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Sabarish Vaishnav Research Analyst
Beroe-Inc Dialing in from:
India
3
Speaker
Members for the Webinar
Sharan Ramesh Engagement Manager
Beroe-Inc Dialing in from:
India
Moderator
5
Factors Reasons Challenges Benefits
Increased Shift
Underground mining
Diesel
Electricity
Factors that are
expected to drive
utilization of
electric mine
vehicles and the way forward !!
Factors impacting
feasibility of
transition from diesel to electric
A comparative
assessment –
Electric vs.
diesel vehicles
6
Operational
aspects of
diesel operated
mine vehicles
and the
subsequent
challenges
7
Typical Diesel operated LHD
Emits CO, Nox, PM
Peter Green
Complex Ventilation System
Accounts for 40 - 50% of mine’s total energy
requirement
Periodic preventive/ breakdown
maintenance
Accounts for breakdown maintenance time of 3
hours/ day
Reduces availability time by 15%
Adds up to the labor cost
Diesel fuel carriage to the mine operational
phase
Retired mine safety inspector mentioned that diesel emissions were ‘critical than asbestos’
In 2012, World Health Organization declared diesel fumes as a “definite carcinogen”
Diesel LHD – 80 db
Electric LHD – 30 db
60%
8
Eliminates the need of complex ventilation system
Ensures maintenance of optimal oxygen content
Does not require particulate filters and associated spares
Zero DPM, CO
and Nox
emissions
Requires engine
maintenance for every 500
Km as against for every 125
km in diesel LHD
Requires cable system
maintenance checks on daily basis (1 hour/ day)
Reduced lifecycle
maintenance
Enhances operator
comfort and safety
Reduced noise
and vibration
“Sustainable mining”
Higher
operational
efficiency
Performance study link
9
Available time for
production
17 hours/ day
19 hours/ day
Production per trip 7.5 tonnes 7.5 tonnes
No. of trips per
hour 8 trips/ hour
10 trips/ hour
Speed 18 Km/ hr 25 Km/ hr
Production per
hour 60 tonnes 75 tonnes
DIESEL LHD ELECTRIC LHD
Note: 10 tonne LHDs are considered for the case
Assumptions: • Tripping distance considered – 200 m; haul road gradient 1 in 16 • Underground metallic mine is considered for performance assessment • Fill factor and swell factor considered for LHD is around 90% and 85% of the bucket capacity respectively • Number of trips per hour was calculated by considering loading and unloading time, turn-around time
Operational parameters have been obtained from Supplier catalogues
11%
25%
40%
A 10-tonne Electric LHD’s production per hour is 25% in comparison to its
diesel counterpart
10
Note: The above charts depicted are for LHD with capacity of 10 tonnes The above estimation is for machine with an expected lifespan of 5 years
considering mine conditions as mentioned in slide No. 8; TCO has been calculated excluding scrap value of the equipment
USD 1.1 million Electric LHD consumes around 6 Kwh/ tonne
70%
Energy consumption
Technical parameters
Ventilation requirements
Electric LHD consumes around 4.5 cubic meter/ min/ tonne
Economical parameters
Lifecycle operational cost
Ventilation cost Of USD 0.74 million 64%
Energy cost Of USD 1.08 million 35%
Maintenance cost of Of USD 1.358 million 37%
36%
Capital cost
37%
80%
11
Total cost of ownership
(TCO)
25%
USD 3.98 million
12
Potential challenges that mining companies would face while undergoing transition from diesel to electric
Supporting infrastructure such as sub stations and
charging points
High access to capital – A
critical factor for intermediate and junior
miners
Electric LHDs currently
prevalent in the market require uninterrupted power supply
Reduced mobility, maneuverability
Periodic relocation of charging points
Fault In cable systems
Restricted to 200 m in most cases
13
Brownfield operations
Alteration of existing
infrastructure requires
higher capital cost
One-time investment
Greenfield operations
Higher
degree of feasibility
Replacement of existing diesel LHD
fleet – Not a viable option
14
Green mining initiative (GMI)
of Natural resources
Canada (NRcan)
Electric vehicles incentive program
Government
funds
Operational/ financial leasing
Supplier
parameter
Rechargeable lithium- ion batteries in electric LHD
Technological Parameter
Increases mobility and operational hauling range
Eliminates the need to have cable system maintenance
Tier 1/ Tier 2 Diesel vehicles
1996 - 2004
Tier 1/ Stage I - 1996
Tier 2/ Stage II - 2001
15
Note: 1. Proposed emission regulations are in compliance with mobile mining utility vehicles with 130 – 560 kW; 174 – 751 HP
2. Units in the chart correspond to g/ kW-hr ; ‘Tier’ and ‘stage’ regulations refer to US EPA and EU respectively
9.2
6.4
4
2
0.4
0.54 0.2 0.02 0
Particulate
Matter
Nitrous
Oxide
16
Tier 3/ Stage III A - 2005
Tier 3 Hybrid diesel-electric vehicles
Diesel vehicles
2005 - 2010
9.2
6.4
4
2
0.4
0.54 0.2 0.02 0
Note: 1. Proposed emission regulations are in compliance with mobile mining utility vehicles with 130 – 560 kW; 174 – 751 HP
2. Units in the chart correspond to g/ kW-hr ; ‘Tier’ and ‘stage’ regulations refer to US EPA and EU respectively
17
Tier 4 final/ Stage IV - 2014
Tier 4 interim/ Stage III B - 2011
Tier 4 Interim/
final Hybrid diesel-electric vehicles
Electrically operated vehicles
2011 - 2015 Diesel vehicles
9.2
6.4
4
2
0.4
0.54 0.2 0.02 0
Note: 1. Proposed emission regulations are in compliance with mobile mining utility vehicles with 130 – 560 kW; 174 – 751 HP
2. Units in the chart correspond to g/ kW-hr ; ‘Tier’ and ‘stage’ regulations refer to US EPA and EU respectively
18
Tier 5 Electrically operated vehicles
2020
Note: 1. Proposed emission regulations are in compliance with mobile mining utility vehicles with 130 – 560 kW; 174 – 751 HP
2. Units in the chart correspond to g/ kW-hr ; ‘Tier’ and ‘stage’ regulations refer to US EPA and EU respectively
19
11,750
Diesel LHD
83%
Diesel - Electric
Hybrid LHD
12%
Electric LHD
5%
Global Load Haul Dumper count in operation
Electric LHDs
count on a global
scale amounted to
around 620 in
2013
The current powerhouses of electrically operated underground LHD
Atlas Copco Sandvik 95%
• Tier 5 emission regulation standards expected to drive the utilization of electric mine
vehicles in underground mines
• Potential for 100% automation of LHD operations using electric LHD is higher compared to
the diesel counterparts
20
Emission regulations
Fuel Productivity
Source: Parker bay mining
21
2.14%
2.92%
4.10%
5.29%
6.71%
8.11%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Electric LHD global count
LHD Electric LHD as a percentage of LHD population
By 2020, Electric LHD is expected to account for around 20% of global LHD count
Source: Parker bay mining
