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tyres and tubes and latest trends
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SPONSOR DS IP
TYRES AND TUBES
I RODUCT I O N TN
4
AIM
To teach student offrs about the construction of tyres , tread patterns and lasest trends
SEQ
STAGE 1
TYRE CONST
TREAD PATTERNS,
TYPES OF TYRE AND TUBES
TYRE MARKING
LOADING INDEX AND SPEED RATING 5
6
STAGE 2
LATEST TRENDS
SAFETY MEASURES
RECOMMENDED TYRES
CONCL
SEQ
TYRE BASICS
A tyre is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a
wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle
performance by providing a flexible cushion that
absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact
with the gr
The fundamental materials of modern tires are
synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire
They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides
traction while the body ensures support7
TYRE CONST
8
TYRE CONST
10
SIPESSmall, slit-like grooves in the tread blocks that allow the blocks to flex. This added flexibility increases traction by creating an additional biting edge. Sipes are especially helpful on ice, light snow and loose dirt
GROOVESCreate voids for better water channeling on wet road surfaces. Grooves are the most efficient way of channeling water from in front of the tyres to behind it.
BLOCKS Segments that make up the majority of a tyre's tread.
RIBSStraight-lined row of blocks that create a circumferential contact "band."
DIMPLESThese are the indentations in the tread, normally towards the outer edge of the tyre
SHOULDERSProvide continuous contact with the road while maneuvering. The shoulders wrap slightly over the inner and outer sidewall of a tyre.
TYRE CONST
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13
TREAD PATTERNS
Rib Shape
Block Shape
Zig Zag Shape
V Shape
TREAD PATTERNS
NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
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GrooveThe groove is the hollow part or the tread.The grooves are cut which makes the tyre pattern. The hollow part (the groove) is designed to channel the water out and away.When tread wears the groove becomes less hollow and apparent.Design of the groove effects the performance and the quality of the tyre.
Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and stability. The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, the pitch functions to byte the road and grip the ice.Pitch:- The pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre, as shown in the picture on the left. The pitch often wears out before the wrest of the tyre. The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance providing better steering and stability. The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, the pitch functions to byte the road and grip the ice.
PitchThe pitch/cuff is the small tread at the edge of both sides of the tyre.
The function of the pitch is to enhance the performance by providing better steering and stability.
The pitch is mostly visible on winter tyres, and it functions to byte the road and grip the ice
NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
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Rib Shape The design of this pattern is
like a rib shape with the grooves running from the centre to the edges like rib pattern.
This pattern aids faster water drainage and hence gives
good traction on wet roads. It is commonly found and
suitable for all car types. The disadvantage of this
type of design is that it is rotational pattern
TREAD PATTERNS
NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
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Assymetric Pattern It has a diff design on the
inside to the outside. It looks like two different tyres joined in the middle.
The sides differ in pattern to give different functionality
The inside offers better cornering traction while the outside is designed to channel water away.
TREAD PATTERNS
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Block Shape This pattern has a block
shape design. The grooves are very small and the tread pattern is very tight and close.
The advances in tread design have seen this tyre less in use, it was very common on passenger cars up till the 90’s.
Today it is mostly seen on winter and all season type tyres.
TREAD PATTERNS
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Zig Zag Shape It’s a classic tread design
for passenger vehs Today most van tyres are
still using this zigzag design
Success of this design in commercial use is
because of the grooves that are cut in a zigzag giving the tyre low rolling resistance, low heat generation
It’s ideal for the long journeys that commercial
TREAD PATTERNS
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V type pattern
The tread pattern ensures that they grip well to the rd remaining as rigid as possible at all times
TREAD PATTERNS
NON-DIRECTIONALMUD AND SNOW
CROSS CTY ROCK SVC
DIRECTIONAL MUD AND SNOW
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TREAD PATTERNS
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Radial tyres
Bias Tyres
Performance tyres
All round tyres
Wet-weather tyres
Winter or snow tyres
All terrain tyres
TYPES OF TYRESTruck or Van tyres
Combat tyres
Passenger tyres
Rock svc tyres
Earthmover tyres
Grader tyres
RADIAL AND BIAS TYRES
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A Radial-ply tire is a particular design of vehicular tyre.
In this design, the cord plies are arr at 90 deg
to the dir of travel, orradially (from the cen of the tire)
Series of plies of cord reinforces a tire
The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride
comfort
BIAS PLY TYRE
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TYPE OF TYRES
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Performance tyres Performance tyres are designed for grip
and driving performance rather than longevity, and use softer rubber compounds
The tread pattern utilised in performance tyres will often utilise an asymmetric
pattern, as the outside tread pattern is designed to channel water away and the inside pattern offers better handling.
They are often wider than the normal tyre and are used on larger rim size whs
TYPE OF TYRES
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All-Round tyresAll round tyres are found on most cars and are designed to handle most of the weather and rd conds that motorists will encounter except for the extremes such as snow, ice, mud and dirtWet-Weather tyresWet weather tyres are especially designed for driving in wet conds. Tread pattern is deep and designed to spill water away from the tyre. The rubber compound is even softer than performance tyres and is designed to heat up quickly and provide more grip on the rd
TYPE OF TYRES
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Snow tyresSnow tyres are designed for rds with regular snow and ice. The tread pattern is much larger than normal tyres and as a result is much noisier. Snow tyres should only be used in snow and ice conds as the tyres wear quickly on dry rds and damage the rd surface
TYPE OF TYRES
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All-terrain tyres All terrain tyres are used on 4WD vehs Designed for handling a wide range of on-rd
and off-rd conds They have stiffer sidewalls and large tread
patterns Soft off rd tyres are designed primarily to be
used on sealed rds, with the tread patterns resembling normal car tyres. They are engineered to handle some off-rd conds like gravel, dirt and sand
Off-rd tyres are designed to handle unsealed rds and off-the-beaten trs .Off-rd tyres are
noisy and wear more quickly on dry, sealed rds
TYPE OF TYRES
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Truck or Van tyres
Tyres used in commercial vehs will often employ a classic zig zag pattern and are designed to offer low rolling resistance and low heat generation, which makes them ideal for the long dist that commercial vans and trks travel.
The disadvantages of the zig zag pattern include poor cornering and a lack of grip in wet conds
TYPE OF TYRES
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Earth Mover TyresRock Svc Tyres
Truck Tyres (4x4 Vehs)
Solid Tyres
Earthmover TyresGrader TyresCbt Tyres
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TYPES OF TUBES
BULLET RESISTING TUBE Cbt Tubes
Std Tubes
33
TYPES OF TUBES
Std Tubes Std tubes are circular rubber containers
that fit inside the tire and hold the air that sps the veh
It is strong enough to with stand few lbs of air pressure
It is easily chafed, punctured , pinched or damaged
It is made up of butyl and synthetic rubber They are used reg for std tyres
34
TYPES OF TUBESCbt Tubes Same as std tubes Relatively thicker material used Smaller than std tubes Can only be used with cbt tyres In case of non availability std tube can
be used of same size inside Cbt tyre Bullet resisting Tubes They are made of heavy thicker material Auto seals bullet punctures They can be ident by extra wt and
generally have green painted valve stems In case of non availability std tube can
be used of same size inside Cbt tyre
TYRE MARKINGS
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Manufacturers or brand name, and commercial name or identity
Req pressure marking
Type of Tyre construction
Tyre size , Construction and Speed rating designations.
Cty of Mfr
Mud and Snow Tyre
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LI KG
50 190
51 195
52 200
53 206
54 212
55 218
56 224
57 230
58 236
59 243
60 250
61 257
62 265
63 272
64 280
65 290
66 300
67 307
68 315
69 325
LI KG
70 335
71 345
72 355
73 365
74 375
75 387
76 400
77 412
78 425
79 437
80 450
81 462
82 475
83 487
84 500
85 515
86 530
87 545
88 560
89 580
LI KG
150 3350
151 3450
152 3550
153 3650
154 3750
155 3875
156 4000
157 4125
158 4250
159 4375
160 4500
161 4625
162 4750
163 4875
164 5000
165 5150
166 5300
167 5450
168 5600
169 5800
TYRE SIZE – LOAD INDEX
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STAGE 2
LATEST TRENDS
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Run Flat TyresThese tyres contain an extra lining within the tire that self-seals in the event of a small hole due to a nail or screw. In this way, the loss of air is prevented from the outset such that the tire is either permanently self-repairing or at least loses air very slowly.
EXTRALINING
LATEST TRENDS
40
Airless Tyres These tyres are not sp by air pressure
and are used on cbt vehs/ Hy eqpt vehs Airless tyres have higher rolling
resistance and provide much less suspension.Airless tyres are often filled with compressed polymers (plastic) , rather than air
LATEST TRENDS
41
Retread Tyres Retreads are basically old recycled
tyres A retread is a new lease of rubber put
on an old tyre without changing the cords or infrastructure
They are more commonly found on off rd 4x4 sizes and truck sizes
SAFETY MEASURES
42
Hydroplaning / AquaplaningWhen driving in the rain or over standing water and you temporarily feel the veh is no longer in control.This is a result of hydroplaningHydroplaning is caused by a combination of factors which include the speed the tyre is traveling how much tread is remaining on the tyre, pressure and also depth of the water. When the tyre travels over the water it creates a blocking point similar to a wave which causes the tyre to temporarily float on the water hence loosing contact with the road. This is hydroplaning, to lose traction and glide or hydroplane across the water
SAFETY MEASURES
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Wheel Balancing Steering vibrations is a consequence
of veh’s tyres not being balanced In most cases if you feel the vibration
and shaking on the steering then it’s car front whs that need bal and for those that feel it on their rear then it’s the rear wheels that need bal
If the wheels are not balanced, driving can be very annoying and this
imbalance has a knock on effect on other components including suspension and tyres
SAFETY MEASURES
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Wheel Alignment Wheel alignment refers
to the procedure of lining up the components of steering including the camber, caster and toe
Whs that are not aligned properly can wear out tyres a lot quicker and along with steering and handling issues it can also damage the
suspension sys of veh
SAFETY MEASURES
46
Tyre Rotation Tyre wear varies depending
on where it is fitted. If a car is front wh drive then the fronts will wear out a lot quicker than the rear ones
If the car is rear wh drive, then the rears whs will wear
a little faster although there isn't a lot of diff from front
to back with these cars Most commonly it is
suggested you make the switch every 2000 to 3000 miles.
SAFETY MEASURES
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Effects of Tyre Pressure
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Summer tyres are ideal and are basically the best type for Sindh/Bln and Northern region weather conds and rds. They deliver excellent driving and braking performance on wet (rainy) and dry roads. In all the seasons spring, summer, autumn and above freezing winter conds. The tread pattern ensures that they grip well to the road remaining as rigid as possible at all timesWinter tyres have a fine block design with grooves that are deep and wideSome also come with spikes, the rubber compound is perfect for low temperatures so when temperatures are below freezing they provide good friction characteristics. Suitable for extreme weathersAll season tread designs provide good traction and stability but also have good tread wearThe tread pattern is more complex, they have more sips, the tread bites the surface to give grip in freezing conditions
CONCL
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CONCL
Dir Stability
Steering Precisions
Ride Comfort
Wet Braking
Aqua planning
Rolling Resistance
ServiceLife
Tyre Weight
50
THANKYOU
51