SOLAR POWER PLANT

Prepaid By:-Sr No

Name Enrollment No

1 Rathod Rakshit 15001090322 Goyani Bhavdip 1500109019

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY & SCIENCE

About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per square meter per day.

Solar Map of India

How solar energy is used

1) Solar Thermal Energy

2) Solar Heating

3) Solar Water Heating

4) Solar Space Heating

5) Solar Space Cooling

6) Electricity Generation Using Solar Concentrators

7) Photovoltaic Cells

Introduction

Solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s

Diagram of solar power plant

Component to be used…..

1) Solar module

2) Controller

3) Batteries

4) Inverters

5) Lighting load

Solar Module Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy

for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells.

Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar module of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts.

The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency.

A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring

How a panel is created?

An individual PV cell typically produces 0.6 watts and are joined in an module to produce the required power.

Solar Panel specifications

Sr No. Name Rating

1 Peak Power 195W

2 Optimum operating Voltage 36.6V

3 Optimum operating current 5.33A

4 Open Circuit Voltage 45.4V

5 Short Circuit Current 5.69A

6 Module Efficiency 15.3%

7 Operating Temperature -40°C to 85°C

Working of A solar cell

o Photoelectric effect

When a light of certain frequency falls on the surface of a metal Electrons will absorb the energy If incident light energy is greater than the work function(minimum energy

required to remove the loosely bound valence electrons)of the metal Then the photo electrons will be emitted and

The excess energy is converted to the kinetic energy of electron.

When solar panels are placed in the sunlight , photons will strike the surface and emits electrons.

As a result electron hole pair is created in the solar cell.

When external circuit is connected to the solar cell , electrons flow in the circuit and the current is generated.

Controller

Controller's main function is to make solar power system is always in the vicinity of the maximum power generation in order to obtain maximum efficiency.

The charge control usually the PWM (pulse width modulation) control, so that the whole system is always running at maximum power point Pm near the area.

Discharge control mainly refers to when the battery power shortage, system failures, such as open or reversed when the battery cut off switch.

Currently both Hitachi developed a tracking control point Pm, and can track the sun moving parameter of the "sunflower" type of controller, the battery components will be fixed about 50% efficiency.

As technology and material reasons, a single cell generating capacity is very limited, practical solar cells in a single cell by series and parallel to form a battery system, called the battery components.

Single cell is a silicon diode, according to the electronic characteristic of semiconductor materials, when the sun light shines from the P Type and N Type conductivity of two different types of homogenous composition of semiconductor materials when the PN junction, under certain conditions, solar radiation absorbed by the semiconductor material in the conduction band and valence band of nonequilibrium carrier generation is electron and hole. Barrier at the PN junction with the existence of strong builtin area electrostatic field, which can be formed in the light of the current density J, shortcircuit current Isc, open circuit voltage Uoc.

If the sides of the builtin electric field leads to the electrode and connected to the load, by the PN junction theory, the connection circuit and the load form the loop, there is "photocurrent“ flows through the solar modules to achieve the power of the load P output.

Theoretical studies have shown that the peak power of solar modules Pk, by the local solar radiation intensity and the end of the average electricity load (electricity demand) decisions.

Batteries

Inverter

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

Each cell has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal marked negative.

The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.

When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit.

It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Although the term battery technically means a device with multiple cells, single cells are also popularly called batteries.

How to choose a solar panel

Selecting the right technology : The selection of solar panel technology

generally depends on space available for installation and the overall cost of the

system.

Selecting the right manufacturer for better warranty.

Check operating specifications beyond STC ratings

Negative Tolerance can lead to a lower system performance and reduced

capacity

Solar Panel efficiency under different conditions and over time.

Working of solar power plant

1) Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses photovoltaic cells that absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some calculators.

2) Solar-Thermal Electricity – This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity.

Photovoltaic Electricity

As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct current electricity (DC).

The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into alternating current (AC) used by local electric utilities.

Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so local electric utilities can distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.

How to design a PV Off-grid system

Collect some data viz. Latitude of the location, and solar irradiance (one for every

month).

Calculation of total solar energy.

Estimate the required electrical energy on a monthly/weekly basis (in kwh): Required

Energy= Equipment Wattage X Usage Time.

Calculate the system size using the data from ‘worst month’ which can be as follows:

a) The current requirement will decide the number of panels required.

b) The days of autonomy decides the storage capacity of the system i.e. the number of

batteries required.

The Types of Solar Electric Systems

1) The Stand Alone System Standalone, or off-grid, solar power systems consist of solar panels and a battery

bank. Used in rural areas and regions where there is no access to the utility grid. Very good at giving economical electricity.

2) Grid-Tie Solar System Very useful for homes that are already linked to the utility grid. Primary advantage is the cheap price of utility. The system needs to be wired with an inverter that creates ac electricity, which is

needed for linking to the utility grid.

Stand Alone System

Grid-Tie Solar System

Solar-Thermal Electricity

Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a synthetic oil called terminal, which then heats water to create steam.

The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines. On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler.

The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam to generate electricity.

Advantages

Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source. Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge. Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil reserves

will last for 30 to 40 years. Solar energy causes no pollution. Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other hand, the giant machines

utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy and therefore very impractical. Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running. There are no moving

parts in a solar cell which makes it impossible to really damage them. In the long term, there can be a high return on investment due to the amount of

free energy a solar panel can produce, it is estimated that the average household will see 50% of their energy coming in from solar panels

Disadvantages

Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of many years for savings on energy bills to match initial investments.

Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight; this could be limited by a countries climate.

Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power stations; they can also be very expensive to build.

Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night. The batteries can often be large and heavy, taking up space and needing to be replaced from time to time- See more at:

Solar power plant in India

Sr No. Power Plant Name Location Capacity(MW)

1 Charanka Solar Power Plant Gujarat 221

2 Neemuch Solar Power Plant Madhya Pradesh 151

3 Sakri Power Plant Maharashtra 125

4 Rajasthan Solar Project Rajasthan 50

5 GEDCOL Solar Power Plant Odisha 50

6 NTPC’s Solar Power Project Madhya Pradesh 50

7 GEDCOL Solar Power Plant Odisha 48

8 Bitta Solar Power Plant Gujarat 40

9 Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Plant Rajasthan 40

Solar power plant in Gujarat Sr No. Power Plant Name Location Capacity

(MW)1 GMR Gujarat solar power pvt.ltd. Patan 25

2 Roha Dyechem Pvt.Ltd. Patan 25

3 Sandland real estate Pvt.Ltd. Banaskantha 25

4 Sun Clean Renewable power Pvt.Ltd. Patan 25

5 Louroux Bio Energies Ltd. Surendranagar 25

6 Solar Semiconductor Kutch 20

7 PLG Photovoltaic Patan 20

8 Precious Energy Services Pvt.Ltd Banaskantha 15.2

9 Solar Borne Energy Tecnologies Kutch 15

10 Moserbaer Energy & Development Ltd. Porbandar 15

Uses of solar energy

Heaters Green houses Cars water pumps Lights Desalination Satellites Chilling Dryers Solar ponds Calculators Thermal

Commercial use

On an office building , roof areas can be covered with solar panels . Remote buildings such as schools , communities can make use of solar energy. In developing countries , this solar panels are very much useful. Even on the highways , for every five kilometres ,solar telephones are used.

Applications

Solar car

Solar heater

Solar light

THANK YOU