Solar Energy

Presentation(Solar Energy)

Govt. College of TechnologyRailway Road Lahore

13BSMBPrepared by

13BSM214 (Group Leader)

13BSM20313BSM22513BSM23313BSM236

Prepared forEngineer Zakriya Umar

Topics we will discussHistory and OverviewDevelopment and Deployment of Solar EnergySolar EnergySolar Energy SystemManufacturing of Solar CellHow Photovoltaic Cell WorksTypes of Solar CellsHow Solar Panel worksTypes of Solar PanelsInstalling a Solar SystemOpportunities and Challenges of Solar Energy in PakistanSolar Energy ApplicationAdvantages of Solar EnergyDisadvantages of Solar EnergyReferences

Forms of Renewable Energy

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaic (CPV), solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.

Introduction

It dates back to the mid 1800s to the industrial revolution when solar energy plants were developed to heat water.

In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect which explains how electricity can be generated from sunlight.

Over 100 years later, in 1941, Russell Ohl invented the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.

History and Overview

History and Overview

The energy emitted by the sun in the form of heat and light (i.e. radiation) is known as solar energy. The sun is the ultimate source of all forms of energy available on the earth.

Solar Energy

Solar Energy

Solar ThermalSolar thermal technology uses the sun's energy, rather than fossil fuels, to generate low-cost, environmentally friendly thermal energy. This energy is used to heat water or other fluids, and can also power solar cooling systems.

Types of Solar Energy

Direct Conversion to electricity (Solar PV)Heat gain by the solar cells and conversion of it into electricity

Types of Solar Energy

A photovoltaic system converts light into electrical direct current (DC) by taking advantage of the photoelectric. Solar PV has turned into a multi-billion, fast-growing industry, continues to improve its cost-effectiveness, and has the most potential of any renewable technologies together with CSP.

Solar Energy System

Solar Energy SystemThe basic element of a PV System is the photovoltaic (PV) cell, also called a Solar Cell. An example of a PV / Solar Cell made of Mono-crystalline Silicon.

A PV / Solar Cell is a semiconductor device that can convert solar energy into DC electricity through the Photovoltaic Effect (Conversion of solar light energy into electrical energy).

Solar Energy System

Solar Energy SystemTo increase the utility of PV Cell, a number of individual PV cells are interconnected together in a sealed, weatherproof package called a Panel (Module). To achieve the desired voltage and current, Modules are wired in series and parallel into what is called a PV Array.

Solar Energy SystemThe cells are very thin and fragile so they are sandwiched between a transparent front sheet, usually glass, and a backing sheet, usually glass or a type of tough plastic. This protects them from breakage and from the weather. An aluminum frame is fitted around the module to enable easy fixing to a support structure.

Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of a special class of materials called semiconductors. Of all the semiconductor materials, silicon is most commonly used because of its availability (it’s the second-most abundant element in Earth’s crust) and its special chemical properties.

Manufacturing of Solar Cell

Manufacturing of Solar CellPolycrystalline silicon ready to manufactured into photovoltaic cell.

Polycrystalline wafers: uncoated (left) and with the telltale blue antireflective coating (right).

Manufacturing of Solar CellDensely spaced traces on the back of a PV cell help transfer electrons to the P-layer.

R&D technicians inspect a monocrystalline wafer at a Sun tech Power PV plant in China.


Making a Better CarrierScientists found they could improve silicon’s electron carrier ability (conductivity) by adding other atoms in a process know as “doping.”Electrons & EfficiencyToo little energy and too much energy in incoming photons—account for the loss of about 70% of the radiation energy incident on our cell.


Imperfect JunctionsPolycrystalline solar cells have joints between crystals, resulting in an imperfection in the P–N junction—holes in the deck, so to speak, that allow electrons to slip back into the pool before they can be collected.The Reality of EfficiencyIf you have limited space on your roof or a small solar window, using more efficient modules can often make sense.


Photovoltaic generation of power is caused by electromagnetic radiation separating positive and negative charge carriers in absorbing material.

The conversion efficiency of a solar cell is defined as a ratio of output power from the solar cell with unit area (W/cm2) to the incident solar irradiance.

How Photovoltaic Cell Works



AtomsAtoms are believed to be the basic building blocks of matter.An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus together with a number of negatively charged electrons.Inside the nucleus there are protons and neutrons that carry positive charge and no charge respectively.


PhotonsA quantum of electromagnetic energy having both particle and wave properties.A photon has no electric charge or mass but posses momentum, energy and spin.


PhotonsIn the present context, the focus is on the interaction of electromagnetic waves (photons) with electrons to understand the creation and absorption of light.Electromagnetic waves have wavelengths ranging from 1 nm (10-9 m) for x-rays to 1 km for radio waves.


DopingControlled quantities of specific impurity ions are added to the very pure (intrinsic) material to produce doped (extrinsic) semiconductors.


Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made up of at least 2 semi-conductor layers. One layer containing a positive charge, the other a negative charge.


How PV Works

Amorphous Silicon solar cell (a-Si)Bio hybrid solar cellBuried contact solar cellCadmium telluride solar cell (Cd Te)Concentrated PV cell (CVP and HCVP)Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells (CI(G)S)Crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si)Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)Gallium arsenide germanium solar cell (Ga As)Hybrid solar cellLuminescent solar concentrator cell (LSC)Micromorph (tandem-cell using a-Si/μc-Si)Monocrystalline solar cell (mono-Si)

Types of Solar Cell

Multi-junction solar cell (MJ)Nano-crystal solar cellOrganic solar cell (OPV)Perovskite solar cellPhoto electrochemical cell (PEC)Plasmonic solar cellPlastic solar cellPolycrystalline solar cell (multi-Si)Polymer solar cellQuantum dot solar cellSolid-state solar cellThin-film solar cell (TFSC)Wafer solar cell, or wafer-based solar cell (synonym for crystalline silicon solar cell)

Types of Solar Cell

How Solar Panel Works

http://pureenergies.com/us/files/2010/04/How-Solar-Panels-Work2.jpg

How Solar Panel WorksEvery day, light hits your roof’s solar panels with photons (particles of sunlight).The panel converts those photons into electrons of direct current (“DC”) electricity. Naturally, the sunnier it is, the more energy is produced by the panels.Those produced electrons flow out of the panel and into an inverter and other electrical safety devices.The inverter converts that “DC” power into alternating current or “AC” power. AC power is the kind of electric juice that your television, computer, and toasters use when plugged into the wall outlet.

How Solar Panel WorksA bi-directional meter keeps track of the all the power your solar system produces. Any solar energy that you don’t use immediately will go back into the grid through the meter. States all have different setups for solar, California is leading the charge in increasing solar availability.Some homes will store the energy created from solar panels with a battery, this is not as common as connecting to the grid.Solar panels that can avoid shade, can maximize sun coverage will produce the most solar energy power.

How Solar Panel Works

Types of Solar PanelsMono crystalline Silicon (Single Silicon)These are the most efficient types of solar panels.when sunlight hits these panels, more of it turns into electricity than the other types below.As a result of their high silicon content, they’re also more expensive, but you need fewer of them.

Types of Solar PanelsPolycrystalline Silicon (Multi-silicon)“Poly” panels have lower silicon levels than “mono” panels.It is less expensive to produce, but they’re also slightly less efficient.The good news is that their overall construction design can often make up for the efficiency loss, so they are also good for roofs.

Types of Solar PanelsBIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic)BIPV’s can look like real roofing tiles (solar shingles are an example).That’s nice, but good looks do cost a lot more. Second, they’re way less efficient than conventional PV.They may not last as long as regular panels.Pure Energies doesn’t contract for BIPV systems.

Types of Solar PanelsSolar Thermal PanelsAnother type of solar panel that has nothing to do with electricity. Solar thermal panels produce hot water for home and/or pool.Some systems can even provide heat and air conditioning.Pure Energies currently doesn’t offer solar thermal deals.

Installing aSolar SystemPerform an energy audit.

Review the physical installation optionsDecide how much to invest and how to finance itLocate contractors and go out for formal bidsChoose the best contractor and write the contractWait for equipment to arrive (it's rarely stock), approvals for building permits, subsidies, tax breaks and so onAllow for installation and inspections by the county and utility companyWait for the utility to put in a new meter and connect to the gridGet a tutorial on how to operate your systemSubmit any paperwork to utilities, states, and so on for final rebate paymentsChange your household habits to optimize system paybackMaintain and repair the system

Opportunities and Challengesof Solar Energy in PakistanOpportunitiesSolar Energy is one form of energy generated from solar which is abundant in Pakistan because of its location at Sunbelt.Pakistan is passing through a serious energy crisis and solar energy can be one of quickest solution to resolve energy crisis because of easy and quickest installing of Solar Energy Systems.Replacement of conventional street lights by solar street lights is energy saving opportunity.Street Lighting consumes about 2% of total load which comes out to be about 440 MW.Replacement of Diesel pumps by solar pumps is also an energy saving opportunity.If 10% of 1000,000 diesel pumps are converted into solar, energy of 2160 GW h can be saved per year and Rupee saving is about Rs.21.6 Billion per year.Pakistan Solar Association (PSA) is making all efforts to protect and promote solar business in Pakistan.

Opportunities and Challengesof Solar Energy in Pakistan

ChallengesThere are no incentives to households from the government on deployment of solar system at home.There is no availability of bank financing at low mark up to the tune of 10%.There is no National and Provincial Solar Plans under which the solar deployments should be followed and regulated.There are no national solar PV standards for solar system right from import of solar equipment to installation and commissioning of solar equipment.There is no net metering policy by which a household or any business and Industrial entity can install solar system at roof top and sell extra electricity to the grid and this is one of the biggest barrier in growth of solar in Pakistan.The other challenge is the deficiency of trained solar work force for which there is need for national plan for creation of solar workforce in Pakistan. Government do not have any Certification system for Solar Certified Technicians.

Applications ofSolar Energy

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants


Photovoltaic

Solar Heating Systems


Passive Solar Energy

Solar Lighting


Solar Cars

Solar Power Satellite


Solar Updraft Tower

Renewable Solar Power Systems with Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems

Advantages ofSolar Energy

Non pollutingRenewable sourceLow maintenanceEasy InstallationCan Be Used in Remote LocationsLong Lasting Solar Cells

Disadvantages ofSolar Energy

Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny.Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture.They do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power stations.In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also unreliable as a source of energy.Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy.The batteries are large and heavy that are charges from solar energy and need storage space.They also need replacing from time to time.

Referenceshttps://pureenergies.com/us/how-solar-works/types-of-solar-panels/http://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-electricity/equipment-products/peek-inside-pv-cellhttp://solarenergy.net/solar-power-resources/how-photovoltaic-cells-work/http://engghorizons.com/solar-pv-opportunities-and-challenges-in-pakistan/http://www.thinkfaculty.com/solar-energy-in-pakistan/http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_SolarEnergy.phphttp://www.samlexsolar.com/learning-center/solar-cell-module-array.aspxhttp://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/installing-a-solar-power-system-for-your-home.html

Engineering

Solar Energy