Presented by :Istanto and Samsul

Presented in Presented in Professional Professional

Management ProgramManagement ProgramUniversity of CanberraUniversity of Canberra

July 12July 12ndnd, 2007, 2007

Alternative Energy Supply

Wind Energy

Wind can be used to do work. The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed into other forms of energy, either mechanical energy or electrical energy.

www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter16.html

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.

www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html

Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of an electric fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, a turbine uses wind to make electricity.

The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a substation, then on to homes, business and schools.

www.galileoscientific.com/how-a-wind-turbine-...

How a wind turbine works

http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/dialogue/renewable/wind/documents/Wind_Turbine_Technology_Transfer_in_Asia.pdf

Inside the Wind Turbine

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups:

Types of Wind Turbines

Horizontal-axis Vertical-axis

How It Works: In a small-scale wind turbine, the wind rotates the turbine, which spins the generator and produces AC voltage. But because the wind speed is variable, the voltage is also variable and may be too low to be stored in batteries or fed into the grid.

WIND ENERGY CONTROLLER

The AC current produced by the generator is converted to DC by the rectifier so it can be stored in a 12-volt battery generally.

www.popularmechanics.com/.../1766936.html?page=2

• large grid-connected turbines (150 kW to 2,000 kW)• intermediate-sized turbines in hybrid systems (25

kW to150 kW)• small stand-alone systems (less than 25 kW)

Modern wind turbine technology can be classified into:

Where is wind energy can be found ?

Africa

www.centurywindenergy.com/

Asia

Australia

Europe

Canada

United States

• The wind energy boom includes more and more countries, with 58.982 MW installed worldwide on 31 December 2005. Worldwide, 11.310 MW were added in 2005 – after 8,3 GW of additional capacity in the year 2004, and 8,1 GW in 2003.

• The global rate of growth increased to 24 % in the past year 2005, after 21% in the year 2004.

• With this dynamic increase continuing, WWEA expects 120.000 MW to be installed worldwide in the year 2010.

• Today, wind energy delivers worldwide around 1 % of the global electricity generation, with some countries and regions reaching 20% and more.

www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_con...

Worldwide Wind Energy Boom in 2005

Worldwide Wind Energy Installation Figures as of 31 December 2005

• Wind energy is clean. • Unlike fossil fuels, wind is renewable and

sustainable.• It doesn’t contribute to greenhouse gas

emissions.• Wind is clearly a wise choice.

The Effectiveness of Wind Energy

Environmental Considerations

Economics of wind energy

Capital cost and efficiency trends

• Capital costs of wind energy projects are dominated by the cost of the wind turbine itself (exworks).

• The total cost is approximately 80 %, while grid-connection accounts for approximately 9 % and foundation for approximately 4 %.

• Other cost components, such as control systems and land, account for only minor shares of total costs.

Operation and maintenance costs

• Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs constitute a sizeable share of total annual costs for theturbine.

• O&M costs are approximately 1 per cent a year during the first two years, rising to 4.5 per cent a year in years 16-20.

Overall cost-effectiveness

The total cost per produced kWh (unit cost) is calculated by levelising investment and O&M costs over the lifetime of the turbine, divided by the annual electricity production.

The cost of conventional electricity production is determined by three components: (i) fuel cost; (ii) operation and maintenance costs; and (iii) capital cost.

Comparison with The Cost of Conventional Power

If a wind turbine could be installed in Germany at an average cost of 5 US cents per kWh and thus displace coal-generated electricity costing 7 US cents per kWh, then a net 2 US cents per kWh would be saved on every kWh of electricity generated by wind.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

OF WIND ENERGY

What are the advantages of wind-generated electricity?

• Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today,

• Wind energy is also a source of clean and non-polluting.• Wind costs are much more competitive with other

generating technologies because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal operating expenses.

What are the disadvantages of wind-generated electricity?

• Environmental problems

some concern over the wildlife habitat impacts, noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and bird and bat mortality.

• Wind turbines hazardous to birds and bats

• The only potentially toxic or hazardous materials are relatively small amounts of lubricating oils, hydraulic and insulating fluids. Therefore, contamination of surface or ground water or soils is highly unlikely.

• Wind energy avoids the external or societal costs associated with conventional resources

• Wind energy is a domestic, reliable resource that provides more jobs per dollar invested than any other energy technology - more than five times that from coal or nuclear power

• Wind-turbine and component manufacturers contributed directly to the economies of 44 states, creating thousands of jobs

Social Issues

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