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Rudiments of Music
• Foundation • Beginning• Basic• Basis
• Music is made of sounds
• The single musical sound is called tone
• Tone is produced by the regular vibration of body (human voice or musical instruments)
• When vibrations are irregular, noise is produced
How a tone is produced?
• The vibration of the strings produces the tone
–The thinner and the shorter the string, the higher the tone
–The thicker and the longer the string, the lower the tone
How a tone is produced?
• The highness or lowness (pitch) of a tone can be determined by adjusting the screw
–The tighter the strings, the higher the pitch and vice versa
Properties of a Musical Sound or Tone
1. Pitch
2. Duration
3. Intensity
4. Tone color or timbre
Properties of a Tone
Pitch
– the location of a tone in the musical scale in relation to high or low
– the highness and lowness of tone
– Tones may the same or different pitches
Activity: Listening and singing different pitches
• Pitch is indicated/represented by a symbol called NOTE
• NOTES are written on the STAFF
• The location of a note on the staff tells its pitch
• The system of writing of tones is called NOTATION
Pitch
• STAFF – has five parallel lines making four equal spaces– Each line and space indicates a tone
• CLEFS are written at the beginning of the staff.
Two kinds of clefs– G clef and F clef
• When these two clefs combined together these make a GRAND STAFF
Pitch
Pitch names:
• G clef - E G B D F - Lines
F A C E - spaces
• F clef - G B D F A - lines
A C E G - spaces
Activity: Write the pitch names on the lines
Pitch
Properties of a Tone
2. Duration
– Tones are not only high or low but also short or long.
– Is the length of time that a note is sung or played
– Duration of a NOTE is indicated by the use of different kinds of notes.
– Periods of silence called REST
• Parts of a Note• head• stem• flag/s or hook/s
• Single dotted Notes – receives ½ the value of the note/rest
• Double dotted Notes – increase ¾ the value of the note/rest
Duration
Activity: Identify the value of notes and rests
• Relationship of the notes and rest
• Activity: Show the relationships
• TIME SIGNATURE consists of two numbers written at the beginning of every composition
Upper number – tells how many beats in every measure
Lower number – tells what kind of note to get one beat
Activity: Give the value or duration of each kind of note in each of the different time signatures
Duration
• Single bar or bar line – a vertical line dividing the staff into measures
• Double bar lines – two vertical lines placed at the end of the staff which signify the end of the music
Duration
• Rhythmic Pattern – is a combination of notes found in one measure of a given time signature– Some typical rhythmic patterns in different
time signature
Activity: Reading the rhythmic patters using the Kodaly Method
Duration
3. Volume/intensity
– refers to the force or percussive effects as a result of which the tone strikes as being loud or soft.
• Piano ( p ) = soft
• Forte ( f ) = loud
• Moderato (mp / mf) = moderately
Properties of a ToneProperties of a Tone
4. Timbre or tone color individual quality of the sound produced
by other instruments depends on how the instrument
accentuates the overtones within the sound wave
influenced by size, shape and proportions of the instrument, material of which it is made, and the manner in which the vibration is set up
Properties of a ToneProperties of a Tone
• Tones are arranged in regular series of ascending and descending pitches from a scale
Example: Joy to the World Bahay Kubo
• Tones could also be arranged in…– Contrary – repeated
Properties of a ToneProperties of a Tone
Scale •a succession of consecutive
tones in certain arrangements of whole and half steps generally embracing eight degrees
Properties of a Tone
Kinds of scale1.Diatonic scale2.Pentatonic scale3.Whole tone scale4.Chromatic scale
Properties of a Tone
Kinds of scale1. Diatonic scale – consists of eight (8)
steps and is composed of whole step and half step
2 kinds of diatonic scale• Major scale • Minor scale
Properties of a Tone
• Major Scale has half steps between the 3rd and 4th, 7th and 8th steps
• The keynote is DO
Pattern: W W H W W W H
Sharp – the pitch of the tone is to be raised ½ step
Flat – to be lowered ½ step
Activity: Make the major scale in all pitch names
• In order to indicate the key, we write the group of sharps or flats necessary in that key at the beginning of the staff. This is called the KEY SIGNATURE.
• There are 15 major key signatures where do is located in different degrees.
Activity: Make the 15 MAJOR KEY SIGNATURES
• Minor scale has half steps between the 2nd and 3rd, 5th and 6th steps
• The keynote is LA
• Pattern: W H W W H W W
Activity: Make the 15 minor KEY SIGNATURES
Kinds of Minor Scales1. Relative minor
– from DO go down to LA
2. Harmonic minor scale
– raises 7th notes in ascending and descending orders
3. Melodic minor scale
– raises 6th & 7th notes in ascending order only
4. Natural or Parallel
Kinds of scale
2. Pentatonic scale• A scale that consists of 5 tones,
DO RE MI SOL LA
Kinds of scale
3. Whole tone scale• A scale that consists of 6 whole
tones• DO RE MI FI (FA#) SI (SOL#) LI
(LA#)
Kinds of scale
4. Chromatic scale– A series of 12 semitones– In ascending, each note
becomes a half tone by putting a sharp
– In descending, by putting a flat
Kinds of scale
Interval
• It is the distance between two given notes
• It is the difference in pitch between any two (2) tones, whether they are sounded together or when sounded in succession
• Intervals may be small or big/ narrow or wide
• Intervals may be melodic or harmonic
• Melodic intervals are arranged horizontally
• Harmonic intervals are arranged vertically
• Intervals are: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th, 8th
Interval
• Melodic intervals are arranged horizontally
• Intervals are:
–1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th, 8th
Interval
1st – Unison2nd – Major 2nd (1 whole step) 3rd – Major 3rd (2 whole steps)4th – Perfect 4th (2 ½ steps)5th – Perfect 5th (3 ½ steps)6th – Major 6th (4 ½ steps)7th – Major 7th (5 ½ steps)8th - Octave (6 whole steps)
Harmonic interval
Interval
Assignment 1
• Make the following scales of the following key signatures:– Relative, Harmonic, Melodic and Parallel
– Key of D and B flat
Assignment 2
• Make the interval of the following notes:
ChordsChords
• Chord is a group of tones (3 or more) of different pitches vertically arranged simultaneously played or sang
• Triad chord - with only 3 tones consisting of the root, a 3rd and a 5th
• Three primary chords (identified by Roman numerals)
1. Tonic (I)
2. Subdominant (IV)
3. Dominant (V)
ChordsChords
Name of each note
I – tonic
ii – supertonic
iii – mediant
IV – subdominant
V – dominant
vi – submediant
vii – leading tone
I - tonic/octave
ChordsChords
A. Root position – the key note is the lowest note of the chord
B. First inversion – the key note is the highest note of the chord
C. Second inversion – the key note is in the middle of the chord
The 1st and 2nd inversions are also called inverted chords because the triads are not the roots.
Triad chords can be changed in positions.
• Chord can be sang or played one after the other
Broken chords – also called “arpeggios”
Assignment 2
• Make the interval of the following notes:
How to Use the C – Pitch Pipe