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Art History
Impressionism
Akash Ijaz
Impressionism is a 19th century artistic movement that swept much of the painting and sculpture styles of the period. It was not just a passing fad but has defined an entirely modern way of expressing one’s artistry that eventually rubbed off in other art forms like literature and photography.
Introduction:
Impressionism is a light, spontaneous manner of painting which began in France as a reaction against the restrictions and conventions of the dominant Academic art.
Concerned with capturing light and a fleeting moment in time.
Artists used small strokes to simulate actual reflected light.
The Salon & THE ACADEMYRoyal Academies of Art in France and England
The academies had a virtual monopoly on public taste and official patronage.
Brief overview of the painters needs to meet for the Academy:
• Respect for the “hierarchy of genres”:
1st:History painting with religious, mythological or historical subjects
2nd :Scenes of everyday life
3rd :Portraits
4th :Landscapes
5th :Still life
April 15, 1874, The first of eight exhibitions for a group of artists opened in Paris. The artists that exhibited their works were called “rebels”, “intransigents”, “the Japanese painters” and the “actualists”.
The exhibiting artists were rejected by the Salon Juries. (The Academy) They formed a Cooperative Society of Artists-Painters. Thirty artists showed their work at that time, including Monet, Renoir, Degas and Pissarro.
The Impressionists were branded socialists, anarchists and dangerous revolutionaries. They were deeply misunderstood. With difficulty Richard Marx managed to include them in the Universal Exposition (World’s Fair) of 1900.
When President Loubet arrived at the hall he was greeted by Gerome, who barred his entrance, exclaiming, “Don’t go in, Mr. President, for there stands the dishonor of France.” To this mediocre painter,” Manet was a scribbler, Monet a fraud and Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley…were actual criminals who were corrupting influences on a generation of young artists.
Interesting facts:
The public, at first hated the paintings. But the tide was turning. Gradually they came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision. The art critics of that time, continued to disapprove calling the paintings unfinished sketches.
The history of photography commenced with the invention and development of the camera and the creation of permanent images starting with Thomas Wedgwood in 1790 and culminating in the work of the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826.
Impressionist artists felt the new technology of Photography was ruining the art of painting. They felt the need to create a new style of painting in which accurate rendering of the subject was not the main focus.
Innovations!
Development of Photography
Tubed Paints!
The availability of new pigments and tubed paints made it easier for artists to paint outdoors.
The Influence of Japanese Art In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy lead a fleet of frigates to Edo, Japan, where he threatened to open fire upon the town if Japan did not agree to a trade agreement with the U.S. (it was a “closed country” that did not trade with Europe/U.S.)
Once trade begun, woodblock prints made by Japanese artist’s such as Hokusai, made their way into the United States and Europe, where they were eagerly collected by artists.
Ways in which European art was influenced by the newly available Japanese woodblock prints:
• Asymmetry of compositions• Dramatic cropping of image/picture plane• Use of flat areas of color/pattern. Less traditional modeling• Leaving large areas “empty” in a composition.
Hiroshige, ‘Gion Shrine in the Snow’
Henri Riviere, ‘La Tour en construction, vue de Trocadero’
Claude Monet ‘Waterlilies and Japanese Bridge', 1899
Edgar Degas ‘Seated Woman Combing Her Hair’
• Light is the source of our experience of color – white light is made up of colored light.• Local color (the actual color of an object) is modified by the quality of the light & reflections
from other objects.• Shadows are not black/grey but composed of colors modified by reflections & other
conditions.• Two complementary colors in small amounts placed next to each other blend in the eye to look
like neutral tones.• Juxtaposition of colors on canvas for the eye to fuse at a distance produces a more intense hue
then mixing them
IMPRESSIONIST COLOR THEORY
(based on scientific and medical discoveries)
Rendering the visual world as it appears to the eye, not as it actually exists.
Capturing a quick, spontaneous “impression” of an image: Optical sensations.
• Visible brushstrokes
• Light Colors
• Emphasis on Light and the changing qualities of it
• Ordinary Subject Matter
• Unusual Visual Angles
• Open Compositions
Characteristics of Impressionist painting
• Everyday life
• Landscape painting
• Countryside and seaside: often focus on modern life in suburban scenes
• Bourgeoisie at leisure (sailing, café life, modern entertainment)
• Cityscapes – especially Paris
IMPRESSIONIST THEMES AND SUBJECTS
In paintings made en plein air (outdoors), shadows are boldly painted with the blue of the sky as it is reflected onto surfaces, giving a sense of freshness and openness that was not captured in painting previously. (Blue shadows on snow inspired the technique.)
Visible Brushstrokes
Light Colors
EMPHASIS ON LIGHT
Claude Monet: Lily ponds & Gardens
Auguste Renoir: People Outdoors
Edgar Degas: Dancers and Theater
Camille Pissarro: Cities and Streets
Alfred Sisley: Rivers and Landscapes
Mary Cassatt: Mothers and Children
Masters of Impressionism
Claude Monet
Claude Monet was a founder of French impressionist painting (often called “The Father of Impressionism”, and the most consistent and prolific painter of the movement's philosophy.
In the latter half of his life, Monet bought house in Giverny (rural France), where he constructed a large, lush garden in which he painted.
b. 1840 – d. 1926
was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the predecessor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art.
Auguste Rodin
His work is considered Impressionist because of the rough surfaces and the multiplicity of plans.
In Rodin’s opinion, beauty in art consisted of a truly depiction of the internal state and for achieving that aim he used a certain distort of the anatomy.
b. 1841– d. 1919
EDGAR DEGAS• Instead of painting outdoors, Degas painted in a studio from
sketches and photographs in both oil and pastel.
• Degas's only showing of sculpture during his life took place in 1881 when he exhibited The Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, only shown again in 1920; the rest of the sculptural works remained private until a subsequent exhibition in 1918.
• Subjects: the racetrack, the music hall, the ballet/opera, and series of bathing women.
b. 1834 – d. 1917
CAMILLE PISSARRO
(b.1830 –d.1903)
Many of Pissarro’s painting depict where urban meets nature. He focused on using lighter colors and loose, short, choppy brushstrokes.
Mary Cassattb.1844 – d.1926
• American-born artist that studied in Pennsylvania, then moved with her sister to France.
• Became friends with Edgar Degas who became her mentor.• Subjects are mainly of domestic scenes: women and children.• Paintings often show quiet moments between mother and child.• Strong sense of translucency in the skin tones of her figures.
