Chapter 6 Environmental Management Plan EIA Report - La Cambuse Hotel

Currimjee Jeewanjee & Company Limited Construction of a Resort Hotel at Le ChalandEnvironmental Impact Assessment

LCRH/EIA/001 | Issue | 4 October 2012

J:\CURRENT PROJECT\2816 - LE CHALAND RESORT HOTEL\4.5 - REPORTS AND MEMOS\ENVIRONMENT\EIA LE CHALAND RESORT HOTEL - ISSUE.DOCX

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6 Environmental Management Plan

6.1 Introduction Permanent and temporary impacts, which may be generated by the Project, at Construction and Operational Phases of the Works, are identified and assessed hereunder. Appropriate mitigating measures are proposed to attenuate if not eliminate adverse environmental consequences associated with the negative impacts. The identification of negative impacts and their mitigation will form part of the Environmental Management Plan presented hereunder.

The main negative impacts that can be identified with the demolition of the existing facilities, the implementation of the Le Chaland Hotel Resort and at a later stage the operational phase are:

The demolition of the existing buildings and associated infrastructures of the Marine Training Establishment of the Mauritius Police Force namely:

o An extent of 2144.48m² accommodating the buildings

o 4.5m wide and 560m long asphalt road crossing the site

o 2070m² of tarmac area used as Parade Platform and its tarred access

o A tennis court of approximately 590m² tarred surface

o Approximately 790m² tarred area at the Dormitory Building site

The execution of engineering works (excavation, earth-moving, etc.,) in connection with the construction of:

o 1.3 km public road, 10m wide road (7.0m carriageway with 1.5m reserves on either side) from the Le Chaland Road to the La Cambuse Public Beach and Le Chaland Resort Hotel Access Road

o The stormwater drainage system

o Realignment of existing utilities

o The entrenchment of utilities networks (water, electricity, telecommunication and wastewater reticulations) for the hotel

o The Wastewater Treatment Plant

o The Desalination Plant

Spilling of hydrocarbons from equipment, stand-by plants mobilised on site for the Works;

Production of effluents by the Site staff facilities during Construction Stage;

Production of solid wastes on Work site during Construction Stage.

The main negative impacts that can be identified with the development during operation phase are:

Generation of solid waste during hotel operation

Additional demand on Public Utilities (potable water, electricity)

Generation of wastewater




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Measures deemed necessary to eliminate/mitigate the negative impacts on the Project Environment, are reviewed in detail hereunder, they will be proposed for incorporation in the Project Engineering Specifications. However, impacts may still result from the way in which the Project is run, necessitating further mitigating measures that are also reviewed hereunder.

6.2 Demolition and Site Clearance

6.2.1 The Demolition of Existing Building and Site clearance Phase

There are presently on the site allocated to CJ, buildings and infrastructure forming part of the Mauritius Training Establishment with a foot print of about 2144.5m² and building height of about 3m or 6m. The buildings to be demolished are shown in Figure 6.2.1.1 hereto.

The buildings and infrastructure will be demolished after the relocation of all the facilities to the new site allocated by the MoH&L. The existing platforms and associated features within the CJ’s premises do not have architectural merit and do not need to be preserved as tangible cultural heritage. The demolition works is estimated to generate approximately 1000m3 of concrete solid waste will be compacted and use as backfill on site. Excess concrete waste and 1500m3 of asphalt will have to be carted away at an agreed location with the authorities.

The nature of the impacts, the receivers and appropriate measures to be implemented to mitigate or eliminate those impacts are reviewed below:

6.2.1.1 The Nature of the Impact

The generation of solid wastes that will result from the demolition of the MTE dormitories and the access road will consist of:

reinforced concrete-work and masonry debris

cables and wires, derelict electrical appliances

pipe-work

woodwork and steelwork , including doors and windows

glassware, including glass panes to doors and windows

Asphalt

The estimated quantity of demolition wastes that will be generated is approximately 1000m³ and will constitute a negative visual impact to the Police and NCG personnel, to the residents of the Shandrani Resort & Spa and the La Cambuse Beach users.

Item Volume of solid waste generated (m³)

Demolition of existing structures, including the raised platform

~ 1000

Demolition of tarred area including access road and parade ground

~1500

Derelict pipe-work, cables, wiring, glassware and woodwork 75

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Currimjee Jeewanjee & Co. Ltd

CONSTRUCTION OF ARESORT HOTEL

at Le ChalandFigure 6.2.1.1 - Existing Building to be Demolished

Scale 1:2 000Date September 2012

Job. No. 2816

Arup SIGMA

19 Church Street - Port Louis - MauritiusTel.: (230) 212 3734 - Fax: (230) 208 0375




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Additionally, solid wastes will also result from the removal of vegetation during site clearance.

Such wastes if not disposed of properly will become the habitat of rodents and other vermin and be the seat of fugitive (fine earth or sand) dusts under wind spells escaping to the Environment.

6.2.1.2 Mitigating Measures

The following mitigating measures are proposed:

The reuse and recycled of items in good working order such as doors and windows, furniture and electrical appliances, etc by the Ministry of Public Infrastructure/Mauritius Police Force thereby eliminating the impacts associated with their disposal.

Removal of all derelict pipe-work, cables, wires, glassware, electrical appliances of no further use to be hauled away to the landfill site, or given away to scrap dealers.

The demolition rubbles will be crushed and compacted to 300mm size maximum such that these can be disposed of in back-filling operations during site levelling. To prevent spill of demolition debris and construction materials to the neighbouring site, the site will be fenced and shade cloth will be placed around the construction/ demolition areas.

Asphalt resulting from demolition of the parade area and MTE Access road will be carted away from Site and not used as backfill on Site. Bitumineous compounds leaching into the ground cannot be tolerated close to a Marine Park

Stacking all vegetal wastes in waiting of disposal as agreed with the Forestry Services. No burning of vegetal and combustible wastes will be tolerated on Site. Wood logs paid for by the promoter will be sold to entrepreneurs.

To prevent spill of demolition debris and construction materials to the neighbourhood vicinity, the following mitigation measures will form part of the technical specifications of the Works Contract:

Placing of hoardings and Sarlon type nets around the construction/ demolition areas;

Regular removal of unused demolition materials during the day to prevent their accumulation within working areas and their disposal into a fenced area. These materials that cannot be reused are then removed by a waste contractor for disposal at Mare Chicose Landfill.

6.2.2 Removal of Floral Species within the footprint of new buildings

6.2.2.1 Nature of the Impact

The whole of the site, with the exception of the outpost species zone within the 100m setback imposed by the Letter of Intent, has no native vegetation left.

The inner littoral zone is entirely planted with Casuarina which have replaced the ancient ebony and palm coastal forest and the Inland vegetation zone is overgrown by




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alien invasive vegetation amongst which very few and spare native plants have been identified.

The implementation of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel will not result in the loss of natural habitats.

6.2.2.2 Mitigation Measures

The following measures can/have been taken to mitigate the impacts:

The built footprints have been set by the Masterplanners to avoid as many tall canopy trees as possible

Transplantation of the native species elsewhere on Site, which should be facilitated by the homogeneous nature of the Site pedology, and under specialised guidance

Fencing of the coastal zone within the imposed 100m setback from the HWM and access to that protected area proscribed during the Construction Period

6.2.3 Modification of Site Geomorphology

The implantation of the built components of the Project on Site has a priori been carefully planned, with a view to:

respecting as much as possible existing formation surface undulations – specifically sand dunes - within the constructible portion of the Site;

minimising earthworks

However, the following works inter alia, will necessitate a certain amount of earthworks:

the construction of the underground circulation/service galleries between the Back of House and the Public Area- restaurants;

The construction of roads and drains;

The construction of buried potable and irrigation water tanks

Going by the available site pedological information, excavations will a priori be in coral sand formations. However, to be certain, observation pits need to be sunk, when the Site is definitely available to the Promoter, to ascertain that excavations will not also involve the underlying bed-rock.

Excavates will as much as possible comply with the "cut-fill" equality to avoid importing and/or exporting fill material and or excavated material from the Site.

6.2.4 Generation of Biological Wastes

6.2.4.1 Nature of Impacts

The MTE accommodate some 160 trainees thereby generating 20 to 30 m³ of waste water when operational. The existing sewer collection consists of a network of collector pipes and a septic tank / soak-away pit which upon demolition will generate raw sewerage that can infiltrate in the soils if not properly managed. The typical domestic effluent composition at various stages of disposal is given in the Table 6.4.1.1.1 below:




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Table 6.4.1.1.1: Typical Domestic Effluent Composition at Various Stages of Disposal22

POLLUTION PARAMETERS Influents to Septic Tank

Effluents from Septic Tank

COD 450 mg/ 90-120 mg/

Total KJELDAHL Nitrogen (TKN) 45 mgN/ 20-40 mgN/

NH3 Nitrogen 25 mgN/ 20-40 mgN/

Total Phosphate 7 mgP/ 3-7 mgP/

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 187 mg/ 40-60 mg/

pH 7.7 6.0-7.2

Coliform 108 104-106


The impacts that may result from demolition of the sewerage network must be mitigated. Measures envisaged will involve:

Injection of hypochlorite solution (as Cl2) at a concentration of 25mg/l into the sewer pipes

De-sludging of the septic tanks followed by disinfection using 25mg/l of hypochlorite solution (as Cl2), emptying prior to demolition

A wastewater tanker for pumping of the sludge and washings for disposal at Roche Bois Pumping Station with the authorisation of the Wastewater Management Authority.

6.3 Impacts at Construction Phase Impacts at construction stage have been identified and mitigating measures proposed.

6.3.1 Generation of Solid Wastes


Solid wastes generated during the construction of the Hotel may comprise, inter alia, the following basically inorganic wastes:

rock and boulder fragments as well at top soil resulting from Site Earthworks timber and wood cuttings paper, plastic wrappings solidified concrete spills, block and masonry debris electrical cables, pipes and ducts cuttings floor and wall tiles, glass debris metal or plastic paint tins or containers, etc.

The main impact receptor would be the local landscape, and in particular, that of the Project Site, and of the Marine Park land environment as a whole.

22 Source: adapted from Ministère de L’Environnement, Cahiers Techniques de la Direction de la Prevention des Pollutions No 5, 1981




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Organic wastes will also be generated as food leftovers at Site Staff mess which could be:

a visual impact, should such wastes be stockpiled and left unattended a source of physical pollution in case (improbable) they reach the sea

Besides, pests like rodents, as well as stray domestic animals may unavoidably be attracted by the food leftovers at the Site Staff mess.

6.3.1.2 Mitigating measures

Mitigation will involve the loading, carting away by authorised waste carriers, and disposal of the solid wastes to an agreed landfill site, which will be specified as part of the tasks to be executed by the Contractor on Site.

Excavation spoils may have to be used on Site will be managed by the main contractor who shall use the material in the setting out of the platforms for the Hotel buildings.

The impact will therefore be satisfactorily mitigated and eliminated.

6.3.2 Generation of Biological Pollution by Contractor Staff on Site


During the construction works, hundreds of Site workers will be present on Site and the generation of sewerage must be expected. The daily rate of sewerage production will depend upon the number of workers present on site and from past observations, an average of 5 to 10m3/d can be expected.

With reference to Table 6.4.1.1.1, the COD and coliform contents have dropped while the characteristic of effluents from the septic tank, still contain the same amount of N and P. The local water table is therefore being contaminated by the release of septic effluents, namely by:

The N-content and a fraction of the phosphates (some will be fixed on sand particles)

Residual COD

Residual coliform count with an associated health hazard due to the presence of bacteria and pathogens

There is a risk that the raw sewerage reaches the lagoon:

by infiltration via the highly permeable ground to the groundwater table (which in a coastal site is relatively high)

or by leaching when surface runoff occurs under heavy enough rainfall


The Contractor shall ensure that appropriate mobile toilet facilities are available on Site during the whole duration of the Works. The toilet block shall be connected to a




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conservancy tank and the content of the tank shall be carted away by an authorised waste carrier to Roche Bois Pumping Station

6.3.3 Spillage of Hydrocarbon

6.3.3.1 Nature of the Impact and receptors

The spillage of hydrocarbon may occur if the vehicles and equipment are in poor working order, with leaking fuel tanks, sumps, pipes, and if they are carelessly refuelled and serviced randomly on Site. The spillage will percolate through to the water table and eventually to the lagoon.


The Contractor will ensure that:

all plant and vehicle to be used on Site for Demolition and Construction Works will be in perfect condition and fully operational

no servicing and maintenance of vehicles and plant will be carried out on Site except at a designated place with waste hydrocarbon collection facilities

all emergency repairs will be carried out diligently in a way safe to Environment by eliminating all risks of hydrocarbon spills

refuelling of equipment will be carried out from a mobile hydrocarbon carrier trailed on Site whenever necessary and no in situ storage shall be tolerated

The Promoter shall ensure that the above mitigation measures form part of the Contractual Obligations on Site, via the appropriate Engineer's Specification and Bill of Quantity items.

6.3.4 Exhaust Gases


Exhaust gases from the heavy equipment are a potent source of NOx, CO, PM and other pollutants. The heavy equipment to be used on Site include:

Tipper Trucks Concrete Trucks Crawler Excavators Piling Cranes Dumpers, etc

The immediate receptors to the emissions from the operation of machinery will be the Site workers themselves, the residents of the nearby MTE/NCG premises, the residents of the Shandrani Resort & Spa and to a much lesser extent the beach goers of La Cambuse.




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The construction works will be carried out during 10 hours daily over a period of some 24 months with the rate of traffic varying according to the stage of construction, the earlier stages involving more equipment for the excavation and filling operations.

In terms of NOx and SOx emissions, there does not seem to be very much to be done; at least, inasmuch as PM10 is concerned, the Contractor shall make sure that diesel powered equipment are well tuned to keep the emissions of PM to normally acceptable levels for heavy vehicles.

6.3.5 Dust Emissions


Dust emissions will be generated:

during the batching of cement, concreting, drilling of concrete

by heavy plant and lorries required for the transport of materials during the construction work and

by the stock pile of aggregates

The receptors likely to be affected by the generation of dust from the construction operations are:

the construction workers themselves

the residents of the adjoining Shandrani Resort & Spa and the new MTE/NCG premises and users of the La Cambuse Public Beach

the built environment, inter alia, the immediate infrastructures, buildings’ facades, roofing, pools etc.

the natural environment immediate to the Site


In view of the immediate proximity of Shandrani Resort & Spa, the MTE / NCG, the Public Beach and protected lagoonar waters, mitigation measures will have to be implemented such as:

the screening of the work zone to a convenient height with CIS hoarding. A shade cloth screen may be required in place above the hoarding to trap any dust from the construction zones.

the regular spraying of dust suppression water on construction traffic areas

the avoidance of bulk earthworks during dry and windy days

limiting the amount of aggregate stockpiles

limiting speed on construction site access tracks

implementation of a right-first time policy by the Contractor to limit the need for breaking of inappropriately cast concrete




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6.3.6 Generation of Noise from Site Equipment and Traffic


The noise nuisance will be generated by the plant and lorries engines as well as the impulsive noise from the drilling, cutting, hammering operations etc.

This will result in significant noise generation recurring numerous times during the day and most like affect

workers on the Construction Site

the residents and staff of the nearby Shandrani Resort & Spa

the NCG/MTE personnel, as well as

the public attending the La Cambuse Public Beach

6.3.6.2 Intensity of Impact

The intensity of the impact will obviously be highest in the Working Zones.

The far-field impact is normally considerably reduced by the Geometric Attenuation Effect by which a noise level decrease by at least 6dB is experienced each time the distance of the receiver from the source is doubled.

Reflection and refraction phenomena, wind distortion, etc., may however have a noticeable effect on the Noise Field, as well as the frequency spectrum.

Excavation and concrete breaking noise nuisance will however, be only temporary, mainly during the earlier stages of the construction, and will last during normal working hours only.


Neither the excavation and backfilling operations on site can be avoided, nor the negative impact of the noise associated with it. However, the impact will be mitigated by limiting exposure duration to it. The excavation and any concrete breaking operations will have to be restricted to daytime operations, so as not to disturb the Environment excessively.

However, it will be the Contractor's duty to ensure that:

working hours are scrupulously respected, eliminating overtimes and work on public holidays and weekends

the lorries are properly fitted with regulatory silencers in conformity with the laws governing road traffic in Mauritius

the earthmoving plants are properly muffled

the CIS hoarding along the boundary with Shandrani Resort & Spa to be of adequate height to reflect as much of the noise impulses

It may also be worthwhile preserving a band of vegetation along the Le Chaland Road




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Moreover, close liaison will need to be exercised with the riverains of the project, namely Beachcomber and the Mauritius Police Force to listen to their complaints and work towards a mutual agreement.

6.3.7 Construction of New Access Road

The new access to the La Cambuse Public Beach, as requested in the Letter of Intent of by the Ministry of Housing & Lands will be a 10m wide road (7.0m carriageway + 2 x 1.5m reserves). The new La Cambuse Public Road will be constructed in accordance with the guidelines of RDA and TMRSU and shall maintain the present access to the public beach.


The construction of a new road can bring significant economic and social benefits but can also have substantial negative impacts on local communities and the physical & natural environment.

The impact receptors may be:

The cane fields in the environment of the Site

The workers in the field

The residents of Shandrani Resort & Spa

The Site operators themselves

the NCG/MTE personnel, as well as

the public attending the La Cambuse Public Beach

The built environment can also be impacted, namely:

Aesthetics and landscape

Noise

Road safety

6.3.7.2 Aesthetics and landscape

It is not possible for a road to avoid influencing its landscape environment. The proposed new access road to the La Cambuse Beach will pass through land presently occupied by sugar cane fields.

The major concern for the proposed new road alignment has been the presence of the Mare-aux-Songes Archaeological Site.

6.3.7.2.1 Mitigation Measures

The aesthetics of the road will be enhanced by good design with slopes of not more than 5 % and in harmony with the land topography. The design of the road has taken into consideration minimum cut-fill.

A setback of 36m has been allowed from the road edge to Mare aux Songes Archeological Site. During the road construction, measures will be taken to protect the




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Mare aux Songes site from dust and construction debris. These measures will form part of the technical specifications of the works contract:

Proper hoardings and Sarlon type nets will be placed along the construction areas; Regular removal of unused materials during the day to prevent accumulation on site.

6.3.7.3 Noise

The discomfort caused by noise is a difficult factor to access; it includes auditory fatigue and temporary lessening of hearing ability. Perception of noise is often relative to the background noise, so that new roads in quiet areas or noisy trucks at night are often perceived as worse than higher levels of noise in a busy area during the work day.

Measured noise levels and potential health impacts are highest where traffic noise combines with other sources. Sources of traffic noise are:

Vehicle noise from the engine, transmission, exhaust etc. These are highest during:

o Acceleration

o On upgrades

o During engine braking

o On rough roads

o Interrupted traffic conditions

Rolling noise from the contact between tires and pavement. This is generally greatest at high speed and during quick braking

Driver behaviour, and particularly use of horns, which contributes significantly to traffic noise levels

6.3.7.3.1 Impacts

Road traffic noise problems are greatest on busy roads in densely populated areas. The scale of sound levels for various conditions are summarised below:

Conditions Scale of sound levels23 dB(A)

Rural Roads by night 30

Rural Roads by day 40

Quiet Road 50

Busy Road 65-90

Airport 100

The scale of sound levels shows that calm environments correspond to a level of 30 to 50 db (A).


Noise problems can be minimised by taking into account the following road related measures:

23 Source: Ministère de L’Equipement, des Transports et du Tourisme (France) – Services d’Etudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes (SETRA)




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Pavement design and maintenance: Open graded asphalt and avoidance of surface dressing to reduce tire noise;

Avoiding steep grades to reduce noise from acceleration, braking and gear shifts;

6.3.7.4 Road Safety

Road safety is a tangible impact of roads on the community environment and may be reduced or increased as a result of the proposed alignment of the road. Road accidents results in deaths, injuries and damage to property.

6.3.7.4.1 Impacts

There are many features of a road and its surroundings which influence the risk of road accidents. The number of road accidents in Mauritius has been following an increasing trend over the years. The local communities, road users as well as tourists visitors in general may be affected.


The proposed new access road will be the object of a detailed Road Safety Audit in conformity with the Road Traffic Act. Measures have been identified to enhance the road safety aspects:

Proper super-elevation and sight distance for good vision;

Proper road curvature for the horizontal alignment;

Road markings and signage;

Proper drainage to avoid slippery road during rainy periods.

6.3.8 Impacts on Sand Dune

The Sand Dune will be impacted by the Le Chaland Resort Hotel, both during construction and operation stages. Proper measures would need to be implemented for the protection of the sand dune area.

6.3.8.1 Impacts

During construction stage:

Dust and construction debris

Workers walking across the dune to access the sea

During operation stage:

Tourist walking randomly across the dune to access the sea


During construction stage, the sand dune will be carefully protected by means of hoarding and Sarlon type nets to avoid dust propagation within the dunar belt zone. The area will be declared a no-access zone for all construction workers. This will form part of the specification of the work contract.




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During operation of the hotel, to avoid tourists and workers to walk randomly across the dunar area and to allow the rejuvenation and restoration of the sand dune, designated footpaths will be implemented.

6.3.9 Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment

In line with the requirement of National Heritage Fund, CJ has appointed Dr. Geoffrey SUMMERS and Mrs Françoise SUMMERS to carry out a survey of the new proposed site to produce a Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment report. The report was submitted to the National Heritage Fund on the 06 June 2012 and the main recommendations from the National Heritage Fund are:

the promoter shall submit a full documentation of all structures identified on the land proposed to be vested in addition to those found on the surrounding lands and which would have formed part of the original compound

the promoter shall request for the research and analysis that could give an insight on the

(i). military planning and functions

(ii). the social aspect of the military interactions, both amongst military and with the civilian population

(iii). the potential use of the structures found on the site and in the vicinity.

The promoter shall integrate the platforms within its premises in the design of the structures proposed for the hotel in such a way as to valorise them and inform its visitors of the importance of the site in the history of Mauritius and for a better understanding of the military history of Mauritius

As per the NHC recommendation, the promoter shall consider the possibility of putting up light structures (kiosks) on the plinths for the use by the hotel and hotel guests

The promoter shall use signage (panels) to valorise and celebrate the existence of the plinths

The promoter shall restore at least half of the platforms within the Le Chaland Resort Hotel site and maintain same for public understanding and enjoyment

The promoter shall allow access to the platforms for the public when the National Heritage Fund organises open days and events related to the military history of Mauritius taking into consideration international hotel management norms, security issues, seasonality of tourism and other relevant aspects

6.3.10 Stormwater Management

6.3.10.1 Nature of the Impacts

With reference to the site topography, the project site has an undulating topography with no natural drainage paths.

The topography of the upstream neighbouring land slopes in a south easterly direction whereas a major part of the project site slopes in the north westerly direction thus forming a natural valley around the site boundary.




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6.3.10.2 Impacts

Disposal of the storm water off the site without a regional off site storm water collection infrastructure (natural or man-made) will cause flooding within the vicinity of the site, mainly the La Cambuse Public Beach and the future NCG Post.


Several mitigation measures have been identified, namely:

The project site has been divided into sub-catchment areas with a number of infiltration trenches to cater for the storm water flow generated;

A major surface area of the site being under vegetation and sand, the runoff coefficient will be very much less than with hard surfaces.

The parking areas will have a permeable structure to allow more infiltration which will reduce runoff flow.

The storm water collection and disposal networks within the Project Site will ensure that runoff generated within the Project Site is contained within the Site while reducing the risks of discharge of runoff off site.

6.4 Impacts at Operation Stage

During the Operation Phase, impact generation will be of a permanent nature. Significant potential impacts could be associated with:

the generation of organic and inorganic solid wastes

the generation of waste water and its associated pollutant

the generation of odour from kitchen

risks of hydrocarbon spillage from diesel storage to stand-by units

atmospheric pollution by stand-by stack gases

noise generated by stand-by diesel plants

increased demand on Public Utilities (potable water, electricity, telecommunications, etc)

intensification of road traffic

6.4.1 Generation of Solid Wastes


Solid wastes will be generated every day, in amounts depending basically upon the occupancy rates, and they will consist of:

organic wastes, i.e. food leftovers from restaurants, kitchen wastes (grease and oils)

non-organic wastes, i.e. glass ware, metal cans, plastic bottles and packages, paper

The uncontrolled dumping of solid waste may lead to, inter alia:



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the contamination of the Environment by leaching of pollutants from the dumps under rain spells

the attraction of vermin, rats and eventually stray domestic animals

deterioration of the visual aspects of landscaped areas, of so much importance


A shift in thinking is essential to implement a sustainable resource-efficient waste management programme involving the 3Rs’ (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle).

The hotel management shall set up a policy of waste reduction at source.

Selective solid waste storage for dry solid wastes will be implemented so as to promote waste recycling. Separate bins will be used for the storage of recyclable wastes: e.g. waste paper and carton boxes, glass materials, plastics, metal, etc.

The non-organic as well as organic solid wastes (food wastes) from restaurants, bars and kitchens, will be collected into plastic bins which will be stored in a cold room (4ºC), to be collected everyday by a licensed solid waste hauler.

This technique of storing solid wastes, in particular the organic components, is recommended to avoid the uncontrolled spillage of leachate and foul smells, the attraction of flies, vermin, etc.

Compostable wastes such as some kitchen wastes excluding oils and greases, landscape clippings, shredded paper, etc. and the green wastes generated on site will be composted on Site. The compost may be used within the hotel landscape as organic fertilizers.

The excess sludge from the periodic de-sludging of the Sewage Treatment Plant shall be carted away to a WMA approved pumping Site for its safe disposal.

The mitigating measures proposed by the Client are therefore judged satisfactory.

6.4.2 Generation of Biological Pollution


Raw sewage will be produced at a daily rate which may fluctuate between 180m3/d and 225m3/d, as established in the foregoing, depending of course, upon the seasonally fluctuating accommodation rate.

The aforesaid raw effluents contain biodegradable matter, nutrients, suspended solids, pathogens, etc and these pollutants cannot be discharged in the natural Environment without having undergone pollution abatement. Discharges of these untreated effluents will pollute the water environment (underground, lagoonar) and are a threat to the recreational activities of the surrounding lagoon as well as the ecology of the lagoon.

As required by legislation, the Promoter has planned the construction of a sewage treatment plant for the treatment of all domestic effluents from the hotel resort.

Moreover, pending agreement with the Mauritius Police Force, CJ have allowed for spare capacity in the resort WWTP in anticipation to receive the wastewater produced at the MTE premises. This may represent an additional 50m³ of effluent during peak training periods.




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As mentioned above in the description of the Project internal infrastructure, a completely buried sewer collector network, with grease traps, lifting stations, etc., will be installed to collect the effluent from all the sewage generating hotel components.

Treatment of the effluents from the Le Chaland Resort Hotel is proposed to be via the RBC type wastewater treatment plant.

The nature of the effluents will necessitate N and P removal, with return of sludge for anaerobic digestion into the anaerobic tank.

The typical concentrations and counts expected in the treated effluent are indicated in Table 6.4.2.2.1 below.

Table 6.4.2.2.1: Typical Domestic Effluent Composition at Various Stages of Disposal via

Anaerobic Tank and RBC

PARAMETER Influent to Anaerobic Tank

Effluent from Anaerobic Tank

Final Discharge Standards

COD 500-850 mg/ 90-120 mg/ <20mg/ 120mg/

TKN 25-65 mg/ 5-10 mg/ <5mg/ 25mg/

Nitrification Potential 45-55mg/

De-nitrification Potential 40-50mg/

NH4 Nitrogen 10-25 mg/ 6-20 mg/ <0.50mg/ 1mg/

Nitrate 0 mg/ 0 mg/ <10mg/ 10mg/

Total Phosphate 3-7 mg/ 3-5.5 mg/ <0mg/ 10mg/

Coliform (No) 108 106 0-102mg/

Total Suspended Solids 125-250 mg/ 20mg/ 35-45mg/

pH 6.6-7.7 6.6-7.7 5-9

The mitigation measures proposed by the Promoter, being completed by N and P removal, are deemed to be satisfactory for the following reasons:

De-nitrification or N-removal will be achieved by feed-back of clarifier effluent to septic tank; this process will not remove all NO3, a residual concentration of 5-8mgN/ (the so-called leakage factor) being unavoidable. Since the water is going to be used for irrigation of landscaped green spaces, it will supply the residual N to the soil. The Promoter is aware of the necessity for light and more frequent applications of the N-loaded effluents and will therefore install a treated effluent storage for the purpose of better regulation of irrigation cycles and doses.

Phosphate removal will be achieved by precipitation by the addition of Ferric Chloride or Aluminium Sulphate to the treated effluent in the clarifier, the P precipitates being returned with the sludge to the septic tank and eventually removed from the system during the periodic de-sludging operations. The residual P in the irrigation water will be of the order of 1mgN/, brought to the soils by the irrigation water. The mobility of P in soils is known to be limited: therefore, all the P will be



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taken up by the grass and may be fixed as harmless orthophosphates in the sand formation without reaching the lagoon.

Since the treated effluents, after N and P removal, will be filtered and chlorinated before being released as irrigation water, health hazards due to the presence of residual coliforms in the effluents will be eliminated.

The clarified waters, after pressure filtration and sterilisation before being discharged into the irrigation storage tank will be used for irrigation purposes and as make-up water for selected reflective pools.

In addition, odour scrubbers will be implemented at the following locations:

in the resort sewerage network at lifting stations, and

in the WWTP anaerobic tanks

The performance of the RBC plant, as can be seen from Table 6.4.2.2.1 satisfactorily meets the mandatory discharge requirements.

The system requires only periodic sludge removal from the anaerobic tanks and the sludge disposed of at approved WMA pumping stations.

The mitigating measure proposed is therefore acceptable.

6.4.3 Risks of Hydrocarbon spillage at Stand-by Power storage tanks

Diesel storage tanks to supply the stand-by power plant will be present within the Technical Yard and spillage risks existent.


Any spillage of the diesel and lubricants, due to various reasons like leaks in the tank, in the pipelines, or at the plant itself, will migrate into the soil and ultimately into the underground water and possibly to the lagoonar waters. The underground water will be impaired with the threat to aquatic life in the lagoon.


The storage tanks shall be designed to API or the nominated supplier Standards, and constructed to withhold efficiently all pressures associated with "full conditions". It will have a level monitor allowing continuous check of fuel tank status, cross-checked by records of daily drawings and periodic refills by the nominated supplier.

The tanks shall be erected on a leak proof reinforced concrete trough, to API or supplier Standards, where any leaking diesel will collect and flow to a sump where it will be recuperated. The bunded trough within which the storage tank is to be constructed will have a retaining capacity of at least 10% above the full hydrocarbon storage volume

The removal of any sludge and condensation water at the bottom of the tank will be carried out when the tank is empty, by the supplier specialist, and the sludge and water will be collected in closed containers and carted away to safe disposal off Site. This shall be one of the duties to be performed contractually by the Supplier.




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Similarly, the diesel power plants shall be mounted on an appropriately designed concrete base with a properly sized peripheral trough where all diesel or/and lubricant that it may contain will collect in case of severe breakdown (oil/diesel pipe rupture) or during servicing and maintenance operations. The trough shall be fitted with a sump for the removal of all hydrocarbons collecting in the trough.

The construction and installation of the diesel storage tanks will be entrusted to a local petroleum company that provides such specialist services. These will be carried out in strict adherence to internationally recognised standards such as those from the American Petroleum Institute (API).

6.4.4 Atmospheric pollution by Stand-by Plant stack gases


Air emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2 and particulate will result from the operation of the stand-by diesel powered generator plants on Site. The intensity of the impact is normally governed by, inter alia:

Emission factors characteristic of the diesel plant and of its power rating, and which are normally given by the engine manufacturer

The duration of the plant operation

The sulphur-content of the diesel, that which is presently imported in Mauritius, having a sulphur-content of 0.5% by weight.

6.4.4.2 Nature of Impact and Impact Receptors

The impact receptors will be the hotel staff, tourists, neighbouring Shandrani Resort residents, the MTE/NCG personnel and users of the La Cambuse Public Beach as well as the natural and built environment.

In human beings, traffic pollution, i.e. NOx, CO and particulate emissions, depending upon the degree of exposure of course, have been correlated with nausea, pains in the back, arms and shoulders, weakness in extensor muscles, tremors, palpitations, indigestion, dizziness, feeling pale, nervous, anxious or restless, eye irritation, cold and flu24.

The natural environment will also be directly impacted by the pollutants, an indirectly, in terms of "Acidification of the Atmosphere", associated with the release of SO2, NOx, etc., that are dissolved by rain.

Ultimately, impacts of a more Global Nature such as the Greenhouse Effect, will result due to the CO2 and N2O mainly.

6.4.4.3 Intensity of Impact

The overall plant capacity will be 2.5 MVA. Other assumptions are:

Diesel heat content: 40 250 kJ/kg

24 I. KRUGER Consultants AS - COWI Consult: Environmental Investment Programme Project No 7A. Final Report June 1993. Government of Mauritius. Ministry of Health.




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Diesel presently imported in Mauritius, has a sulphur-content of 1.0% by weight.

Diesel consumption: ~530 kg/h.

Annual operation: 240h (~10 days: mainly upon the advent of cyclones when continuous operation will take place until restoration of power on National Grid)

Typical emissions under given conditions of operation of the Stand-by set are detailed below.

Table 6.4.4.3.1: Maximum Emissions from 2.5 MW diesel powered plant25

Exhaust Component Typical Maximum Emissions from a 1.0MVA diesel powered plant

For a 2.5 MVA Set

Emission factor Activity factor

Annual Emissions

Annual Emissions

Particulates (total) 2mg/s; 7g/h 75mg/Nm3

240 h/year 0.17k/d; 1.7kg/year

0.43k/d; 4.3kg/year

PM10 1.8mg/s; 6g/h 60mg/Nm3

240 h/year 0.17k/d; 1.7kg/year

0.43k/d; 4.3kg/year

SO2 [0.5%S by weight]

38mg/s; 137g/h 400mg/Nm3

240 h/year 3.3k/d; 33kg/year

8.25k/d; 82.5kg/year

NOx as Nox 2g/s; 7.2kg/h 2 000mg/Nm3

240 h/year 18kg/d; 180kg/year

45kg/d; 450kg/year

CO 145mg/s; 525g/h 150mg/Nm3

240 h/year 12.6kg/d;126kg/year

31.5kg/d;315kg/year

CO2 87.5g/s; 315kg/h 161.7g/Nm3

240 h/year 7.5ton/d;75ton/year

18.8ton/d;188ton/year

The emission data measurements are consistent with those described in EPA CFP 40 Part 86 Sub-part D and ISO 8178-1 for HC, CO, CO2 and NOx. The exhaust gas flux may be characterized as follows:

Volume flow: 0.125Nm3/s (0ºC, 101.3kPa)

Temperature: ~300ºC

In order to situate the proposed power plant with respect to criteria acceptable to Local and/or World Bank Group Standards, the emissions concentrations {g/Nm3} have been entered for the diesel-powered plants in Table 6.4.4.3.2, with maximum air emission levels stipulated by Local Authority.

Table 6.4.4.3.2: Plant Emissions Acceptability Criteria.

POLLUTANT Plant Emission Mauritius Standards

800 kVA 650 kVA 500 kVA

PM 45.1mg/Nm3 11.2mg/Nm3 6.5mg/Nm3 200mg/Nm3

NOx (NO2) 2969.2mg/Nm3 3552.7mg/Nm3 3334.5mg/Nm3 1 000mg/Nm3

CO 181.6mg/Nm3 239.2mg/Nm3 181.9mg/Nm3 1 000mg/Nm3

25 BERGERAT MONNOYEUR, CATERPILLAR France. Correspondance, 18th Feb 2000.




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The impact of the eventual emissions would have to be assessed with reference with the base-line quality of the air there, as measured for example using a Mobile Air Quality Laboratory like that owned by the University of Mauritius, for example.

However, in the absence of any base-line data concerning the ambient air quality on Site, it must be taken to be unpolluted in the sense prescribed by World Bank To all intents and purposes, air quality data as prescribed by WHO26 and Mauritius are given in Table 6.4.4.3.3 below.

Table 6.4.4.3.3: Guidelines for Air Quality

POLLUTANT MAURITIUS WHO Averaging Time

PM10 -- 150 g/m3 50 g/m3

-- 70 g/m3

1-h 24-h Annual

SO2 -- 1 000 g/m3

200 g/m3 50 g/m3

350 g/m3 --

125 g/m3 50 g/m3

1-h 3-h 24-h Annual

NO2 -- 200 g/m3

400 g/m3 150 g/m3

1-h 24-h

CO 40 000 g/m3 10 000 g/m3

30 000 g/m3 10 000 g/m3

1-h 8-h

From the foregoing, it is obvious that only NOx production rates are in excess of permissible values. But considering the short operation duration and the location of the plant, the resulting impact on the environment may be taken as acceptable.

The SO2 emissions may be further reduced when diesel with lower S-content is imported in Mauritius. Recommendations made by Consultants for 0.3% S-content still remain to be implemented by the Government.

6.4.5 Noise from Stand-by Plant and Electro-Mechanical Equipment

6.4.5.1 Origin of Impact

Noise will be generated by:

The power plant eventually, which will be mounted in a noise-insulating enclosure

Compressors for the Cold Room / Chiller plant

Miscellaneous electro-mechanical equipment at the Technical Maintenance Yard

26 WHO: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen 1987.




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6.4.5.2 The Impact and Impact Receptors

The noise levels are usually assessed in terms of dBA. Each source of noise will contribute to the overall noise level and impacts will result if the overall noise level, at any given time exceeds levels that are estimated to produce no nuisance.

Moving further away from the noise sources located at the Technical Maintenance Yard, the ambient noise level would probably not exceed 40/45dBA. Table 6.6.5.2.1 gives noise levels (in dBA) that are typically representative of conditions in various zones and at various times of the day.

Table 6.4.5.2.1: Typical ambient noise levels.

ACTIVITY ZONES ACTIVITY PERIOD

Day Time 07h00 – 20h00

Intermediate 06h00 –07h00 20h00 – 22h00

Night Time 22h00 – 06h00

Rural, hospital, recreational 45 dBA 40 dBA 35 dBA

Sub-urban residential, light road traffic 50 dBA 45 dBA 40 dBA

Urban Residential 55 dBA 50 dBA 45 dBA

It would be a very complex task to produce an acoustic model of the Project in its environment. But a good idea of the noise nuisance can be gained by referring typical noise levels at various sources to the above table.

Typical noise levels have been quoted:

(i). Air compressor for sewage treatment plant: 90dBA at 1.0m (ii). Enclosed 1 100 kVA turbo-charged CAT 3508B power plant: 85dBA at 1.0m

performing at 75% rating.

It is also true that strictly under geometrical attenuation (ignoring atomic absorption), and under theoretical spherical propagation, a noise field will decrease by 6dB each time the distance of the observer from the source is doubled.

The standby generator units are located at the Technical and Maintenance Yard close to the public road leading to the Shandrani Resort and Spa. The standby generators will be the main source of continuous noise level when in operation. Without sound attenuation, the noise level from a standby generator unit is estimated at around 110dB.

Main noise impact receptors, provided they are close enough to the sources of noise, may be:

Road users

Employees in the Technical & Maintenance Yard

Hotel residents themselves


Given the very calm natural ambient environment, it is essential to isolate and attenuate all sources of noise.




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Since the power plant will be of the urban noise attenuated type (10-30dBA attenuation at Source), it can be expected to operate relatively silently, and noise performance guarantees must be obtained from the Manufacturer. Then, with additional atmospheric attenuation and landscape absorption, the noise levels 50 to 75m away may be acceptable, the more so that their operation will be limited to power outages (estimated at a maximum of 10 days per year).

It is worthwhile mentioning here that the Technical and Maintenance Yard of the La Chaland Resort Hotel is situated back to back, across the road, with that of the Shandrani Resort and Spa, so that the risk of irritation to residents of the Shandrani Resort is reduced.

The air compressor units must imperatively be muffled so as to reduce the noise level at source by at least 12dBA (or more). Manufacturers' data must be obtained.

6.4.6 Increased demand on Public Utilities

The implementation of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel will draw more heavily on Public Utilities in order to fulfil the additional requirements set out in the foregoing. Each of the main utilities will be reviewed hereunder.

6.4.6.1 Increased Potable Water Demand

The CWA has been put in presence of the Promoter’s intention to implement the Le Chaland Resort Hotel which will draw about 295 m3/d additional water from the Central Water Authority network.

There will, therefore, be some impact on the CWA network, as equivalent additional resources will have to be mobilised, and not so much in terms of the distribution network that can cater for the demand currently.

6.4.6.1.1 Mitigating measures

Site water consumption will be rationalised by the adoption of the following policies:

systematic monitoring of the internal distribution networks

the exclusive use of treated effluents for the irrigation of green spaces

implementation of low water usage faucets (aerators), low water consumption flush toilets etc.

The Promoter is presently undertaking a feasibility study to implement a desalination plant for autonomous potable water supply to the Residents of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel.

The following water usage reducing measures have been adopted in the design of the hotel:

PIR (Presence detectors) sensors are to be installed in public toilets to control the lights and water depending on occupancy.

meter the following cold water feeds:

o general metering on entry into the building o metering on entry to all premises under concession and outside Anantara Hotels

& Resorts management & separate for hot water




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o kitchen network & separate for hot water o laundry & separate for hot water o swimming pool o supply to hot water production o bedroom wings & separate for hot water

6.4.6.2 Increased Electricity Demand

Electrical power requirements, namely 1.3MVA have been communicated to the CEB. The clearance from the CEB has been obtained vide correspondence ref: TD/GP/NP dated 10 July 2012. A copy of the letter is attached in Appendix D.

6.4.6.2.1 Nature of Potential Impacts and Impact Receptors

Direct potential impacts may be identified with:

Foreign Currency Expenditure to import more oil for the production of extra power, although it is CEB's policy to import more fossil fuels to meet growing energy demands from development projects that Mauritius badly needs. In fact, as demand grows, other types of energy production may be developed, which may contribute to a lowering of costs of production (economy of scales)

an eventual saturation in the carrying capacity of the CEB 22kV distribution mains around Mauritius.

Indirect impacts will be generated by the combustion of such extra fossil fuel, mainly in terms of Acidification of the Atmosphere and the Greenhouse Effect.

6.4.6.2.2 Mitigating measures

Since Mauritius is one of the signatories of the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Changes (UNFCCC), the onus is on CEB to investigate whether it is possible, within the limits set by the economics of energy production, to limit atmospheric emissions by perhaps:

burning HFO's of lower sulphur content (1.0% maximum)

reducing NOx by ignition retard or ultimately, selective catalytic reduction

Inasmuch as the carrying capacity of the 22kV ring distributors, they are not likely to be saturated yet.

The following energy saving measures has been adopted in the design of the hotel to ensure effective energy consumption and energy management:

VRV comfort cooling system will be employed for the guestroom blocks.

Indoor units will typically be located above vestibule areas within dropped ceilings. Return air from the guestroom room will either return via grilles or through shadow gaps incorporated within the ceilings. Velocities through grilles or shadow gaps will be less than 2.5m/s.

The systems will be design to cope with solar heat gain, conduction gain and fresh air delivered by the supply fan.

The outdoor portion of the system will be located at roof level. The outdoor units are planned to be located at roof level. Access to roof level and the outdoor units will be via a hatch located within the staircase structure.




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A micro switch located in the balcony doors will deactivate the indoor unit in the event that the doors are opened.

At this stage card key switches have been incorporated into guestrooms to turn off air conditioning and lighting.

A combination of LED (Light Emitting Diodes) and low energy lighting with high frequency ballasts will be utilised throughout the scheme in rooms and public areas for non decorative applications.

The use of halogen and tungsten lamps shall be minimised as much as possible.

A boiler room will serve the guestroom blocks and the Central Facilities. The boiler room will contain LPG fired boilers which will heat hot water calorifiers.

LPG has been favoured instead of electricity due to its low running cost and it is not imposing an additional electrical load of the electrical infrastructure.

The boiler room will contain three boilers. The system will be sized to provide a minimum of 66% of the heating load should one boiler fail. With all boilers functioning, the system will be capable of reheating the stored volume in 4 hours.

6.4.6.3 Telecommunications: no impact

The Project should not impact the regional telecommunication network in any way.

6.4.6.4 Intensification of Road Traffic: no impact

The extra traffic volume generated by the Project must be added to those of the existing road users to the Shandrani Resorts and to the Marine Training School. Reference is made to the major upgrading works to the road network around the periphery of the SSR International Airport and its links with the main cities, the Port, other major Tourist Zones and generally, the rest of Mauritius.

The Le Chaland Road has been upgraded in 2007 up to the Airport Gate H, the remaining 1.8km to Shandrani Resorts still requires upgrade. This portion of road however is currently reasonable enough to sustain the two hotel resorts.

The extra traffic volume generated by the new Hotel will not be significant enough to impact the regional traffic.

6.5 Socio-Economic Impacts

6.5.1 At Conceptual Stage

6.5.1.1 Impact by Loss of Amenity by MTE/NCG

The construction of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel will require the demolition of significant accommodation space presently occupied by the Mauritius Police Force. An estimated 2144.5m² of floor space will thus be removed from Site. This will have to be mitigated.




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As part of the requirements from the Government, the Promoters will finance a new NCG post and the reconstruction of similar infrastructure for the Mauritius Police Force on the land remaining after the allocation of the 33A to CJ and presently occupied partly by the NCG Training School.

Therefore, this loss of amenity will be sufficiently mitigated.

6.5.1.3 Corporate Social Responsibility

The Currimjee Jeewanjee Group has always been acting responsibly in the economic and social development of Mauritius. The hotel project proposed shall add more impetus and entice the group to further strengthen its social obligation towards the Mauritian community; and especially the region within the zones of influence of Le Chaland Resort.

As a mandatory requisite, Currimjee Jeewanjee and Company Limited has already contributed to the Tourism Fund. (Tourism Fund and Tourism Employees Welfare Fund)

A list of activities in line with CJ’s CSR will be agreed with the regional councils and NGOs and shall ensure commitment to its social and environmental obligations.

6.5.2 At Construction Stage

At Construction Stage, a Project such as the construction of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel will:

provide work, for at least 18 to 24 months, to hundreds of artisans of the Building Industry, such as masons, carpenters, tile layers, plumbers, electricians, painters, etc;

call upon professional services in connection with structural, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering, wastewater engineers, architects, draughtsmen, landscapers, etc;

will boost up the production and sales of building materials, namely basalt products

The consequence is a distribution of wealth over all those sectors of activity, with an impact on the GDP.

6.5.3 At Operation Phase

6.5.3.1 National Economy

The best way to illustrate the economic impact is probably by studying the relative importance in the National Economy, of the major revenue earners, namely:

Mauritius Sugar Industry (MSI)

Mauritius Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

Mauritius Tourism Industry (MTI)




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Their historical contributions to the National Economy as sector contributions to gross foreign currency earnings are shown in Table 6.7.3.1.1 detailed hereunder.

Table 6.7.3.1.1: Sector Contributions to Gross Foreign Currency Earnings (MRs)27.

Sectors 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Sugar 9,057 8,246 9,118 10,351 10,464 10,495 9,393 9,000 8,289 7,728

EPZ 16,555 15,774 15,865 14,851 13,436 14584 16804 14908 18640 19200

Tourism 18,166 18,328 19,415 23,448 25,704 31942 40687 41213 35693 39456

From Table 6.4.3.1.1, the constantly increasing positive contributions of the Mauritius Tourism Industry to the National Economy, is undeniable whereas the EPZ Sector has stabilised recently after continuous decline since 2000.

6.5.3.2 Impact on Employment

The construction of the Le Chaland Resort Hotel will create significant direct employment. The manpower planning will be according to industry standard in Mauritius with an employment to room ratio ranging 1.6 to 1.8. With 224 rooms, the resort shall generate direct employment of around 300+.

The Tourism Industry appears to be the only sector that can absorb ‘massed’ labour with a low level of skills when compared to other emerging sectors (Information technology, etc.).

Table 6.7.3.2.1 shows the past sector contribution to Employment.

Table 6.7.3.2.1: Past Sector Contributions to Employment28

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Sugar Sector 13,803 13,996 9,981 9,324 8,739 8,324

EPZ 65,240 66,138 66,782 57,107 56,624 54,616

Tourism Sector 21,341 26,541 28,753 27,002 27,161 28,039

From the above Table, it is observed that:

Employment in the Sugar and EPZ sectors have been decreasing continuously over the years due to the centralisation in the former and the closure of foreign owned textile factories in the latter.

Employment opportunities have increased continuously in the Tourism Sector and should continue this trend on account of the stated policies of the Government with regard to tourism development.

The Tourism Industry appears to be the only sector that can absorb ‘massed’ labour with a low level of skills when compared to other emerging sectors (Information technology, etc.).

27 Central Statistics Office 28 Central Statistics Office




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6.5.3.3 Peripheral Economic Impacts

The economic impact of Le Chaland Resort Hotel is positive, from the point of view of direct Foreign Currency Earnings to the Island, and also from those of peripheral activities such as inter alia:

car hiring and taxi services

restaurants

boating and other water sports services

production and sales of tee-shirts, pareos, handicrafts, etc.