Cinematography

http://classes.yale.edu/film-analysis/htmfiles/cinematography.htm#48001

So far……….Mise en scene

setting

sound

costume

performance and movement props

body language

Lighting (darkness/shadow)

Colour

Cinematography

• camerawork

angles

shots

framing

This week

Framing In one sense, cinema is an art of selection. The edges of the image create a "frame" that includes or excludes aspects of what occurs in front of the camera -- the "profilmic event".

The expressive qualities of framing include the angle of the camera to the object, the aspect ratio of the projected image, the relationship between camera and object, and the association of camera with character.

ANGLES and SHOTS

CAMERA SHOTS• In this lesson we’ll be learning about the

main camera shots and camera angles that are used during filming.

**Do not copy word for word**

TAKE NOTES!!!

A. Camera Shots

There are 3 main types of shots that describe how near or how far the camera is from the subject:

Any of these shots can show one subject or more at the same time.

1. Long shot.2. Full shot3. Extreme long shot4. Medium shot.5. Close-up shot.6. Extreme close up

1. A long shot shows the whole subject: an entire boat on the water….

…a car down the street.

• A long shot is used to show the full human figure and often provides a clear view of the environment or setting where we find the character.

• An extreme long shot is used to show landscapes or provide a view of a whole

world (ie. A city, a town, or even a galaxy) where the story is set.

• A full shot is a variation on the long shot, showing the full subject (ie. The full human figure, with the feet at the bottom on the frame and the head at the top of the frame).

2. A medium shot shows the human body from mid-shin or mid-thigh up and is often used to show interaction between two or more characters.

• It shows about half of the subject, such the front end

of a car or part

of a tree.

• A medium shot shows the subject in relation to its immediate surroundings.

3. A close-up only shows one part of the subject, usually in great detail.

• A close-up, and an extreme close-up,

would include shots of a person’s face,

or the paws of a dog walking down a

path, of a

hand on a

doorbell, or

a tree

branch.

• In close-ups, we can understand how a character feels; even “get into the head” of that character.

• Close-ups of “things” may help to clarify action.

How might these shots be used in a film?

• An establishing shot at the beginning of a scene tells viewers where they are. For example, a long shot of a car driving up to a hotel, or a close-up of a restaurant sign.

• To show the effect of one person’s words or actions on the other people in the scene, a reaction shot is used.

B. Camera Angles

In addition to camera shots, the camera angle is also important. The angle from which a shot is taken is another way to give variety as well as information.

1. High Angle 2. Eye-level3. Low Angle4. Reverse Angle5. Oblique Angle

1. A high angle shot positions the camera above eye-level, looking down on the subject, which consequently appears insignificant, weak, helpless, or small according to how extreme the angle is.

• Sometimes it’s just a good angle…..

2. At eye level, the impression is neutral.

3. A low angle shot has the camera looking up at the subject, which then appears important, powerful, or domineering, again depending on how exaggerated the angle is.

4. Usually the camera looks at the subject, but with reverse angle the camera shows what the subject is seeing.

5. The oblique angle is shot by laterally tilting the camera frame and making the characters or objects look askew.

Another way to give films variety is for the camera to move.

C. More….

1. Panning2. Tracking3. Elevating4. Dollying5. Tilting6. Zooming In/Out

1. Panning - When the camera stays in the same position but turns left or right.

2. Tracking - When the camera changes its position by moving left or right.

3. Elevating - when the camera changes its position by moving up or down.

4. Dollying - Changing the camera’s

position by moving it forward or backward.

5. Tilting - When the camera stays in the same position but turns up or down.6. Zooming In/Out - Even when the camera is stationary it can appear to move closer to, or further from, its subject by using a special ring or lever on the lens.