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Modern Techniques Modern Techniques of Energy Wood Production of Energy Wood Production
on Farmlandon FarmlandVolkhard Scholz and Thomas HoffmannVolkhard Scholz and Thomas Hoffmann
7th International Research and Development 7th International Research and Development Conference of Central and East European Conference of Central and East European Institutes of Agricultural Engineering(CEE AgEng) Institutes of Agricultural Engineering(CEE AgEng) Minsk/Belarus, 8-10th June 2011Minsk/Belarus, 8-10th June 2011
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. Planting machinesPlanting machines3.3. Harvesting machinesHarvesting machines4.4. Clearing machinesClearing machines5.5. Storage of chipsStorage of chips6.6. Production costsProduction costs7.7. Summary Summary
12.04.23 2
Energy wood from farmlandShort Rotation Coppice
High stable yields (poplar 10 tDM/ha/y)in spite of low expenses(1 x plant, >20 y utilize)
No or small application ofnitrogen and pesticides. Few contents of pollutantssuch as N, S, Cl, K etc.
Environmentally friendly production (N2O-Emissions).
Decontamination of soil from heavy metals (Cd, Zn).C-sequestration in soil.
Favourable harvest time (Dec...Feb.)Eligible harvest intervaldep. on market (1...20 y)
Set aside land subsidies 30...40 €/tDM or energy crop subsidies 4...6 €/tDM
Application of up-to-date environmentally friendly wood boilers!!!
SRC wood is a „new“ anda promising biofuel.
PoplarWillow
SRW = SRC = Short Rotation Coppice = Fast growing treesSRW = SRC = Short Rotation Coppice = Fast growing trees
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PlantingPlanting
12.04.23 4
Planting shoots of poplar and willow
Photo: Hofmann, ISB Photo: Hofmann, ISB Photo: Lorbacher, ATB Photo: Lorbacher, ATB Photo: Scholz, ATBPhoto: Scholz, ATB
Source: Hofmann&Scholz, 2008
12.04.23 5
Various planter types
Fröebbesta Fröebbesta Planter, Planter, Fa. Bo FranzenFa. Bo Franzen Photo: State University of New YorkPhoto: State University of New York
Mod. Sugar Cane Planter, Mod. Sugar Cane Planter, Fa. Henriksson Salix AB,Fa. Henriksson Salix AB, Photo: Henriksson S.Photo: Henriksson S.
Step Planter, Step Planter, Fa. Salix Maskiner ABFa. Salix Maskiner AB Photo: Lorbacher, ATBPhoto: Lorbacher, ATB
Energy Planter, Energy Planter, Fa. Egedal MaskinfabrikFa. Egedal Maskinfabrik, , Photo: Lorbacher, ATBPhoto: Lorbacher, ATB
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Favourable planting distances between rows
12.04.23 7
HarvestHarvest
12.04.23 8
Main SRC harvest lines
Chainsaw
Forestharvester
Log
lin
es
Felling bundler
Self-propelledrod cutter (bundler)
Tractor-trailedrod cutter (bundler)
Rod
lin
es
ChainsawTractor-mountedsaw
Tractor-mountedcutter chipperCutter unit forforage harvester
Ch
ip lin
es
1 phase
2 phases
intermitt.
contin.
12.04.23 9
Cutter-chippersfor single-phase chip lines (< 5 y)
Modified Sugar Cane Modified Sugar Cane Harvester Austoft 7700Harvester Austoft 7700of Case Co. of Case Co. Photo: Burger, LWFPhoto: Burger, LWF
SRC Cutter Unit HS-2 of SRC Cutter Unit HS-2 of forage harvester Claas Co.forage harvester Claas Co. Photo: Scholz, ATBPhoto: Scholz, ATB
SRC Cutter Unit Woodcut 750SRC Cutter Unit Woodcut 750of forage harvester Krone Co.of forage harvester Krone Co.Photo: Scholz, ATBPhoto: Scholz, ATB
Tractor-mounted Cutter ChipperTractor-mounted Cutter Chipperfor conventional tractors for conventional tractors Photo: Ehlert, ATBPhoto: Ehlert, ATB
CurrentCurrentprototypeprototypeof ATBof ATB
Mod. sugar cane harvester
Special cutter units for forage harvesters
Tractor-mounted cutter chiper
Development status - Prototype Small series R&D, Prototype
Dead weight kg 12,500 1,300 1,200
Basic machine - Cane harvester Forage harvester1) Farm tractor2)
Power requirement kW 216 245 80
Weight of basic machine kg s. above 10,800 4,000
Number of rows - 2 2 1 or 2
Row spacing3) m 0.75 + 1.4 0.75 + 1.5 0.9
Cutting diameter mm < 70 < 70...100 < 120
Mean chopping length mm > 80 5 ... 40 50 ... 100
Mass throughput4) (PPT) tDM/h ≤ 20 ≤ 30 ≤ 15
Working rate4) (PPT) ha/h 0.2 ... 0.6 0.5 ... 1.3 0.2 ... 0.5
Working rate4) (ET) ha/h 0.1 ... 0.4 0.3 ... 1.0 0.1... 0.4
1) Standard forage harvester with forest tyres and special header, partly with reinforced drum, header hydraulics and underbody protection.2) Standard tractor with front or rear pto shaft and 3-point front suspension. 3) The second summand states the distance between adjacent twin rows. The mounted cutting chipper can where applicable also be used to harvest twin rows, however where row spacing is < 1.0 m only with appropriate tyres. 4) Valid for primary processing time (PPT) or execution time (ET).
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Technical data of promising cutter-chippers for single-phase chip lines
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ClearingClearing
12.04.23 12
Machines removing stumpsConventional forestry machinery
Uprooting machine 1, Typ 2200overgroundFa. Schmidt, Uchte
2,2 m width50 mm deep150 kW1 ha/h (T1)7000 St./ha
1
Uprooting machine 2undergroundFa. Schmidt, Uchte
2,5 m width250 mm deep83 kW1 ha/h (T1)7000 St./ha
2
12.04.23 13
Results of clearingPoplar parcell after 13 weeks
26.05.2004
24.04.2004
29.01.2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
<50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 >300
Length class (mm)
Dry
mat
ter
(g/m
²)
Different Rows Inside
Different Rows Center
Different Rows Qutside≤ 100 mm deeply
12.04.23 14
StorageStorageof chipsof chips
12.04.23 15
Impact of chip size on storage of SRC chips in not ventilated piles
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Wa
ter
co
nte
nt
an
d D
M lo
ss
(%
)
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
Mo
ld f
un
gi
(cfu
/g F
M)
Thermophilic fungiWater contentDry matter loss
FineFinechipschips
16 - 22 mm16 - 22 mm
CoarseCoarsechipschipschipschips
56 - 63 mm56 - 63 mm
(Coarse)(Coarse)chunkschunks
120 - 156 mm120 - 156 mm
Energy loss
n = 10 n = 4 n = 5
MinMin
MaxMax
MeanMean
25 % DM loss p.a.!
n piles and/or silos of 1.5 to 45 m³ 120 to 360 days
12.04.23 16
CostsCosts
0102030405060708090
100110120130140
Co
sts
(€
/t DM)
12.04.23 17
Supply costs of storaged SRC wood chips
2a 2a4a 4a
Tractor-mountedcutter chipper
Forage harvesterwith SRC cutter
Willow
2a 2a4a
Poplar
Tractor-mountedcutter chipper
F. harv.w.SRC c.
8a
Manualharvest
Wood chip priceincl. VAT, Average 2010(C.A.R.M.E.N. 2010)
TransportHarvestFertilizationPlanting & ClearingLease
12.04.23 18
Summary
During the past 30 years a multitude of machines for planting and harvesting of short rotation coppices (SRC) were developed and tested in Europe. However, caused by the low need, only a few of them exceeded the prototype stage.
There are three harvesting lines: log, rod, and chip lines. The latter are the cheapest but cause problems in long-term storage, particularly dry matter losses and mold fungi development in unventilated piles.
Best chances in future will have rod cutters as well as special cutter units for conventional forage harvesters and cutter-chipper units for conventional farm tractors.
The latter being else in R&D stage will have lower working rates, however, they are cheap and lightweight and offer the opportunity to produce well-storable chips > 50 mm and to harvest big poplars up to 5 years.
The supply costs of SRC chips range between 45 and 90 €/tDM and are significantly lower than the current wood chip price in Germany.
12.04.23 19
Thank youThank you
E-Mail E-Mail [email protected]@gmx.de
[email protected]@atb-potsdam.de
СПАСИБОСПАСИБО ! !