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Cellulose

Md. Sajjad Hossain Tuhin

Student ID: 100510

4th year, 1st term

Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline

Khulna University

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CelluloseStructure of CelluloseCellulose formation in woody plantsProperties of Cellulose (Physical and Chemical)Use

Presentation outline

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Cellulose

It is the most abundant naturally occurring organic substance

Representing about1.5×1012 tons annual biomass production

First described in 1838 by French chemist “Anselm Payen”

It occurs in almost pure form in cotton fiber at around 98%.

As a raw material, cellulose has been used about150 years

First thermoplastic polymer material called “Celluloid”

Manufactured by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870

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Tollens in 1895 and Nastukoff in 1900 recognized that cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose by x-ray pattern analysis.

In 1920 it is discovered that celluloses in delignified wood pulp, flax, ramie, and cotton.

The Chinese discovered the usefulness of cellulose and developed a

process in A.D. 100 that gave them that most wonderful of inventions... paper.

Create other products such as rayon and the transparent film called cellophane.

In Vascular plants cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by rosette terminal complexes (RTCs) (Hexameric protein structures, approximately 25 nm in diameter). 24 Dec 2014

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PyranosePyranose is any cyclic isomer that has a five carbons and one oxygen in a ring of six atoms

Furanose Any cyclic isomer that has a four carbons and one oxygen in a ring of five atoms

CellobioseCellobiose consists of two glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond

Some definitions

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Structure of celluloseIt is a Homopolymer of Glucose

It is a Carbohydrate composed of Carbon(49.39%), Oxygen (44.4%) and Hydrogen (6.17%).

The molecular formula is (C6H10O5)n

Unbranched chained polymer of glucose

Cellulose Microfibrils in plants appear to be 4–10 nm wide under the electron microscope (Emons 1988, McCann et al 1990)

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Glucose

It is a simple Aldohexosic Monosaccharide. It is a hexose ( 6 carbon) also aldose( --COH radical present in the terminal Carbon)

The molecular formula of Glucose is C6H12O6

A sugar with a pyranosic structure

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl functional (-CHO) group.

An Ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl functional (-CO-) group.

AldehydeKetone

R= Chain of Aliphatic or Aromatic hydrocarbon

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C6H12O6

( Glucose )

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D GlucoseL Glucose

β D Glucose α D Glucose24 Dec 2014

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Pyranosic Structure of Glucose

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6

123

4 1

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5 5

H2O

O

H2O

O

O O

1,4 D Glycopyranosic bond

Formation of Cellulose from Glucose

B,1-4, D-Anhydroglucopyranose units linked by (1,4)-glycosidic bonds

Cellulose synthase enzyme

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Intra H bond

Inter H bond

Intra and inter Hydrogen bonding

Intra: Within a cellulose chain

Inter: Between two cellulose chain

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Crystalline and Amorphous region

Crystalline region: Intra and Inter molecular bonding is so strong Do not absorb much moisture

Amorphous region: Bonding is week Absorb too much moisture

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Cellulose formation in woody plants

Photosynthesis

Sap conduction (C6H12O6)

Plasma membrane

Rosette terminal complexes (RTCs)

Spins“ microfibril into cell wall

Cell division

6H20 + 6CO2 ___________________ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

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Physical Properties

Cellulose is non toxic, biodegradable solid homo-biopolymer.At pure state white in color.Molecular mass is around 1.44 × 106 to 1.8 × 106 gDensity of 1.52–1.54 g/cm3 (at 20°C)High tensile and compressive strengthCross bonding gives the maximum strength

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Cellulose is very much stable in thermal conduction Cellulose shows thermal softening at 231-253°C Not a thermoplastic polymer

Thermal Properties

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Electrical Properties

Cellulose shows very low conductivity and high resistivity of electricity

Pure cellulose shows maximum resistivity and water content decreases resistivity

Relative humidity also affect the electrical resistivity

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Chemical Properties

DP is 8000-10000 Isolable is water but uptake water around 8-14% at 60% relative

humidity and 20ᵒC Soluble in organic chemicals Give anhydrous reaction with concentrated acids Reacts with Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, acids, esters, amides,

halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrazine etc. Reacts with strong base. Reacting order is,

For cations the order of reactivity

For anions the order is,

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Some swelling agents of cellulose

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Reaction with water

Cellulose soak water very slowly. It uptake 8-14% moisture Water is attached with strong hydrogen

bonding. Relative humidity and temperature is

important. Crystalline cellulose uptake less water than

amorphous

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Reaction with strong base

Reacts with strong base quickly.

According to the reactivity with base it can be separated into three types:(i) α cellulose, (ii) β cellulose, (iiii)γ celluloseIn 17.5% NaOH solution Insoluble: α cellulose Soluble but precipitated in neutral solution: β cellulose Very much soluble: γ cellulose

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Cellulose Extraction from wood

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Cellulose Extraction from wood cont…

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Use of cellulose

Cotton: composed of 87 -90% cellulose with the cotton fibers containing polymer chains

Pharmaceuticals: Medicines are derived from plants cellulose, cellulose acetate , etc.

Cellophane: Can be obtained when a viscous cellulose reacts with acid (sulfuric acid)

Bomb: Cellulose trinitrate is used as a propellant for bullets due the fact that nitrate –OH group can be explosive.

Energy Drinks: Glucuronolacton, vitamins, and carbohydrates

Industrial Sugar, biofuel production, using oil production, ester production

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1. Beck-Candanedo, S., Roman, M., & Gray, D. G. (2005). Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromolecules, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 1048-1054.

2. Boruvkova, K, and Wiener, J 2011, Water Absorption in Carboxymethyl Cellulose, AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 11, No4, December 2011

3. Duran, N., Lemes, A. P., Duran, M., Freer, J., & Baeza, J. (2011). A Mini review of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Its Potential Integration as Co-Product in Bioethanol Production. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, Vol.56, No.2, pp. 672-677

4. Emons AMC. 1988. Methods for visualizing cell wall texture. Acta Bot. Neerl. 37:31–38.

5. OSullivan, A. C. (1997). Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels. Cellulose, Vol.4, No.3, pp. 173-207.

6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/465127. http://en.wikipedia.org8. http://www.ethanolrfa.org9. http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ca-Ch/Cellulose.html

References

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Question?????

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Thank You

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