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Music in the 20th Century. The basics.
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MUSIC AS AN ART IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Musical Movements
Romantic Impressionism Expressionism Neoclassicism Aleatory Music
Romantic
Ended about 1910 Tried to make pieces more passionate
and expressive Experimented with remote keys and
modulation Dissonance became a primary element Claude Debussy
Impressionism
Vague in form Delicate in nature Had a mysterious atmosphere. Suggestion Moved away from the Romantic
movement. Claude Debussy
Expressionism
Atonal and dissonant. German movement. Moved away from French impressionism. Emotional, romantic feeling. Arnold Schoenberg
Neo-Classicism
Incorporated music of the Classical era. Mixed with Renaissance, Baroque, and
modern trends as well. Sought to re-evaluate the old ways of
music. Igor Stravinsky and Aaron Copland
Aleatory Music
Aleatory = elements of chance. Improvisation, randomness. No rules. The stranger, the more unique. Famous for having the audience
improvise along with the performer. Jazz as a classic form of aleatory music. John Cage Charles Ives
Composers who defied paradigms of their time. Pushed music beyond the expectations. More than auditory art.
What is Music?
Claude Debussy
Lived from1862-1918. One of the most prominent figures in the
Impressionist music movement. Influenced by Bayreuth and Javanese music. Music revolved around one key or pitch. Focused on Romantic music throughout his life.
“ I am sure the institute would not approve, for naturally, it regard the path which it ordains as the only right one. But there is no help for it! I am too enamoured of my freedom, too fond of my own ideas.” – Claude Debussy
Debussy
Clair De Lune
Arnold Schoenberg
Lived 1874-1951. Began composing at age 8 w/o formal
training Founded the Society for Private Musical
Performances in 1920. Forced to leave Berlin, as a Jew Taught music at UCLA. Returned to expressionism, and wrote
religious choruses in 1945. Friends with Kandinsky who was an abstract
expressionist
Igor Stravinsky
Lived 1882-1971. Influenced by French Impressionists (ex.
Debussy, Maurice Ravel.) Mixed clean orchestral music with bright
instrumentation and irregular rhythms. Firebird’s Infernal Dance of the King
Katschei. Music was constantly evolving. Most famous: Rite of Spring. Neoclassical.
John Cage
Lived 1912-1992. Wrote aleatoric music. Had an underlying desire to create. Replaced harmony as the basis of his music
with rhythm. Experienced silence as an aspect of music.
Thus his most infamous piece, 4’3’’ was born.
“ Until I die there will be sounds. And they will
continue after my death. One need not fear about the future of music.” –John Cage
John Cage Music
4’33’’ Imaginary Landscape #4 Suite for Toy Piano
Charles Edward Ives
Lived 1874-1954. Considered greatest American musician. Understood the value of vernacular music. Combined American and European elements. Music represented as a symbol of human life. Was never accepted by other musicians.
“What has sound got to do with music!” –Charles Ives