Aquaculture – An Overview

Dr.J.Stephen Sampath Kumar, MFSc., PhD Dr.J.Stephen Sampath Kumar, MFSc., PhD (Aqua)(Aqua)

Professor (Aquaculture)Professor (Aquaculture)Fisheries College & Research InstituteFisheries College & Research Institute

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTuticorin – 628008Tuticorin – 628008

E-mail: E-mail: jstephenkumar@gmail.com , , stephensskumar@rediffmail.com

Aquaculture – An Introduction

• It is an ancient farming enterprise

• Practised for more than 2500 years

• It originated at…..– China?– Egypt?– India?– Any other country?

Definition:It is the production of fish

through farming or rearing in confined waters following prescribed procedures to yield higher returns in terms of numbers and weight through definite management practices and control over the stock

The development process

• The ever first attempt was for hobby

• Later the nutritional advantages were felt

• Changed life style of human being

• Population growth• Need for alternative

food for man

Reasons for development• Civilization - demanded

more nutritious food• Agriculture –

development of allied fields

• Resources utilization• Health conscience and• Employment and earning

Major classification of aquaculture

Based on the type of habitat (water)Freshwater aquaculture

Saltwater aquaculture

Brackish water aquaculture

Wastewater aquaculture

Based on the water flow characteristicsRunning water

Standing water

Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d

Based on the type of culture organism

Fin fish culture

Crustacean farming

Molluscan farming

Seaweed farming

Live-feed culture

Algal culture

Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d

Based on the type of culture method

Extensive

Improved extensive

Semi-intensive

Intensive

Super-intensive

Four methods are found in India

Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d

Based on the type of culture system1. Pond culture2. Tank culture3. Open water culture –lakes and reservoirs4. Race ways culture5. Cage and pen culture6. Recirculation system

Based on the purpose of culture1. Food fish culture2. Recreation fish farming – aquarium3. Bio-treatment or biological control

Major classification of aquaculture, cont’d

Based on the region / geographical feature

Warm water aquaculture

Cold water aquaculture

Sub-tropical aquaculture

Heated water aquaculture

Based on the people involvedLow level / Marginal aquaculture

Corporate / Entrepreneurial farming

Trends of aqua farming seen in India

1. Freshwater Aquaculture

Crustaceans

Fish

Ornamental fish farming

Algae/Spirulina

Aqua farming in India… Types

2. Salt water Aquaculture

Shrimps

Crabs

Live food

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Recent trends and status of Recent trends and status of freshwater fishculture freshwater fishculture

technology in Indiatechnology in India

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Facts about fisheries

Fish has been a food for human beings for more than 4000 years

About 20000 species are present More than 200 species have been consumed

by man Many by-products from fishes and other

aquatic organisms are used for medical purposes

Average Indian consumption 5-6 kg/yr

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Indian freshwater fisheries

Riverine fisheries Reservoir fisheries Tank based fisheries Canal based fisheries Other minor water bodies

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Technology scenario

Ten standardised technology are available

Suitable for rural as well as urban adoption

Ensures food production and/or income Provides employment also

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Available technology Composite fishculture Polyculture Ornamental fish farming Freshwater crustacean farming Integrated farming Air-breathing fish farming Cage culture in reservoirs

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Available technology

Cold water fishculture Wastewater aquaculture Freshwater pearl culture

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The production processes

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Composite fish culture

Many species in one pond Utilization of all niches Developed form monoculture Six species combination - good Culture period 6 - 8 months Yield 5 - 10 tons/ha/crop Suitable for all areas Easy to do and assured production

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Polyculture

Fishes and other organisms together Compatible animals in one pond More production Useful for all areas Production up to 5 tons of fishes and

another 2 to 3 tons of other organisms

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Crustacean farming

Macrobrachium spp in India for

freshwater Shrimps for salt water Higher profit Technically challenging and assured

profit

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Ornamental fish farming

Ornamental fishes for hobby and pleasure – not for food

Easy farming methods Simple to operate and manage Higher returns All areas, particularly urban areas

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Integrated farming

Unified farming Combining other husbandry practices Higher combined yield Rural farming sector Cattle, ducks, poultry, goats, piggery etc

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Air-breathing fish culture

Murrels, catfishes - breathe air Air breathing fishes are cultured Higher density stocking Higher market prices More profit at lesser cost of production

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Cold water fish culture

Adopted in hill areas (Nilgiris,etc) Salmon, trout, etc.. Suitable species Less production Mainly as sport fishery Recreation purposes

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Cage culture in reservoirs

Cages established in reservoirs Utilization of natural waters More per unit area production Less cost of production More production per unit area

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Wastewater aquaculture

Utilisation of wastewater for profit Sewage fed fish culture Higher yield at lower cost Efficient resource utilisation

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Freshwater pearl culture

In its infancy Success attained Commercial production to be started Promising technology

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Trends in fish consumption and its impact on the fish production

Introduction• Fish and fishery products are generally used

for food and non-food purposes.

• The non-food uses include, animal feed, industrial uses (confectioneries), etc.

• Per capita supply of fish for human consumption is governed by three factors, viz., total production, imports and non-food uses.

• Maldives per capita consumption was the highest in 2007 (144.1kg/yr) due to low human population.

Introduction• Japan’s per capita consumption is higher

(56.1kg/yr) due to marginally higher production and imports

• Fish continues to be the preferred protein for the human consumption around the world.

• Cheap protein supplier next to eggs.

• Designer meat qualities are possible through feed and breeding

Availability of fish and fishery products

• Available in different forms – fresh, whole, piece, frozen, processed, dried, value added and cooked.

• In all forms, perhaps the cost does not influence the preference.

• Available at affordable cost for varied sections of people.

• Available through capture from wild and culture in the captivity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_catches_1950_2005.png

Status of fish and fishery production• Oceans are continued to be the major source of

fish and other aquatic animals for human consumption

• Inland wild waters are although production points for aquatic animals, their share is meager.

• People along the coasts have fish as their primary or only source of protein.

• People in inland regions may have the fish as their secondary or subsequent choices

Factors influencing the consumption

• Availability

• Quality of the available material

• Quantity of the available material thereby the price

• Socio-economic status of the consumers

• Health conscience (support / allergy)

• Availability of substitutes

• Sentimental or religious reasons (vegetarianism)

• Regional preferences (geographic choices)

Trends in fish consumption• Near 100% increase over 4.5 decades (1962 –

2007)

• Increasing rate: approximately 2.3% per year (non-cumulative)

• Non-food uses also showed an upward trend (11.0 to 27.0 mt in 45 years)

• While Mozambique had the lowest per capita supply (4.5 kg/yr) Maldives had the highest per capita consumption (140kg/yr) in 2007.

Trends in fish consumption

• Fish’s contribution to the total protein supply varied from 2.6 to 40.4% among 66 countries

• Non-food uses were the highest in China (6.8 mt) and lowest in many countries (near 0 in some countries like Cambodia, Ghana, etc).

• Nearness to fish and traditional food habits are found to be the factors deciding the fish’s contribution to total protein intake in the country.

Population growth & food fish supply

• World population in 1961 – 3072.7 million• Total fisheries production – 39.1 million tonnes• For food consumption -- 27.69 million tonnes• Per capita consumption -- 9.01 kg/ yr

• World population in 2007 – 6670.8 million• Total fisheries production – 140.45 million tonnes• For food consumption -- 114.03 million tonnes• Per capita consumption -- 17.1 kg/ yr