SOLAR ENERGY

Presented by:Makmur SainiSukma Abadi

Presented in Presented in Professional Professional

Management ProgramManagement Program

University of CanberraUniversity of Canberra

July 12July 12ndnd, 2007, 2007

SOLAR POWER

• What is solar power ?• The history of solar power• Types of solar power Technologies• How does solar power generate power ?• Where is solar power used ?• The cost of solar PV systems• Advantages/disadvantages of using solar power• Environment issues

WHAT IS SOLAR POWER ?

• Solar power is electricity produced directly from sunlight

• Solar thermal power refers to a process where the sun’s energy heats a working fluid that eventually is used to do work in an engine or a turbine.

THE HISTORY OF SOLAR POWER

• Greeks used passive solar to heat Buildings (400 BC)

• Romans improved by using glass to trap heat in the buildings and green houses (100 AD)

• 1700: Antoine LaVoisier built a solar heater • 1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar

Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current.

• 1860: The First Solar Motor, heated water used to drive a steam motor, Auguste Mouchout

• 1883: American Charles Fritts described the first solar cells, which was made from selenium wafers

• 1900: The photoelectric effect was discovered.

• 1904: Henry E. Willsie first use of solar energy at night.

• 1916: Millikan provided experimental proof of the photoelectric effect

• 1918: Polish scientist Czochralski developed a way to grow single-crystal silicon.


• 1941: American Russell Ohl invented a silicon solar cell

• 1954: Bell Labs researchers Pearson, Chapin, and Fuller reported their discovery of 4.5% efficient silicon solar cells

• 1950’s: Solar cells developed for satellites • 1960: Hoffman Electronics achieved 14%

efficient PV cells. • 1973: OPEC Energy Crisis causes US to re-

examine use of renewable energy sources; federal and state tax credits result in rapid growth for a new solar industry.


• 1981: A 90.4-kW PV system was dedicated at Lovington Square Shopping Center (New Mexico) using Solar Power Corp. modules. A 97.6-kW PV system was dedicated at Beverly High School in Beverly, Massachusetts, using Solar Power Corp. modules. An 8-kW PV-powered (Mobil Solar), reverse-osmosis desalination facility was dedicated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

• 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs. David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells."

• 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory by President George Bush.

• 1993: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF), opened in Golden, Colorado.

• 1996: The U.S. Department of Energy announces the National Center for Photovoltaics, headquartered in Golden, Colorado.


TYPES OF SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGIES

PassiveConcentration

Photovoltaic (PV)

Passive

• Direct Solar Gain– South facing large

windows

– Floors, walls, ceiling used to trap heat. The heat is released at night

• Indirect Solar Gain– Thermal storage

materials are placed between the interior habitable space and the sun

– Can use vents in wall to help circulate hot air through room

Passive

• Isolated Solar Gain:• Uses a fluid (liquid or air)

to collect heat in a flat plate solar collector attached to the structure.

Passive

• Focus the sun to create heat– Boil water– Heat liquid metals

• Use heated fluid to turn a turbine

• Generate electricity

Concentration

Concentration

• Power towers – Large field of mirriors

is used to concentrate the sunlight.

– Concentrated Sunlight is used to heat molten salt

• Trough Collectors– Uses parabolic mirrors

to heat a fluid in an absorbing tube.

– Hot fluid is used to boil water to run a steam generator.

Concentration

Parabolic Trough Cross-Section

http://www.irishsolar.com/howdoes/how_does_1.htm

Concentration

Concentration

Concentration

• Photoelectric effect

• PN junction directly converts sunlight into electricity.

• Electricity can be stored for later useage or used on demand.

Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)


• Multiple PN junction Cell has multiple transparent layers

• Top layer absorbs the high energy light and passes rest through

• Solar Cells transform light to electricity

• Controller regulates were the charge is directed

• Batteries store the energy

• Inverter converts from DC to AC


Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy

How Does Solar PowerGenerate Power

How Does Solar Power Generate Power

• A system used to transform solar radiation directly into electricity. At the heart of a solar power system, also known as a photovoltaic (PV) system, are solar cells, which are interconnected to form solar modules (solar panels) and solar arrays.

• The size and configuration of a system depend on its intended task. Modules and arrays can be used to charge batteries, operate motors, and to power any number of electrical loads. With the appropriate power conversion equipment, solar power systems can produce alternating current (AC) compatible with any conventional appliances, and can operate in parallel with, and interconnected to, the utility grid.


Among the components of a complete solar power system may be a DC-AC power inverter, a battery bank, a system and battery controller, auxiliary energy sources, and sometimes the specified electrical load (appliances). In addition, an assortment of balance of system (BOS) hardware, including wiring, overcurrent, surge protection and disconnect devices, and other power processing equipment



Cross Section of PV Cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells



Solar power is used in a mobile home in Arizona.

The solar panels convert the solar energy into electrical energy.

The use of solar cells are also supplemented by the use of wind turbines

Where is Solar Power Used ?



Massapequa 1.8 kW System

PV Residential System 7kWLIPA Solar Pioneer Program

Westhampton Beach 2.752 kW System

Babylon 600 Watt System

Farmingdale 3 kW System

10 kW PV System

LIPA Solar Pioneer 8.64 kW - Miller Place

FALA - Melville 600 kW (60,000 sq ft)

Residential PV Installations on Long Island


• In Indonesia, solar power Solar Home System (SHS) or Hybrid Power

• Hybrid Power is the power that used Solar Power and Diesel Power

• Hybrid Power (PLTH) have developed at 25 locations, such as Parangtritis, Yogyakarta and Gorontalo

• Solar Home System is the power that used at rural areas and at special areas (the area which don’t get supply from PLN)

http://p.tritis2.jpg/

The Cost of Solar PV Systems

• Cells are the building block of PV systems– Typically generate 1.5 - 3 watts of power

• Modules or panels are made up of multiple cells

• Arrays are made up of multiple modules– A typical array costs about $5–$6/watt

• Still need lots of other components to make this work

• Typical systems cost about $8/watt

Solar Cell Efficiencies

• Typical module efficiencies ~12%– Screen printed multi-crystalline solar cells

• Efficiency range is 6-30%– 6% for amorphous silicon-based PV cells– 20% for best commercial cells– 30% for multi-junction research cells


Solar Panel Efficiency

• ~1 kW/m2 reaches the ground (sunny day)

• ~20% efficiency 200W/m2 electricity

• Daylight & weather in northern latitudes– 100 W/m2 in winter; 250 W/m2 in summer– Or 20 to 50 W/m2 from solar cells

• Value of electricity generated at $0.08/kWh– $0.10 / m2 / day OR $83,000 km2 / day

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

Cost Analysis

• US retail module price = ~$5.00 / W (2005)

• Installations costs = ~$3.50 / W (2005)

• Cost for a 4 kW system = ~$17,000 (2006)– Without subsidies– Typical payback period is ~24 years


Eficiency Analysis


• Running costs are low.

• No carbon dioxide emissions to add to the Greenhouse Effect

• No sulphur dioxide emissions to cause acid rain. Solar powered station, California

The Advantages of Solar Power

• Solar panels can be quickly set up in remote areas

• Local communities can benefit from small scale use of solar power.

• Can be used to charge batteries to provide electricity when needed.Solar cells used to charge batteries

The Advantages of Solar Power

• The initial cost of solar cells can be very high.

• The output is dependent on weather conditions and the time of day.

• Many solar panels are needed to produce that of a power station Solar reflector used for cooking

The Disadvantages of Solar Power

• Large areas of land are required for large scale generation of electricity

• A warm reliable biome would be needed.

• Solar cells have relatively low efficiencies

The Disadvantages of Solar Power

References

• wikipedia• John Hendstock, North Chadderton School, www.ase.org.uk• http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s225110.htm• http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html• http://pvpower.com/pvtechs.html• http://www.adsdyes.com/fullerenes.html• http://www.azsolarcenter.com/design/pas-2.htm• http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_concentrating.html

References

• T. Surek, "Crystal Growth and Materials Research in Photovoltaics: Progress and Challenges," J. Crystal Growth 275, 292–304 (2005).

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory Perspectus,http://www.nrel.gov/cdte/perspective.html

• http://w4.siemens.de/FuI/en/archiv/zeitschrift/heft1_99/artikel11/

• Chemical Science Network, www.chemsoc.org• http://www.sandia.gov/pv/docs/PVFSCThin-

Film_Solar_Cells.htm• Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization

Department of Energy Paper, 4.18.05

Engineering

SOLAR ENERGY