Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsProfessor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD

Fall 2009 - Lecture 1

What is structure?Structure/Architecture Interaction

State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)

Stability

Equilibrium

What is Structure

Human Comfort

Strength

Stiffness

What is Structure

Redundancy

variation of B with design parameters

Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility

What is Structure

Ductility Demand and Capacity

Efficiency

- Materials

- Gravity System

- Lateral System

- Foundation

Constructability

- Simplicity

- Time

What is Structure

Steel Structural Systems

Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems

160

100

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Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems

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POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)

structure20-30%

MEP20-25%

elevator system6-12%

architecture30-40%

Structural Economy, Efficiency and ConstructabilityCost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs

World Map

World’s Tallest Buildings Chart

Meter

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

• Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

• Status: completed

• Groundbreaking: 1965

• Completion: 1969

• Use: Mixed use

• Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)

• Floor Count: 100

• Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.)

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

- Contractor: Tishman Construction Company

- Developer: John Hancock Insurance

John Hancock Center

Structural System

Sears Tower

• Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois

• Status: completed

• Groundbreaking: 1972

• Completion: 1974

• Use: Office

• Height: 1451 feet (442 meters)

• Floor Count: 110

• Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

- Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.

- Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company

Structural System

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Column Axial Load Distribution

Load behavior

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Connection Details

Frame ConstructionBelt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Modular Parts

Superstructure Construction

One Magnificent Mile

• Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

• Status: completed

• Groundbreaking: 1978

• Completion: 1983

• Use: Mixed

• Height: 673 feet (205 meters)

• Floor Count: 57

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

Structural System

Structural Analysis

• Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois

• Status: completed

• Completion: 1986

• Use: Mixed use

• Height: 570 feet (174 meters)

• Floor Count: 58

- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

Onterie Center

Architectural plan / section

The Attack

The World Trade Center Site, New YorkTwin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)

World Trade Center

• Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966

• Completion: April 4, 1973

• Destroyed: September 11, 2001

• Use: Office

• Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)

- Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting- Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson- Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey

Typical tower floor plan

Site plan

conceptual view of floor systemconceptual view of structural system

Simulation of the collapse

http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm

Simulation of the collapse

Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction

Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built before 9/11

Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built after 9/11

Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004(Architect: Norman Foster)

Turning Torso, Malmö Harbor, Sweden, 2005(Architect: Santiago Calatrava)

Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain(Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008

Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China (Architect: KPF)

under construction, 2008

Chicago Spire

• Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois

• Status: under construction

• Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007

• Completion: 2011 estimated

• Use: Residential

• Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)

• Floor Count: 150

• Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)

- Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will- Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti- Contractor: Case Foundation- Developer: Shelbourne Development

America’s Tallest Building

Foundation

• 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120’) deep

• 32m (104’) diameter cofferdam 24m (78’) deep

• 1m (3.2’) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80’) deep

• 98 bell caissons to support substructure

Superstructure

• Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns

• 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns

• Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors

• 6” thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor

Calatrava’s sketch

Calatrava’s sketch

Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM)

under construction, 2008

Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE(Architect: SOM)

under construction, 2008

White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China

Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE(Architect: Fisher)

New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, Chinaproposed

Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt(Architect: Zaha Hadid)

proposed

Dubai Towers

• Location: Dubai, UAE

• Status: proposed

• Completion: 2011

• Use: Mixed

• Height: 1805 feet (550 meters)

• Floor Count: 120

• Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)

- Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback- Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international- Developer: Sama

HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA

TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m

TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m

TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m

TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m

Tower29Height 550m

Towers Heights and Areas

Architectural ModelStructural ModelPreliminary structural sketch

Elevator Core/ Plan Layout

Typical Facade

Spire

Tall Building Research at IIT

Tall Building Research at IIT

Tall Building Research at IIT

Plaza Level Floor Plan − 1st Floor

Office Zone 3 − Local 2: 74th − 76th

Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th

Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Koreaproposed, 1996

Tall Building Research at IIT

Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT