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Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Hamdard University Bangladesh
SONET
Contents Introduction to SONET SONET/SDH Rates SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model SONET Architecture SONET Frames SONET Network Types Advantages of SONET Disadvantages of SONET
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Introduction to SONET SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Network. Standard for optical telecommunications transport. It defines optical carrier (OC) levels. Synchronous transport signals (STSs) for the fiber-
optic–based transmission hierarchy.
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SONET/SDH Rates
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SONET Layers Compared with OSI
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SONET Archıtecture
PathTermination
PathTermination
LineTermination
LineTermination
SectionTermination
path
line line line
ADM ADMregenerator
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Signals: Electrical signaling levels called STSs (Synchronous Transport Signals, (STMs)). Optical signals are called OCs (Optical Carriers)
Devices: STS Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer, Regenerator, Add/Drop Multiplexer and Terminals
Connections: SONET devices are connected using sections, lines, and paths
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SONET Frames
Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 ×
n columns.
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A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second. Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel. In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data rate of an STS-1
signal. In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 μs.
STS Frames in Transition
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SONET Networks
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Point-to-Point Network
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Multipoint Network
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Ring Network:Unidirectional Path Switching Ring
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Ring Network:Bi-directional Line Switching Ring (BLSR)
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Mesh Network
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Reduced network complexity
Protection Bandwidth
High data rate.
Flexible Topologies
Efficient management of
bandwidth
Advantages
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High cost. Complex equipment as compared to cheaper Ethernet Strict synchronization schemes required.
Disadvantages
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Thats All !
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