chemical waste they generate and recycle whenever

possible. Please contact EHS or call 831-8475 with any questions regarding chemical

waste.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, defines

hazardous waste as a liquid, solid, sludge, or containerized gas waste substance that

due to its quantity, concentration, or chemical properties may cause significant threats

to human health or the environment if managed improperly. U.S. legislation

considers a waste hazardous if it is corrosive, flammable, unstable, or toxic. Sources

of hazardous waste may include industry, research, medical, household, chemical

producers, agriculture, and mining, as well as many ot

hers.

Most hazardous waste comes from industrial sources. The EPA specifies four

different categories of hazardous waste that are subject to regulation: hazardous

wastes from nonspecific sources involved in industrial processes such as spent

halogenated solvents; hazardous wastes from specific industrial sources, such as

untreated wastewater from the production of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

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acid (2,4,-d); commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as benzene)

used in the manufacture of drugs, detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides; and

wastes that are classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride. Hazardous waste from

many industrial processes include solvents such as methylene chloride, a

probable carcinogen that is commonly used in paint removers. Trichloroethylene, a

solvent that has been found in groundwater is monitored and regulated in drinking

water in the United States. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene can

lead to damage of the liver, lung, and nervous system. In many industries the sludge

remaining after treatment of wastewater accounts for much of the generated

hazardous waste. Sludges and wastewater from electroplating operations commonly

contain cadmium, copper, lead, and nickel. These heavy metals are found in the

sediment of Lake Huron and have been associated with degradation of benthos and

planktonic communities. Heavy metals can impact the health of humans and wildlife

in a variety of ways: lead interferes with the nervous system and can lead to learning

disabilities in children and cadmium accumulates in humans and animals and can

lead to kidney disfunction. Household products that contain hazardous ingredients are

not regulated under RCRA but should be disposed of separately from municipal

garbage following label instructions. Household hazardous waste (HHW) can include

used motor oil, paint thinners and removers, wood preservers,

batteries, fluorescentlights that contain mercury, and unused pesticides.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state regulatory agencies

collect information about the generation, management, and final disposal of

hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA. This report gives detailed data on

hazardous waste generation and waste management practices for treatment, storage,

and disposal facilities.

.

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12. Bibliography and Reference

Davis, Mackenzie L., and Cornwell, David A. (1998). Introduction to

Environmental Engineering. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Graedel, T.E., and Allenby, B.R. (1995). Industrial Ecology. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice Hall.

La Grega, Michael D.; Buckingham, Philip L.; Evans, Jeffrey C.; and Environmental

Resources Management. (2001). Hazardous Waste Management. Boston: McGraw-

Hill.

Vesiland, P. Aarne; Worrell, William; and Reinhart, Debra. (2002). Solid Waste

Engineering. Australia: Brooks/Cole.

Watts, Richard J. (1998). Hazardous Wastes: Sources, Pathways, Receptors. New

York: John Wiley & Sons.`

Margrit von Braun and Deena Lilya

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THANK

YOU