Rome’s Successors in Eastern Rome’s Successors in Eastern Europe and the Middle East:Europe and the Middle East:

Byzantium

Islam

Byzantium and the Expansion of IslamByzantium and the Expansion of Islam

The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire

Framework Established by Constantine– The Emperor

Held absolute civil power Wanted control of the religious institutions as well Caesaro-papism Continuation of Roman Authority

- Commerce centered at Constantinople- Great Schism of 1054 splits the Christian

Church into Orthodox and Catholic

Hagia Sophia Church in Constantinople (Istanbul) – Hagia Sophia Church in Constantinople (Istanbul) – construction started in the 6construction started in the 6thth century – largest church century – largest church in Christendom for over 1000 yearsin Christendom for over 1000 years

Russian and Ukrainian Russian and Ukrainian Patriarchs todayPatriarchs today

Byzantium and the SlavsByzantium and the Slavs

Cyrillic AlphabetTrade relationsMoscow absorbs Roman Culture Christianity flows northArt and Architecture (Russian

architecture is often centered around the “onion domes”, similar to those found in the Middle East)

Cyrillic Alphabet (Russian Version)Cyrillic Alphabet (Russian Version)

ISLAM ISLAM SUBMISSION TO ALLAHSUBMISSION TO ALLAH

The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam

Muhammad (570-632)– Caravan trader living in Mecca

First teachings of the Koran revealed, 610 Flees with followers to Medina, 622

– The hejira

Mecca conquered in the first Jihad (632) Koran – the Islamic holy book

– One god, Allah and Mohammad is the Prophet– Prayer – 5X/day facing Mecca– Alms to the poor– Fasting during Ramadan– The Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

The Five Pillars (obligatory duties)

The Kaba in MeccaThe Kaba in Mecca

Map of the Spread of IslamMap of the Spread of Islam

Expansion of Islam (West)Expansion of Islam (West)

Largely through military conquest– Jihad (holy war)– Within 100 years,

Muslims conquer territory from Holy Land to the Iberian Peninsula

– Displays weakness of Byzantine Empire

– Stopped in the West at the Battle of Tours (732)

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

–To the West (North Africa and Europe)

Expansion of Islam (East)Expansion of Islam (East)

Largely through trade– Attraction as a religion of

salvation– Arab traders control trade

throughout the Indian Ocean

– Largest Islamic country is Indonesia

– India is 25% Muslim– Spices and tea trade will be

important for later units

TheTaj Mahal

–To the East (Asia and India)

Expansion of Islam (Africa)Expansion of Islam (Africa)

– Attraction as a religion of salvation

– Berber traders cross the Sahara Desert

– Timbuktu in Mali becomes a center of Islamic learning with a great library

– Islamic proverb states that "Salt comes from the north, gold from the south, but the word of God and the treasures of wisdom come from Timbuktu.“

Mosque in Timbuktu

Map of the Spread of Islam to AfricaMap of the Spread of Islam to Africa

Draws on Greek, Persian, and Indian sources Mathematics, astronomy and medicine Idea that learning is a gift from Allah Algebra, the Zero and Surgery Developed the first hospitals where the sick could be

treated by professionals Advances become important components of later

western culture, although it will take Christian loses in the Crusades to bring many Arab cultural ideas to Europe

Islamic Science and Medicine

Islamic MedicineIslamic Medicine