Solar energy and Environment

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Name: Mohammad AlKourStudent No.: 131705014Instructor: Dr.Salim Solmaz

Solar Energy and Environment

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Outline• Introduction• The sun• Basic history• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)

– Low-temperature collectors– Medium-temperature collectors– High-temperature collectors

• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Pros & Cons• Environmental impacts• Economy of solar energy

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Introduction• Solar energy has big history.• Solar energy is one of the renewable

energy sources.• Sun emits photons and radiates heat.

The sun• It is an important source of renewable

energy and its technologies are either passive solar or active solar.

• The Earth receives 174,000 (TW) of incoming solar radiation atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space.

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The sun• It emits EM radiation across most of the

electromagnetic spectrum.

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The sun

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Basic history• History of solar thermal

energy (STE)• History of (STE) has been

established by Augustin Mouchot. • In 1860, he began

exploring solar cooking. Further experiments involved a water-filled cauldron enclosed in glass.

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Basic history• History of solar thermal

energy (STE)• The first installation of solar

thermal energy equipment occurred in the Sahara approximately in 1910 by Frank Shuman when a steam engine was run on steam produced by sunlight.

• Frank Shuman built the world’s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt (1912-1913).

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Basic history• History of solar photovoltaic

• In 1839,Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light.

• In 1873, Willoughby Smith finds that selenium shows photocond-uctivity. After ten years, Charles Fritts develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.

• In 1954, Bell Labs announced the invention of silicon.

• Hoffman Electronics created an 14% efficient solar cell in 1960. 9

Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• STE is a form of energy and a

technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industrial, residential and commercial sectors.

• We can harness that energy by collectors– Low-temperature collectors– Medium-temperature collectors– High-temperature collectors

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Low-temperature collectors.

– They are flat black plates collectors generally used to preheat swimming pools. It has temperature range 5 to 30 degree.

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Low-temperature collectors.

– Swimming pools require a low temperature heat source, which a relatively small solar collector can easily provide.

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors

– They are flat plate collectors or tubes and the its temperature range is 30 to 100 degree.

– These collectors are specified for a topic called “Solar Water Heating (SWH)” to produce the hot water needed for residential and commercial use.

– SWH goes into main systems:» Active SWH systems» Passive SWH systems

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors.

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• Medium-temperature collectors

– Active SWH systemsSystems that use pumps to circulate pressurized potable water directly through the collectors.

» Indirect systemsPumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger.

» Direct systemsPumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They work well in climates where it rarely freezes.

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– Active SWH systems» Indirect system

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– Active SWH systems» Direct system

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– Passive SWH systemsPassive solar water heating systems rely on

gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated.

» Thermosiphon systems

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– Passive SWH systems» Integral collector-storage passive systems

(ICS)

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Solar Thermal Energy (STE)• High-temperature collectors.

– Collectors that have temperature range above 100 degree– For electric power production, this technique is called

“Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)”.

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– Parabolic trough

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– Solar power tower

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– Fresnel reflectors

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– Parabolic dish

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It consists of 258000 mirrors in 2.5Km square that can produce 100 MW and avoid 175000 tons of Co2 each year.

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Conversion of light into electricity. • Types of solar cells:

• Mono-crystalline silicon solar cell• Poly-crystalline silicon solar cell• String ribbon solar cell• Thin-film solar cell (TFSC)

• Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS)

Solar Cells

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Mono-crystalline solar cell

Advantage• The efficiency rates of are

typically 15-20%.• Live the longest.• Highest power output.

Disadvantage• Most expensive.• NO micro-inverters.• Performance suffers as

temperature goes up, but less so than polycrystalline solar panels.

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)Poly-crystalline solar cell

Advantage• Simpler and cost less.• lower heat tolerance than

monocrystalline solar panels.• Do not require the Czochralski

process.

Disadvantage• Efficiency range is 13-16%.• Lower space-efficiency.

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)String ribbon solar cell

Advantage• Lower cost in manufacturing.

Disadvantage• Efficiency range is 14%.• Lowest space-efficiency.

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Thin-film solar cell

Advantage• Mass-production is simple.• High temperatures and

shading have less impact.• Can be made flexible.

Disadvantage• Efficiency range 7–13%. • Require a lot of space.• Low space-efficiency.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell.Because of the low power output, it has been used in small-scale application such as pocket calculator. It is efficiency is typically around 6-8%.• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cell.It is the only type of Thin-film cells that has surpassed the cost-efficiency. Its efficiency operates between 9-11%.• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIS/CIGS) Solar Cell.It is the most potential in terms of efficiency. These solar cells contain less amounts of the toxic material cadmium that is found in CdTe solar cells. It has efficiency between 10-12%.

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• The air mass coefficient (AM) is commonly used to

characterize the performance of solar cells under standardized condition.

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• Best range of photon energy for Si is between 1.1 to 1.6eV

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• PV technology can be employed in a variety of

applications.• It has two ways to connect a PV system:

• On-grid system• Off-grid system

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• On-grid system

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV)• Off-grid system

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• It consists of 330000 solar poly-crystalline modules, it produces 78MW.

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Pros & Cons

Pros• Most widely available source

of energy.• Very quite.• Affordable in the long run.• No pollution.• High efficiency in large areas.• Low maintenance costs.

Cons• High initial cost.• Energy available during

daylight hours.• The weather can effect its

efficiency.

Environmental impacts• Using solar energy may have some indirect

negative impacts on the environment. For example, some toxic materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (PV).

• Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one method of determining environmental impacts from PV. Most LCAs of PV have focused on two categories: carbon dioxide equivalents per kWh and energy pay-back time (EPBT).

• EPBT = Einput/Esaved

• There are three types of impacts:• Impacts of first-generation PV• Impacts of second-generation PV• Impacts of third-generation PV

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Environmental impacts• Impacts of first-generation PV

» Mono-crystalline Silicon• EPBT ranges from 1.7 to 2.7 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh

ranges from 37.3 to 72.2 grams.» Poly-crystalline silicon

• EPBT ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh

ranges from 28.5 to 69 grams.

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Environmental impacts• Impacts of second-generation PV

» Cadmium telluride (CdTe)• EPBT ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh is

18 grams.» Copper Indium Gallium selenide (CIGS)

• EPBT ranges from 0.2 to 1.4 years.• The cradle to gate of CO2-eq/kWh

from 20.5 – 58.8 grams.

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Environmental impacts• Impacts of third-generation PV

» Third-generation PVs are designed to combine the advantages of both the first and second generation devices.

» It has a range of 24–1500 grams CO2-eq/kWh electricity production. Similarly, reported EPBT of the published paper range from 0.2 to 15 years.

» Organic and polymer photovoltaic (OPV) has an efficiency of 2%, the EPBT ranged from 0.29–0.52 years. The average CO2-eq/kWh for OPV is 54.922 grams.

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Environmental impacts• In 2015, 27.4 CO2 emissions were avoided due to

38.4 TWh PV electricity consumed in Germany.

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Environmental impacts– Solar thermal impacts

Some solar thermal systems use potentially dangerous fluids to transfer heat. And for the CSP like in the beam of sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.

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Economy of solar energy

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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Growth of SWH


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Global distribution of SWH


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Costs of SWH


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Savings of SWH


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Growth of CSP


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Global distribution of CSP


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• Solar Thermal Energy (STE)– Costs of CSP


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• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Growth


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• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Global distribution


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• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– Costs


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• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)– savings


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Thank youAny questions ?

Engineering

Solar energy and Environment