SOME SOCIAL ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS

Dr K M SoniCHIEF ENGINEER, WZ-I

CPWD, MUMBAI

ISSUES ENGINEERING ISSUES ECONOMIC ISSUES ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES LEGAL ISSUES POLITICAL ISSUES SOCIAL ISSUES

ENGINEERING ISSUES AESTHETIC SAFETY TECHNICAL SOUNDNESS ECONOMIC

ECONOMIC ISSUES AVAILABILITY OF

FINANCIAL RESOURCES ECONOMIC

CONSIDERATIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION

COST OPTIMIZATION

ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES LAND ACQUISITION LAW AND ORDER BENEFIT OPTIMIZATION

LEGAL ISSUES

PROJECTS CONFORMING TO LOCAL BYE LAWS AND OTHER ACTS, RULES AND REGULATIONS

POLITICAL ISSUES PUBLIC WELFARE NO UNREST

SOCIAL ISSUES GENERAL ISSUES LIKE

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, HEALTH, CLEANLINESS, EDUCATION ETC.

SPECIFIC ISSUES LIKE MIGRATION, UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS

BASIC AMENITIES TO NEEDY PERSONS

INTERDEPENDENCY ENVIRONMENT

ENGG ECONO.

ADMIN

LEGALPOL.

SOCIAL

MAJOR ISSUES(1) ENGINEERING ISSUES TO

ENGINEERS ECONOMIC ISSUES TO FUNDING

AGENCIES ADMIN. ISSUES TO

ADMINISTRATORS LEGAL ISSUES TO ARCHITECTS,

LAW ENFORCING AGENCIES LIKE LOCAL BODIES, FIRE AUTHORITIES ETC.

MAJOR ISSUES(2) POLITICAL ISSUES TO

POLITICIANS AND SOCIAL ISSUES TO

GOVERNMENTS, NGO’S OR POLITICIANS

EACH ISSUE IS A MAJOR ISSUE FOR INDIVIDUAL ORGANISATION AND THEY DO NOT TAKE UP ALL ISSUES

THEREFORE THIS BECOMES A MAJOR ISSUE

SOLUTIONS INDIVIDUAL APPROACH INTEGRATED APPROACH OR

MANAGERIAL SOLUTION

INDIVIDUAL APPROACH SOLVE ISSUES INDIVIDUALLY AND

NATURE WILL TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS IN FUTURE

BUT THIS IS NOT AN INTELLECTUAL SOLUTION EVEN IF INPUTS FROM ALL EXPERTS ARE TAKEN CARE i.e. ENGINEERS, FINANCIERS, POLITICIANS AND ADMINISTRATORS

INTEGRATED APPROACH OR MANAGERIAL SOLUTION INTEGRATED APPROACH OR

MANAGERIAL SOLUTION IS ONE WHICH CONSIDERS ALL FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, THUS,

ALL ISSUES RESOLVED SIMULTANEOUSLY

DEFINE PROBLEMS ENGINEERING PROBLEMS 1. AESTHETIC 2. LACK OF

INFRASTRUCTURE 3. SAFETY OF STRUCTURES 4.TECHNICAL SOUNDNESS ENGINEERS PROVIDE

TECHNICAL SOLUTION BUT NOT THE MANAGERIAL ONE.

UNSAFE CONSTRUCTION

• In many cit ies• More in rural areas now in city l imits • Constructed without approvals• Constructed without proper designs

ECONOMIC PROBLEM LIMITED RESOURCES WITH

THE GOVERNMENT PPP MODE i.e. GOVERNMENT

AND PRIVATE PARTICIPATION MOSTLY THE OBJECTIVE OF

PRIVATE INVESTMENT IS PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND NOT A SOCIAL ONE

ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEM LAND ACQISITION ENCROACHMENT LAW AND ORDER

NEEDS OF ENCROACHERS /PERSONS LIVING IN UNAUTHORIZED COLONIES AND INTERDEPENDENT NEEDS OF ELITE AND UPPER MIDDLE CLASS ON THEM ARE NOT CONSIDERED

ENCROACHMENT, BASIC FACILITIES

(www.property.sulekha.com) www.blogs.wsj.com)

POLITICAL PROBLEM REGULARIZATION OF

UNAUTHORIZED COLONIES RELOCATION OF JHUGGIES OR

SLUM DWELLERS REGULARIZATION OF

UNAUTHORIZED COMMERCIALIZATION

EXPECTATIONS OF ELITE CLASS AND UPPER MIDDLE CLASS ARE NOT GIVEN FULL WEIGHTAGE ALONGWITH RELOCATION OF SLUMS

UNREST, RELOCATION, REGULARISATION

(newsworldindia.in)

SOCIAL PROBLEM EVERY PERSON HAS THE RIGHT

TO LIVE IN A HABITAT AND GET BASIC NEEDS FULFILLED - WE ARE NOT ABLE TO FULFILL THIS CRITERION AT PRESENT

“WE” INCLUDE ENGINEERS, ADMINISTRATORS, FINANCIERS, POLITICIANS AND YOU AND ME.

NEEDS (MASLOW’S CONCEPT)

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS SAFETY NEEDS SOCIAL NEEDS EGO NEEDS SELF ESTEEM NEEDS PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS ARE

BASIC. OTHER HIGHER ORDER NEEDS OF A PERSON ARE FUNCTION OF LOWER ORDER NEEDS OF SOME OTHER PERSON

Modified Maslow’s Model (Soni)

Self-actualization

Ego/Esteem

needs

Social needs

Safety needs

Physiological

Need

Self

commandSelf-

recognition

High status

Love/Social/ religious

Marriage/social/ religious

Fear/high economic security

Economic security Job Job

Luxurious House Basic Basic

H

F

D

A

BGK E CSelf-image Individual+Family Family Individual

INFERENCE ALL HIGHER ORDER NEEDS OF A

PERSON CAN ONLY BE FULFILLED IF LOWER ORDER NEEDS OF SOME OTHER PERSONS ARE FULFILLED

THUS WE NEED ONE OR MORE THAN ONE PERSON OF LOWER CLASS OR LOWER MIDDLE CLASS FOR EVERY PERSON OF ELITE CLASS OR UPPER MIDDLE CLASS

We have to have a mixed society

GROUPS

ELITE CLASS UPPER MIDDLE CLASS LOWER MIDDLE CLASS LOWER CLASS

INTERDEPENDENCY

(www.dailymail.co.uk)

INFERENCE LOWER AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS ARE

PART OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM IN URBAN AREAS TOO.

ELITE/UPPER MIDDLE CLASS AND LOWER CLASSES HAVE INTERDEPENDENCY

LOWER CLASSES WILL MIGRATE TO CITIES DUE TO THEIR LOWER ORDER NEEDS AND MIGRATION WILL CONTINUE. SO, DO NOT AVOID IT AND PLAN FOR IT.

WHY MIGRATION OF UPPER MIDDLE CLASS IS NOT DISCUSSED? DISCUSS IT TOO.

MIGRATION IF UPPER MIDDLE CLASS DOES

NOT MIGRATE, REQUIREMENTS OF OTHER LOWER CLASSES WILL COME DOWN.

LET THE AIM BE - SLOW DOWN THE MIGRATION AND PLAN TEMPORARY MIGRATION RATHER THAN PERMANENT MIGRATION

MANAGERIAL APPROACH PLAN TRANSIT ACCOMODATION 1. PLAN PERMANENT

ACCOMMODATION2. PLAN RENTED ACCOMODATION

PLAN THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR LOWER AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS ALONG WITH INFRASTRUCTURE FOR UPPER MIDDLE CLASS AND ELITE CLASS

LOWER MIDDLE AND LOWER CLASS GOVERNMENT STAFF PRIVATE SERVICE PEOPLE DOMESTIC WORKERS CONSTRUCTION WORKERS INDUSTRIAL WORKERS WORKERS OF COMMERCIAL

ESTABLISHMENT

HABITAT OF LOWER AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS

UNAUTHORIZED/REGULARIZED COLONIES

UNAUTHORIZED EXTENSIONS

RESETTLEMENT COLONIES SLUMS/JHUGGIES MOSTLY UNSAFE

STRUCTURES AND UNHYGENIC PLACES

WHY DO THEY ADOPT SUCH HABITAT?

GOVERNMENT STAFF – NON AVAILABILITY PRIVATE SERVICE PEOPLE – NON

AVAILABILITY OF SAFE ACCOMODATION AT REASONABLE RENT/RATE

DOMESTIC WORKERS – NON AVAILABILITY CONSTRUCTION WORKERS – NON

AVAILABILITY INDUSTRIAL WORKERS – NON

AVAILABILITY WORKERS OF COMMERCIAL

ESTABLISHMENT - NON AVAILABILITY

POLICIES MASTER PLAN RESETTLEMENT POLICIES LOCAL BYE LAWS RELOCATION POLICIES OF

SLUM DWELLERS PRESENT STATUS :

INCREASE IN SLUMS AND IN UNAUTHORISED COLONIES

INFERENCE WRONG POLICIES – NO INSUFFICIENT LOCAL BYE LAWS -

NO WE ARE NOT ABLE TO DIAGNOSE

THE PROBLEM – MAY BE PROBABLY WE ARE NOT ABLE TO

TACKLE THE PROBLEM FROM THE ROOT AND THUS THE PROBLEM IS RESOLVED ON SURFACE

WHO SHOULD PREPARE INTEGRATED PLAN? GOVERNMENT

AS GOVERNMENT IS POLICY MAKER

AT PRESENT ALSO GOVERNMENT IS PLANNING

WHO SHOULD IMPLEMENT IT? GOVERNMENT BUILDERS INDIVIDUALS EVERYBODY HAS TO

IMPLEMENT IT, THEN ONLY POLICY WILL BE SUCCESSFUL AND IF MAJORITY IS NOT IMPLEMENTING, IT MEANS, POLICY NEEDS REVIEW

WHO SHOULD CREATE PLANNED ACCOMMODATION (1)? GOVRNMENT STAFF – 100 %

BY GOVERNMENT PRIVATE SERVICE –

ASSURED AVAILABILITY ON RENT

DOMESTIC WORKERS – BY GOVERNMENT AND ELITE/UPPER MIDDLE CLASS

WHO SHOULD CREATE PLANNED ACCOMMODATION (2)? CONSTRUCTION WORKERS –

BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS (POLICIES TO BE AMENDED BY GOVERNMENT)

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS – PARTLY BY INDUSTRIES AND PARTLY RENTED

COMMERCIAL WORKERS - RENTED

GOVERNMENT ACCOMODATION 100 % SATISFACTION COMPULSORY

ACCOMODATION WHO ARE NOT PERMANENT LOCAL RESIDENTS

SERVANT QUARTER ALONG WITH EVERY TYPE IV AND ABOVE QUARTER.

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ALLOW PRIVATE

BUILDERS TO CONSTRUCT PERMANENT ACCOMMODATION FOR THEIR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS OR EVEN FOR RENTING THEM OUT

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENT WOKERS

ALLOW PRIVATE BUILDERS TO CONSTRUCT ACCOMMODATION FOR GIVING IT ON RENT

EVERY SOCIETY AND MALL SHOULD CONSTRUCT ACCOMMODATION FOR THEIR ESSENTIAL STAFF.

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS FIRMS/ORG. TO ASSURE

MINIMUM 50 % SATISFACTION LEVEL

ALLOW PRIVATE BUILDERS TO CONSTRUCT ACCOMMODATION FOR RENTING IT

DOMESTIC WORKERS EVERY PRIVATE SOCIETY HAS

TO CREATE SAME NUMBER OF SERVANT QUARTERS AS THE FLATS IN THEIR PLOT

THE OWNERSHIP OF SERVANT QUARTER SHOULD REMAIN WITH FLAT OWNER

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

EVERY INSTITUTE IMPARTING HIGHER EDUCATION TO CONSTRUCT HOSTELS FOR THEIR OUTSIDE STUDENTS

GOVERNMENT POLICY REQUIRES CHANGES IN

MASTER PLANS MAY REQUIRE CHANGE IN

RENT ACTS MAY REQUIRE CHANGES IN

OTHER ALLIED ACTS

EXISTING SCHEMES GOVERNMENT HAS MANY

SCHEMES INCLUDING “HOUSING FOR ALL” BY 2022

MISSION CREATE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN

TOWNS OR CONVERT TOWNS INTO CITIES ?

INTEGRATE MIGRATION ISSUE WITH DEVELOPMENT

MIGRATION IS A SOCIAL ISSUE (WHICH INCLUDES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS) AND THUS REMAIN UNRESOLVED IN TOWNS AS WELL IN CITIES IF RURAL DVELOPMENT IS NOT TAKEN CARE – LET THE MISSION BE ADOPT TEMPORARY MIGRATION AND AVOID PERMANENT MIGRATION

CONCLUSIONS(1) PROVIDE SERVANT QUARTERS IN

T-IV AND ABOVE GOVERNMENT HOUSES

PROVIDE 100 % SATISFACTION LEVEL FOR GOVERNMENT STAFF AND COMPLULSORY STAY IN GOVERNMENT HOUSES TO PREVENT PERMANENT MIGRATION.

CONCLUSIONS(2) MAKE A POLICY THAT ALL

PRIVATE COLONIES WILL HAVE A BLOCK OF SERVANT QUARTERS. SERVANT QUARTER WILL REMAIN UNDER OWNERSHIP OF OWNER OF THE MAIN QUARTER.

CONCLUSIONS(3) EACH INDIVIDUAL PRIVATE HOUSE OF

PRESCRIBED NORMS WILL HAVE SERVANT QUARTER(S)

EACH COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENT WILL HAVE ACCOMODATION FOR SERVICE PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS FOR THEIR STUDENTS

THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE UP ONLY CONSTRUCTION OF ACCOMMODATION FOR LOWER AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS AT SUBSIDIZED RATES.

CONCLUSIONS(4) A QUALIFICATION CRITERION

SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE BID DOCUMENTS REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF ACCOMMODATION FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS FOR MEGA PROJECTS.

CONCLUSIONS(5) PROPERLY PLANNED AND

APPROVED ACCOMMODATION FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE ON RENT.

RENT ACTS AND OTHER ACTS SHOULD BE MODIFIED SO AS TO MAKE AVAILABALE PLANNED AND APPROVED ACCOMMODATION TO NEEDY PERSONS.

CONCLUSIONS(6) THERE SHOULD BE A

PROVISION IN MASTER PLAN FOR ALLOWING PRIVATE DEVELOPERS TO CONSTRUCT ACCOMMODATION FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS AND OTHERS FOR RENTING.