SCULPTUREThree-Dimensional Artwork

Prepared by Roland Lorenzo M. Ruben

SCULPTURE

• Sculpture is a three-dimensional

form constructed to represent a natural or imaginary shape.

TYPES OF SCULPTURE

1. Full Round

2. Relief

3. Linear

1. FREE-STANDING OR FULL-ROUND.

• It inhibits three-dimensional space in the same way that living things do.

• Sculpture in the round cannot be appreciated from only a single viewpoint but must be circled and explored.

Votive statue, Tell Asmar (Mesopotamia) 2750-2600 BCE 29.5cm

Full round

Roman bronze copy, 2nd century, Discobolis

Kouros, marble, Archaic Greek, 600 BCE

2. RELIEF SCULPTURE

• A relief sculpture grows out of flat, two-dimensional background, and its projection into three-dimensional space is relatively shallow.

• The back of the relief sculpture is not meant to be seen, the entire design can be understood from a frontal view.

• Relief sculptures are usually used in combinations with architecture as wall decorations.

RELIEF: ATTACHED TO A SURFACE

High Relief Bas Relief

Akhenaten- New Kingdom (1350 BCE)

Centaur & Laptih relief, metopes, Parthenon

Alexander Calder: Untitled

3. Linear Linear sculptures emphasizes construction with thin, tubular items such as wire or neon tubing.

My sculpture "insect" got its name because its wings reminded me of an insect, while at the same time I refer to secans.

- See more at: http://www.denarend.com/linear-sculpture/index.htm#sthash.xhDDMKZs.dpuf

This is a very elementary sculpture. The two curved lines meet at a ninety degree angle, the point where they meet being mittered. If the mitered surface would have been a moveable joint, the two half circled could be turned until the circle closed. -

Lucien den Arend

METHODS OF EXECUTION

1. Subtraction / carving – cut away unwanted raw material; carving away

2. Manipulation/ modeling – shape material with the use of hands

3. Substitution/ casting – material that is cast from one state to another

4. Construction/ fabrication – add element to element

METHODS 1: SUBTRACTION/CARVING

• Carving is the process of creating a sculpture by cutting or chipping a form from a solid mass of material using some sort of chisel or carving tool.

• Because material is taken away from the mass,

carving is known as a subtractive method of sculpture. The most common materials used in carving sculptures are stone and wood. In fact, most sculptures throughout history were made using this method.

Michelangelo's David, perhaps the most famous sculpture in history, was carved from a block of solid marble.

Granite sculpture by Verena Schwippert, 2007- By the Hands of Humans #3

Queen & son Pepi II, 6th dynasty Egyptian, alabaster

2. MANIPULATION/MODELIN

G• Modeling is a process in which the artist uses a soft,

pliable material such as wax, clay or plaster that is gradually built up and shaped until the desired form

is attained. Unlike carving, modeling is an additive method, as the sculptor is continually adding material to the form.

• The material will typically be constructed atop some sort of metal frame or skeleton to lend support to the soft material, so it will be able to maintain its shape.

2300BCE China, funerary storage jar

• Mimbres pottery, fish with human headed animal and net trying to catch the fish, 1000 ce

Sung Dynasty celadon vase, 1000 CE

3. SUBSTUTION/CASTING• In the casting process, an artist creates a sculpture from

a soft, malleable substance such as wax, plaster or clay. This sculpture will serve as the model that will be

encased in plaster, silica or some other substance to make a

cast. • Eventually, a fireproof cast is produced that can be filled

with molten metal such as bronze. When the metal cools, the result is a metal version of the original

sculpture. • The major benefit of casting is that the artist may be able to produce multiple copies of the sculpture using

the same cast.

http://www.verylgoodnight.com/casting3.html

Sculpture by Kylo Chua (2009)

CIRE-PERDUE•Lost wax technique (cire-perdue)- cast

sculpture in which the basic mold uses a wax model which is then melted to leave desired spaces in the mold

•often used for jewelry or small sculptures

http://library.thinkquest.org/23492/data/bronze.htm?tqskip1=1&tqtime=0318

Akan Brass Weights: based on Islamic ounce. A wedding gift could be a set of weights for a bridegroom.

Cycladic: 17th century BCE. Gold Ibex statue. Lost wax

Africa: lost wax bronze, Benin kingdom, late 15th c.

4. FABRICATION• The most modern sculpting technique, also known as

construction. • The artist will take existing materials and attach them

together in some fashion, with the resulting

combination of materials forming the sculpture. Sculptures created through this process typically use found objects, such as scrap metal pieces that are welded together. 

• A creation of art is done through joining or fastening. It also includes welding, gluing, stapling, soldering, nailing materials together.

•Assemblage: assembling found objects in unique ways.

Joseph Cornell

Sandata 3rbBy Lirio Salvador

•Kinetic Sculpture: movable parts (wind)

Alexander Calder: the mobile

SCULPTURAL ART ELEMENTS

Mass (literal) Line & Form: open & closed Space / Negative space Color Texture

NEGATIVE SPACE

Henry Moore: Reclining Figure, 1938. Elmwood

MASS (LITERAL)

• Venus of Willendorf, 24,000- 22,000 BCE, 4 ¾ “ tall

COLOR• Alexander Calder,

The Four Elements, 1961

TEXTURE• Capitoline wolf, bronze, 5th c

TEXTURE

• Kii-Hulu Manu 18th c. Believed to represent Ku Ka Ili Moku

TEXTURE

Three Goddesses, pediment, Parthenon

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Proportion – relative relationship of shapes to one another

Repetition – rhythm, harmony, variation Articulation – manner by which we move from

one element to the next (how the artist has repeated, varied, harmonized, & related its parts and the movement from one part to another)

Focal area – emphasis Scale – size in relation to standard Balance – Biomorphic / geometric forms

PROPORTION

• proportion is the relative relationship of shapes to one another within the sculpture itself.

Olmec 400-800 BCE

REPETITION

Frank Gaylord, Korean Memorial, 1995

• whenever you have an element that occurs multiple times

Symmetrical balance

Great Temple of Ramses II- 1290 BCE

ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE

• Jacques Lipchitz: La Joie de Vivre, 1927

ARTICULATION

• articulation is how the different parts of the sculpture seem to be joined together

Anthony Smart

Marshland Two, 2013, steel, H 187cm

FOCAL AREA

• Sculptors, like painters or any other visual artists, must concern themselves with

drawing our eye to those areas of their work that are central to what they wish to communicate.

Bernini, The ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1647–1652

FOUND• when a sculptor makes

their sculpture out of a raw material but more or less is just kind of picked up either from the natural world toward using other people’s discarded items sometimes just finding things on the street or on the sidewalk and sort of using that as raw material…

Subodh Gupta cooked up this giant skull sculpture out of dinner plates, pots, whisks, and other kitchen utensils.

Kitchen Utensil Skull

• Bernard Pras makes piles of trash that from most angles look like he’s just another litterbug, but when you look at them just right you see masterpieces.

By Lirio Salvador

Drone TransitMixed Media85×221× 24 cm2009

SANDATA NI BERNARDO CARPIOMixed Media108×46×7 cm2008

Lirio says "It's all about the merging of my native oriental culture and the present industrial environment that is slowly corrupting my native land". He creates his assemblage of musical instruments using day to day materials that are found in his present environment, including bicycle gears, drain cleaning springs and stainless steel tubes.

Elemento in action

EPHEMERAL• is one that is transitory that means it's meant only to last for a short amount of time…

• conceptual, transitory, and makes statement then ceases to exist

Flow 5.0 is an interactive landscape made out of hundreds of fans which reacts to your sound and motion. By walking and interacting the visitor creates an illusive landscape of transparencies and artificial wind.

INTERACTIVITY

• the viewer somehow changes the sculpture and that's an intention…

• you can make sculptures that somehow people can interact with

Titled “Cloud”, the installation was created by Canadian artist Caitlind Brown for a late night art festival, Nuit Blanche in Calgary. The viewers were able to turn on the 1,000 functioning bulbs (the other 5,000 were burnt-out bulbs donated by the public) by pulling on metal chains that were attached to them, causing a giant sparking and flickering effect.

COLOR AND AGE

Bird in Space, Bancusi, 1923The Kiss, Rodin, 1889

great sense of dynamics

there's not a high level of dynamics

Bernini, David, 1623–1624

Michelangelo, David, 1501–1504

dynamics

SCALE

Venus of Willendorf, 24,000 B.C.E – 22,000 B.C.E.

man cutting his toenails, 18-19thc.

The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer; cast in 1922 from a mixed-media sculpture modeled ca. 1879–80Edgar Degas (French, 1834–1917)

New Jersey-based artist Sue Beatrice, aka All Natural Arts, creates spectacular steampunk sculptures made out of old watch parts. With the environment in mind, her clever little creations are made entirely out of recycled materials that offer a bit of whimsy. The discarded and found objects (gears, sprockets, vintage pocket watches, etc.) are upcycled and repurposed into unique items that boast themes of nature.

La Danaïde (1885) by Auguste Rodin

ARTIST DISGUISING THE MATERIAL

- to highlight the material and make the material look exactly like what it is

The roughness of the rock actually becomes but one of the important things that we're really seeing in the sculpture.

It highlights exactly what wood looks like it's the color of wood, the shape of wood.

GLYPTIC SCULPTURE

LIGHTING AND ENVIRONMENT

Wax sculpture of Tupac Shakur

Easter Island carvings outside

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IDENTIFY THE SCULPTURAL ELEMENTS

Part 3

COAT-HANGER GORILLA

LEGO MAN

Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, 2 weeks 1983, 6.5 million sq. feet of fabric- underlined various elements and ways the people of Miami live between land and water

Christo Sculpture, Pink fabric around an Island

Glass Chandelier by Dale Chihuly

Praying Mantis Ice Sculpture

Chicago’s “Jelly Bean”

Heads made from Bread