1. Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Third Edition
John E. Bringas, Editor DS67B ASTM AFNOR API BSI CEN CSA DIN ISO
JIS SAE
2. Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards ASTM DS67B
Third Edition John E. Bringas, Editor
3. ii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Library of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of comparative
world steel standards / John E. Bringas, editor. 2 nd ed. p.cm
(ASTM data series; DS 67A) ASTM stock number: DS67A. ISBN
0-8031-3042-2 1. Steel Standards Handbooks, manuals, etc., 2. Steel
alloys Standards Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bringas, John E.,
1953- II. ASTM data series publication; DS 67A. TA472.H25 2002
620.170218dc21 2001045950 CIP Copyright 2004 ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not
be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed,
mechanical electronic, film, or other distribution and storage
media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy
Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or
educational classroom use, or the internal personal, or education
classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) provided
that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-750-8400; online:
http://www.copyright.com/. Printed in USA August 2004
4. iii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards
Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance
of Michael Ling, P.Eng. and Denise Lamy, P.Eng., who were the
Assistant Editors of the second (DS67A) and third (DS67B) editions
of this handbook. They worked many long hours, weekends, and
holidays to researching hundreds of standards and double-checking
thousands of pieces of data. Their work in compiling the heat
treatment terms for each standard and researching the new EN piping
and tubing standards was of particular importance. They were also
my main sounding boards when difficult technical decisions had to
be made. There were also several ASTM committee members contacted
for their input during the progress of this handbook, including
Ralph Davison, Frank Christensen, David Knupp, and John Mahaney.
They added valuable insights into the history and technical aspects
of the ASTM standards data found in this handbook. The ASTM
publishing staffincluding Kathy Dernoga, Roberta Storer and Margie
Lawlorwas most supportive of my requests to obtain access to the
hundreds of standards needed to write this book and assistance with
editing. I appreciate their patience and confidence in me to
complete the work. Thank you all. The author also acknowledges the
dedicated assistance of Steven Li and Nina Phan who assisted in the
research and entered much of the data in the book with care and
diligence. A special thank you to Christine Doyle who entered data
almost endlessly into the late hours of the night for the second
edition (DS67A), and to Debbie Knackwho kept the office running
smoothly during the production of this handbook. A special thanks
is extended to IHS Engineering Products for use of their
Engineering Resource Center (ERC). One person could not have
produced this handbook and the accompanying e-book. It took a
dedicated team of professionals. These acknowledgments cannot
adequately express the authors sincere appreciation and gratitude
for everyones assistance. Without it, this book would never have
been completed.
5. v Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Preface This
is the book I never wanted to write, but always wanted to own. As a
metallurgical engineer and long time user of steel standards,
author of the four CASTI Metals Data Books, and member of ASTM A01
and B02 standard committees, I knew all too well the many pitfalls
and challenges of writing such a handbook. There were many steel
standards from around the world that were new to me, which created
far too many surprises and delays in completing this book.
Comparing steel standards is not an exact science, so the biggest
challenge of preparing such a book was deciding on the "rules of
comparison." Of the similar books on the market today, none explain
in detail why one steel is comparable to another. They simply
appear together in a list of steels. I kept a daily diary to help
construct a workable set of comparison rules that I could share
with other users to assist them in understanding how and why one
steel is comparable to another. To say the least, these rules
changed from chapter to chapter while the book was being written.
It wasn't until the last chapter and appendix were completed that I
was able to finalize the rules of comparison. In the end, a
complete review of the book was performed resulting in the
reorganization of some chapters and the fine-tuning of others.
There were too many occasions when I thought the book was finished,
only to have to change, add, or delete a rule which made yet
another review of the book necessary. After more than two years of
researching steel standards and gathering data from around the
world for the 2nd and 3rd editions of this handbook, then
developing a comparison order to more than 100,000 pieces of data,
this handbook is an ongoing and expanding project. The addition of
a fully searchable e-book on CD-ROM makes this product even more
valuable, since trying to find one piece of data in more than
100,000 is not an easy task. The e-book makes searching for a
comparable steel a quick and easy process. In some cases, the user
may find out that the steel is non-comparable. I hope you enjoy
using this handbook as much as I will. Tie a chain to it and anchor
it to your desk, because once others see it, they'll want to use
your copy. I am interested in your comments and suggestions to
improve this handbook, so I encourage you to send your feedback
directly to ASTM. John E. Bringas, P.Eng.
6. vi Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Getting
Started With This Book Comparing steel standards is not an exact
science and there is no foolproof method. When you begin to use
this book, you'll quickly discover that there is no such thing as
"equivalent" steel standards. Then, consider the fact that not all
steels have comparative counterparts and you'll begin to understand
the methodology used in this book. Before proceeding directly to
the contents of this book, it is strongly recommended that you read
Chapter 1, which includes a detailed explanation of the "rules of
comparison" used in this book. Since there was insufficient space
on one page to place both the chemical composition and mechanical
properties tables, they were split into two separate tables. To
assist the user in keeping track of which comparison criteria were
used for a given steel, each table within a chapter was
sequentially numbered and appended with either the letter A or B.
Table numbers ending in the letter A designate that the table was
the main criterion used for comparison; whereas table numbers
ending with the letter B were "mirrored" from the A table. Each
group of steel data in the tables is separated by two types of
horizontal lines: black and grey. Black lines separate groups of
steels that are more closely comparable to each other, whereas grey
lines separate steel data within a comparative group. Caution: do
not confuse the thinner dividing black line within a table, with
the thicker black line that borders the outside of the table. The
pages are formatted to keep comparative groups together as much as
possible. However, when a group of comparative steels extends to
more than one page, a note is place at the bottom of the page to
indicate that the comparative group continues on the following
page, i.e., NOTE: This section continues on the next page.
7. vii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Getting
Started With This CD-ROM Minimum System Requirements - Intel
Pentium processor - Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition, Millennium
Edition, Windows NT 4.0 (SP 6), 2000 (SP 2), XP Professional or XP
Home Edition - 32 MB RAM and 640 x 480 video resolution (higher
resolution will improve readability) - 60 MB hard disk space Adobe
Acrobat and Adobe Reader In order to view the E-book of Comparative
World Steel Standards you must have PDF viewing software (such as
Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader) installed prior to running the
CD-ROM. If you already have PDF viewing software installed, insert
the CD-ROM into your CD drive and click the View E-book button in
the software menu to open the E-book. If you need to install Adobe
Reader, please visit the Adobe website at www.adobe.com to download
and install the latest version of the software. The Adobe website
has detailed information regarding Adobe software and its minimum
system requirements. Please review the pertinent information
regarding Adobe software before download and installation. Getting
Started The E-book of Comparative World Steel Standards on CD-ROM
is a fully searchable Adobe PDF file. Once the E-book is opened, a
menu will appear with several options to navigate and search
through the E-book. This menu contains links to the Table of
Contents, all four Indexes, and to the Search function. Listings in
the Table of Contents of the E-book are linked to their respective
pages so that users may click on these listings to navigate
directly to the desired page. Starting the search tool can be done
by clicking on the Search link in the main menu or by clicking on
the Search button on the Acrobat/Reader tool bar. Please be aware
that in some versions of Acrobat/Reader there is a Find tool and a
Search tool. In general, the Search tool is a more powerful
searching function. For more assistance with using Adobe Acrobat or
Adobe Reader, click on the Help menu within the Adobe software.
Troubleshooting If the main menu does not appear on your screen
after the CD-ROM is inserted in your computer, the CD-ROM startup
Autostart function for Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000 is not setup.
Please consult your OS manual for instructions to enable the
Autostart function.
8. ix Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Table of
Contents 1. Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards
............................................................................
1 Myth and Methodology When Comparing Steel
Standards.....................................................................
1 Comparative and Closest
Match..............................................................................................................
2
Organization.............................................................................................................................................
5 Definition and Steel
Terms.......................................................................................................................
5 Cautionary Note
.......................................................................................................................................
7 Questions Regarding the Rules of
Comparison.......................................................................................
8 Non-Comparable
Steels...........................................................................................................................
8 Criteria for Comparing
Steels...................................................................................................................
8 List of Comparison Rules
.......................................................................................................................
10 Brief Introduction to Steel Standards and Designation Systems
........................................................... 12 ASTM
Designation System
....................................................................................................................
12 ASTM Reference Standards and Supplementary Requirements
.......................................................... 13 SAE
Designation System and Discontinued AISI Designation
System................................................. 14 Carbon
and Alloy
Steels.................................................................................................................
14 UNS Designation
System.......................................................................................................................
15 Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
................................................................................................
16 Introduction to European Standard Steel Designation
System..............................................................
17 EN 10027 Standard Designation System for Steels
..............................................................................
18 Steel
Names...................................................................................................................................
18 Steel Numbers
...............................................................................................................................
18 Former National Standards Replaced by CEN
Standards.....................................................................
19 2. Carbon and Alloy Steels for General
Use..........................................................................................
21 2.1 Chemical Composition of Carbon Steels for General
Use............................................................. 23
2.2 Chemical Composition of High Manganese Carbon Steels for
General Use ................................ 34 2.3 Chemical
Composition of Alloy Steels for General
Use.................................................................
35 2.3.1 Chromium (Cr) Steels
.......................................................................................................
35 2.3.2 Chromium-Molybdenum (Cr-Mo) Steels
...........................................................................
37 2.3.3 Chromium-Nickel (Cr-Ni)
Steels........................................................................................
38 2.3.4 Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum (Ni-Cr-Mo) Steels
........................................................... 39
2.3.5 Chromium-Molybdenum-Aluminum (Cr-Mo-Al) Steels
..................................................... 40 2.3.6
Boron (B)
Steels................................................................................................................
41 2.3.7 Chromium-Vanadium (Cr-V) Steels
..................................................................................
42 2.4 Non-Comparable Carbon and Alloy Steels for General Use
......................................................... 43 3.
Structural Steel Plates
.........................................................................................................................
47 3.1 Carbon Steels for Structural Steel Plates
......................................................................................
50 3.1A Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels for Structural Steel
Plates ................................ 50 3.1B Chemical
Composition of Carbon Steels for Structural Steel Plates
................................ 66 3.2 Alloy Steels for Structural
Steel Plates
..........................................................................................
72 3.2.1A Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy
Structural Steel Plates...................... 73 3.2.1B Chemical
Composition of High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plates
..................... 75 3.2.2A Mechanical Properties of Alloy
Steels for Structural Steel Plates
.................................... 79 3.2.2B Chemical Composition
of Alloy Steels for Structural Steel Plates
.................................... 84 3.3 Structural Steels with
Improved Atmospheric Corrosion-Resistance
............................................ 88 3.3A Mechanical
Properties of Structural Steels with Improved Atmospheric
Corrosion-Resistance........................................................................................................
88 3.3B Chemical Composition of Structural Steels with Improved
Atmospheric
Corrosion-Resistance........................................................................................................
94
9. x Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 3.4
Non-Comparable Carbon Steels for Structural Steel
Plates.......................................................... 97
3.5 Non-Comparable Alloy Steels for Structural Steel
Plates..............................................................
98 4. Pressure Vessel Steel Plates
..............................................................................................................
99 4.1 Carbon Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates...................................................................................
103 4.1A Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel
Plates.................................... 103 4.1B Chemical
Composition of Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel Plates
................................... 109 4.2 Carbon Steels for
Pressure Vessel Plates - With Impact Testing Below -20C
.......................... 113 4.2A Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates - With Impact Testing Below -20C
...................................................................................
113 4.2B Chemical Composition of Carbon Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates - With Impact Testing Below -20C
...................................................................................
115 4.3 Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates..............................................................................
117 4.3A Chemical Composition of Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ....................... 117 4.3B Mechanical
Properties of Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates........................ 119 4.4 Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for
Pressure Vessel
Plates............................................................................
121 4.4.1A Chemical Composition of Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ............... 121 4.4.1B Mechanical Properties of
Cr-Mo Alloy Steel for Pressure Vessel Plates.................. 121
4.4.2A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ................ 122 4.4.2B Mechanical Properties of
1Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates................. 122
4.4.3A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ............. 123 4.4.3B Mechanical Properties of
1Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates.............. 123
4.4.4A Chemical Composition of 2Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates .............. 124 4.4.4B Mechanical Properties of
2Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates............... 125
4.4.5A Chemical Composition of 3Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ................. 126 4.4.5B Mechanical Properties of
3Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates..................
126 4.4.6A Chemical Composition of 5Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ................ 127 4.4.6B Mechanical Properties of
5Cr-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates................. 127
4.4.7A Chemical Composition of 9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ................. 128 4.4.7B Mechanical Properties of
9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates..................
128 4.5 Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
..................................................................................
129 4.5.1A Chemical Composition of Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ......................... 129 4.5.1B Mechanical
Properties of Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
......................... 129 4.5.2A Chemical Composition of 1Ni
Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates....................... 130
4.5.2B Mechanical Properties of 1Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates ....................... 130 4.5.3A Chemical
Composition of 2Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates....................... 131 4.5.3B Mechanical Properties of
2Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates .......................
131 4.5.4A Chemical Composition of 3Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates....................... 132 4.5.4B Mechanical
Properties of 3Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
....................... 133 4.5.5A Chemical Composition of 5Ni
Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates ..........................
134 4.5.5B Mechanical Properties of 5Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates .......................... 134 4.5.6A Chemical
Composition of 9Ni Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
.......................... 135 4.5.6B Mechanical Properties of 9Ni
Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates ..........................
136 4.6 Ni-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
............................................................................
137 4.6.1A Chemical Composition of Ni-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates................ 137 4.6.1B Mechanical Properties of
Ni-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates ................ 138
4.6.2A Chemical Composition of Ni-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure
Vessel Plates................ 139 4.6.2B Mechanical Properties of
Ni-Mo Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates ................ 140
4.7 Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates .......................................... 141 4.7A Chemical
Composition of Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels for
Pressure Vessel
Plates...................................................................................................
141 4.7B Mechanical Properties of Ferritic and Martensitic
Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates...................................................................................................
142
10. xi Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 4.8
Austenitic Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
............................................................... 143
4.8A Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels for
Pressure Vessel Plates......... 143 4.8B Mechanical Properties of
Austenitic Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates .........
146 4.9 Duplex Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates....................................................................
151 4.9A Chemical Composition of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic)
Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates...................................................................................................
151 4.9B Mechanical Properties of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic)
Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates...................................................................................................
152 4.10 Non-Comparable Carbon and Alloy Steels for Pressure Vessel
Plates ...................................... 153 4.11
Non-Comparable Stainless Steels for Pressure Vessel Plates
................................................... 156 5. Steel
Tubes and Pipes
.......................................................................................................................
157 5.1 Carbon Steel Tubes for General and Structural
Applications......................................................
165 5.1A Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Tubes for General
and Structural Applications
....................................................................................................
165 5.1B Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel Tubes for General and
Structural Applications
....................................................................................................
176 5.2 Alloy Steel Tubes for General and Structural
Applications..........................................................
185 5.2A Chemical Composition of Alloy Steel Tubes for General and
Structural Applications.... 185 5.2B Mechanical Properties of Alloy
Steel Tubes for General and Structural Applications .... 186 5.3
Stainless Steel Tubes for General and Structural Applications
................................................... 188 5.3.1A
Chemical Composition of Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel
Tubes for General and Structural Applications
...............................................................................
188 5.3.1B Mechanical Properties of Ferritic and Martensitic
Stainless Steel Tubes for General and Structural Applications
...............................................................................
189 5.3.2A Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubes
for General and Structural Applications
...............................................................................
190 5.3.2B Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubes for General and Structural Applications
...............................................................................
193 5.4 Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes for Low-Temperature Service
.................................................... 196 5.4A
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes - With Impact
Testing Below -20C
...................................................................................
196 5.4B Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes -
With Impact Testing Below -20C
...................................................................................
198 5.5 Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for Low-Temperature Service
........................................................ 199 5.5A
Chemical Composition of Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for
Low-Temperature Service.. 199 5.5B Mechanical Properties of Alloy
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Low-Temperature Service .. 200 5.6 Carbon
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure
Purposes...............................................................
202 5.6A Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes for
Pressure Purposes ......... 202 5.6B Chemical Composition of Carbon
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes......... 204 5.7 Carbon
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High
Temperatures........................... 206 5.7A Mechanical
Properties of Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes at
High Temperatures
.....................................................................
206 5.7B Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel Tubes and Pipes for
Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
210 5.8 Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High
Temperatures............................... 213 5.8.1A Chemical
Composition of Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes
at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
213 5.8.1B Mechanical Properties of Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes
for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
213 5.8.2A Chemical Composition of Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes
for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
214 5.8.2B Mechanical Properties of Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes
for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
215
11. xii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 5.8.3A
Chemical Composition of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for
Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
216 5.8.3B Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
216 5.8.4A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
217 5.8.4B Mechanical Properties of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
218 5.8.5A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
219 5.8.5B Mechanical Properties of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
219 5.8.6A Chemical Composition of 2-1Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
220 5.8.6B Mechanical Properties of 2-1Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
220 5.8.7A Chemical Composition of 5Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
221 5.8.7B Mechanical Properties of 5Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
221 5.8.8A Chemical Composition of 9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
222 5.8.8B Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
.....................................................................
222 5.9 Stainless Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes and
High Temperatures ..................... 223 5.9.1A Chemical
Composition of Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubes and
Pipes for Pressure Purposes and High Temperatures
................................. 223 5.9.1B Mechanical Properties
of of Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubes and Pipes for
Pressure Purposes and High Temperatures
................................. 224 5.9.2A Chemical Composition
of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes
and High Temperatures
..................................................................
225 5.9.2B Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes and High Temperatures
..................................................................
234 5.10 Line Pipe Steels
...........................................................................................................................
246 5.10.1A Mechanical Properties of Line Pipe Steels Without Notch
Toughness Requirements ... 246 5.10.1B Chemical Composition of Line
Pipe Steels Without Notch Toughness Requirements... 247 5.10.2A
Mechanical Properties of Line Pipe Steels With Notch Toughness
Requirements ........ 250 5.10.2B Chemical Composition of Line Pipe
Steels With Notch Toughness Requirements........ 253 5.11
Non-Comparable Carbon Steel Tubes for General and Structural
Applications ......................... 257 5.12 Non-Comparable
Alloy Steel Tubes for General and Structural Applications
............................. 258 5.13 Non-Comparable Stainless
Steel Tubes for General and Structural Applications
...................... 259 5.14 Non-Comparable Carbon Steel Tubes
and Pipes for Low Temperature Service........................ 259
5.15 Non-Comparable Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for Low Temperature
Service............................ 260 5.16 Non-Comparable Carbon
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes at High Temperatures
......................................................................................................................
260 5.17 Non-Comparable Alloy Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure
Purposes at High Temperatures .. 261 5.18 Non-Comparable Stainless
Steel Tubes and Pipes for Pressure Purposes and High Temperatures
......................................................................................................................
262 5.19 Non-Comparable Line Pipe
Steels...............................................................................................
263 6. Steel Forgings
.....................................................................................................................................
265 6.1 Carbon Steel Forgings
.................................................................................................................
268 6.1.1A Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Forgings for
General Use................................. 268 6.1.1B Chemical
Composition of Carbon Steel Forgings for General Use
................................ 271
12. xiii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 6.1.2A
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping, Pressure
Vessel and
Components.............................................................................................................
272 6.1.2B Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components.............................................................................................................
275 6.2 Alloy Steel Forgings
.....................................................................................................................
277 6.2.1A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for
General Use ................. 277 6.2.1B Mechanical Properties of
1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for General Use.................. 278
6.2.2 Alloy Steel Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components............................... 279 6.2.2.1A Chemical
Composition of Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel
and
Components...................................................................
279 6.2.2.1B Mechanical Properties of Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
279 6.2.2.2A Chemical Composition of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
280 6.2.2.2B Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
280 6.2.2.3A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
281 6.2.2.3B Mechanical Properties 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
281 6.2.2.4A Chemical Composition of 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
282 6.2.2.4B Mechanical Properties 1Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
282 6.2.2.5A Chemical Composition of 2Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
283 6.2.2.5B Mechanical Properties of 2Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
284 6.2.2.6A Chemical Composition of 3Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
285 6.2.2.6B Mechanical Properties of 3Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
285 6.2.2.7A Chemical Composition of 5Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
286 6.2.2.7B Mechanical Properties of 5Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
286 6.2.2.8A Chemical Composition of 9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
287 6.2.2.8B Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-1Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
287 6.2.2.9A Chemical Composition of 11Cr-Ni-1Mo Alloy Steel
Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
288 6.2.2.9B Mechanical Properties of 11Cr-Ni-1Mo Alloy Steel
Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and
Components...................................................................
288 6.2.2.10A Chemical Composition of Ni Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
289 6.2.2.10B Mechanical Properties of Ni Alloy Steel Forgings for
Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
290 6.2.2.11A Chemical Composition of Ni-Mn Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
291 6.2.2.11B Mechanical Properties of Ni-Mn Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
291
13. xiv Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 6.2.2.12A
Chemical Composition of CvNi-Cr-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings for Piping,
Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
292 6.2.2.12B Mechanical Properties of CvNi-Cr-Mo Alloy Steel
Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
292 6.2.2.13A Chemical Composition of CvNi-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
293 6.2.2.13B Mechanical Properties of CvNi-Mo Alloy Steel Forgings
for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
293 6.2.2.14A Chemical Composition 3Ni-1CvCr-Mo Alloy Steel
Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
294 6.2.2.14B Mechanical Properties 3Ni-1CvCr-Mo Alloy Steel
Forgings for Piping, Pressure Vessel and Components
.................................................................
294 6.3 Stainless Steel Forgings
..............................................................................................................
295 6.3.1A Chemical Composition of Martensitic Stainless Steel
Forgings ..................................... 295 6.3.1B
Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel
Forgings...................................... 296 6.3.2A Chemical
Composition of Ferritic Stainless Steel
Forgings............................................ 297 6.3.2B
Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Forgings
............................................ 297 6.3.3A Chemical
Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steel Forgings
....................................... 298 6.3.3B Mechanical
Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel
Forgings........................................ 302 6.3.4A
Chemical Composition of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel
Forgings ................. 307 6.3.4B Mechanical Properties of
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings..................
308 6.3.5A Chemical Composition of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic)
Stainless Steel Forgings ............ 309 6.3.5B Mechanical
Properties of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Steel
Forgings............. 310 6.4 Non-Comparable Carbon Steel Forgings
for General
Use.......................................................... 311
6.5 Non-Comparable Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping, Pressure
Vessel and Components ........... 311 6.6 Non-Comparable Alloy
Steel Forgings for General
Use..............................................................
311 6.7 Non-Comparable Alloy Steel Forgings for Piping, Pressure
Vessel and Components ............... 312 6.8 Non-Comparable
Stainless Steel
Forgings..................................................................................
313 7. Steel
Castings.....................................................................................................................................
315 7.1 Cast Carbon
Steels......................................................................................................................
319 7.1.1A Mechanical Properties of Cast Carbon Steel for General
and Structural Applications... 319 7.1.1B Chemical Composition of
Cast Carbon Steel for General and Structural Applications .. 323
7.1.2A Mechanical Properties of Cast Carbon Steel for Pressure
Purposes at High Temperatures
.........................................................................................................
326 7.1.2B Chemical Composition of Cast Carbon Steel for Pressure
Purposes at High Temperatures
.........................................................................................................
326 7.1.3A Mechanical Properties of Cast Carbon Steel for Pressure
Purposes at Low Temperatures
..........................................................................................................
327 7.1.3B Chemical Composition of Cast Carbon Steel for Pressure
Purposes at Low Temperatures
..........................................................................................................
327 7.2 Cast Manganese
Steels...............................................................................................................
328 7.2A Chemical Composition of Cast Manganese
Steels......................................................... 328
7.2B Mechanical Properties of Cast Manganese Steels
......................................................... 329 7.3
Cast Alloy Steels
..........................................................................................................................
330 7.3.1A Chemical Composition of Cast Alloy Steels for General
and Structural Purposes......... 330 7.3.1B Mechanical Properties
of Cast Alloy Steels for General and Structural Purposes .........
331 7.3.2A Chemical Composition of Cast Alloy Steels for Pressure
Purposes at High Temperatures
.........................................................................................................
335 7.3.2B Mechanical Properties of Cast Alloy Steels for Pressure
Purposes at High Temperatures
.........................................................................................................
336 7.3.3A Chemical composition of Cast Alloy Steels for Pressure
Purposes at Low Temperatures
..........................................................................................................
337 7.3.3B Mechanical Properties of Cast Alloy Steels for Pressure
Purposes at Low Temperatures
..........................................................................................................
338
14. xv Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 7.4 Cast
Stainless Steels
...................................................................................................................
339 7.4.1 Cast Stainless Steels for General and Corrosion Resistant
Applications....................... 339 7.4.1.1A Chemical
Composition of Martensitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels for
General and Corrosion Resistant Applications
................................................ 339 7.4.1.1B
Mechanical Properties of Martensitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels
for General and Corrosion Resistant Applications
................................................ 340 7.4.1.2A
Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels for General and
Corrosion Resistant Applications
.....................................................................
341 7.4.1.2B Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
for General and Corrosion Resistant Applications
.....................................................................
344 7.4.2 Cast Stainless Steels for Pressure Purposes
.................................................................
347 7.4.2.1A Chemical Composition of Martensitic and Ferritic
Stainless Steels for Pressure
Purposes...........................................................................................
347 7.4.2.1B Mechanical Properties of Martensitic and Ferritic
Stainless Steels for Pressure
Purposes...........................................................................................
348 7.4.2.2A Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels
for Pressure Purposes. 349 7.4.2.2B Mechanical Properties of
Austenitic Stainless Steels for Pressure Purposes . 350 7.5 Cast
Heat Resistant Steels
..........................................................................................................
351 7.5A Chemical Composition of Cast Heat Resistant
Steels.................................................... 351 7.5B
Mechanical Properties of Cast Heat Resistant Steels
.................................................... 355 7.6
Non-Comparable Cast Carbon Steels
.........................................................................................
359 7.7 Non-Comparable Cast Manganese Steels
..................................................................................
360 7.8 Non-Comparable Cast Alloy Steels
.............................................................................................
360 7.9 Non-Comparable Cast Stainless Steels for General and
Corrosion Resistant Applications ....... 361 7.10 Non-Comparable
Cast Stainless Steels for Pressure
Purposes.................................................. 361 7.11
Non-Comparable Cast Heat Resistant
Steels..............................................................................
362 8. Wrought Stainless Steels
..................................................................................................................
363 8.1 Stainless Steels: Plate, Sheet and Strip
......................................................................................
366 8.1.1A Chemical Composition of Martensitic Stainless
Steels................................................... 366
8.1.1B Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steels
................................................... 367 8.1.2A
Chemical Composition of Ferritic Stainless Steels
......................................................... 368
8.1.2B Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Stainless
Steels..........................................................
370 8.1.3A Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless
Steels..................................................... 372
8.1.3B Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless
Steels..................................................... 377
8.1.4A Chemical Composition of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless
Steels .............................. 387 8.1.4B Mechanical
Properties of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless
Steels............................... 388 8.1.5A Chemical
Composition of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless
Steels.......................... 392 8.1.5B Mechanical Properties
of Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Steels
.......................... 393 8.2 Stainless Steels:
Bar....................................................................................................................
394 8.2.1A Chemical Composition of Martensitic Stainless
Steels................................................... 394
8.2.1B Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steels
................................................... 396 8.2.2A
Chemical Composition of Ferritic Stainless Steels
......................................................... 398
8.2.2B Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Stainless
Steels..........................................................
399 8.2.3A Chemical Composition of Austenitic Stainless
Steels..................................................... 400
8.2.3B Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless
Steels..................................................... 403
8.2.4A Chemical Composition of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless
Steels .............................. 409 8.2.4B Mechanical
Properties of Precipitation-Hardening Stainless
Steels............................... 410 8.2.5A Chemical
Composition of Duplex Stainless Steels
........................................................ 412 8.2.5B
Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels
......................................................... 412 8.3
Non-Comparable Stainless Steel Standards: Plate, Sheet and Strip
.......................................... 413 8.4 Non-Comparable
Stainless Steel Standards:
Bar........................................................................
415
15. xvi Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 9. Steels
for Special
Use........................................................................................................................
417 9.1 Free-Machining Steels
.................................................................................................................
420 9.1.1 Chemical Composition of Resulfurized Carbon Steels for
Free-Machining
Applications...........................................................................................
420 9.1.2 Chemical Composition of Rephosphorized and Resulfurized
Carbon Steels for Free-Machining
Applications...........................................................................................
422 9.1.3 Chemical Composition of Resulfurized and Leaded Carbon
Steels for Free-Machining
Applications...........................................................................................
423 9.1.4 Chemical Composition of Rephosphorized, Resulfurized, and
Leaded Carbon Steels for Free-Machining Applications
................................................ 424 9.1.5 Chemical
Composition of Free-Machining Stainless Steels
........................................... 424 9.2 Spring
Steels................................................................................................................................
425 9.2.1 Chemical Composition of Cold Rolled Carbon Spring
Steels......................................... 426 9.2.2 Chemical
Composition of Hot Rolled Alloy Spring
Steels............................................... 427 9.2.2.1
Chemical Composition of Hot Rolled Si Alloy Spring
Steels............................ 427 9.2.2.2 Chemical Composition
of Hot Rolled Cr Alloy Spring Steels ...........................
427 9.2.2.3 Chemical Composition of Hot Rolled Cr-Si Alloy Spring
Steels....................... 427 9.2.2.4 Chemical Composition of
Hot Rolled Cr-Mo Alloy Spring Steels..................... 428
9.2.2.5 Chemical Composition of Hot Rolled Cr-V Alloy Spring
Steels........................ 428 9.2.2.6 Chemical Composition of
Hot Rolled Cr-B Alloy Spring Steels........................ 428
9.2.3 Chemical Composition of Stainless Spring
Steels..........................................................
429 9.3 Tool Steels
...................................................................................................................................
430 9.3.1 Chemical Composition of Carbon Tool Steels
................................................................
430 9.3.2 Chemical Composition of High-Speed Tool
Steels......................................................... 431
9.3.2.1 Chemical Composition of Tungsten Type High Speed Tool
Steels ................. 431 9.3.2.2 Chemical Composition of
Molybdenum Type High Speed Tool Steels ........... 432 9.3.3
Chemical Composition of Cold Work Tool Steels
........................................................... 433
9.3.4 Chemical Composition of Hot Work Tool
Steels.............................................................
434 9.3.5 Chemical Composition of Special Purpose Tool
Steels.................................................. 434 9.4
Bearing
Steels..............................................................................................................................
435 9.4.1 Chemical Composition of Bearing
Steels........................................................................
435 9.5 Non-Comparable Free-Machining
Steels.....................................................................................
436 9.6 Non-Comparable Spring Steels
...................................................................................................
437 9.7 Non-Comparable Tool
Steels.......................................................................................................
438 9.8 Non-Comparable Bearing Steels
.................................................................................................
439 Appendix 1 - ASTM Ferrous Metal
Standards......................................................................................
441 Appendix 2 - ASTM Discontinued Ferrous Metal
Standards..............................................................
457 Appendix 3 - JIS Steel and Related Standards
....................................................................................
469 Appendix 4 - JIS Discontinued Steel and Related Standards
............................................................ 475
Appendix 5 - CEN Current Steel
Standards..........................................................................................
479 Appendix 6 - CEN Standards with Superseded Former National
Standards.................................... 485 Appendix 7 -
Former National Standards Superseded by CEN
Standards....................................... 503 Appendix 8 -
ISO Iron and Steel Product Standards
...........................................................................
523 Appendix 9 - ASTM A 941-03 Terminology Relating to Steel,
Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and
Ferroalloys......................................................................................
531
16. xvii Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Appendix
10 - ASTM E 52783 (2003) Numbering Metals and Alloys
(UNS)..................................... 539 Appendix 11 - SI
Quick Reference Guide
.............................................................................................
547 Steel Grade/Name
Index.........................................................................................................................
553 UNS Number
Index..................................................................................................................................
601 Steel Number
Index.................................................................................................................................
609 Specification Designation
Index............................................................................................................
617
17. Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPARING WORLD STEEL STANDARDS Myth and
Methodology When Comparing Steel Standards When comparing steel
standards from different national and international standard
development organizations (SDOs), there is no such thing as
equivalent steel standards. At best, one may be able to group
comparable steel standards together based on some defined set of
rules, which has been done in this handbook. For example, ASTM A
516/A 516M Grade 70 is comparable to JIS G 3118 symbol SGV 480 and
to EN 10028-2 steel name P295GH, based on chemical compositions and
mechanical properties. Yet they are not equivalent since there are
differences in their chemical compositions and mechanical
properties. Comparing steel standards is not an exact science and
cannot be made into a mathematical equation where two sides of an
equation are equal to one another, since there will always be
differences between standards. These differences may be significant
to one user, but not significant to another user. Therefore, this
handbook uses the term comparative to denote similar standards that
have been compared to each other. Comparative is a relative word
that is inevitably dependent upon the end user's requirements, who
is ultimately responsible for selecting the appropriate steel for a
specific application. There are some steel standards that are
shared by multiple SDOs. For example, EN ISO 4957 Tool Steels, is a
standard that is shared within the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) and the International Standards Organization
(ISO) systems. Consequently, the data are equivalent in both
systems, but there is only one standard. There are also different
standards that share the same grades of steel. For example, ASTM A
485 and EN ISO 683-17 share seven identical bearing steel grade
chemical compositions, yet the body of each standard is different
(that is, grain size, hardenability, microstructure and hardness,
inspection, testing, etc.). As a result, these seven bearing steels
within these two standards are not equivalent, but are
comparable.
18. 2 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter 1
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Comparative and
Closest Match There is also a difference between comparative and
closest match when evaluating steel standards. While gathering the
data for this handbook, it was difficult to decide whether to
include data on a technically comparative basis or on a closest
match basis as both have their merits and limitations (see 70 %
rule in EN 10020 on page 6 for a more detailed discussion). A
technically comparative group of steels can assist the user with
making a material selection based on technical merit. However, this
may severely limit the number of steels that would be comparable.
On the other hand, displaying the closest match data will usually
increase the number of comparative steels for the user to consider,
but at the risk of widening the technical comparison criteria.
Likewise, a strict technical comparison will provide more accurate
results, but a closest match comparison will provide more data to
assist the user in searching for similar steels. There are many
instances in the handbook where it would be a disservice to the
reader not to include the closest match steels, since there would
be no comparisons otherwise. Since this broadens the technical
comparison criteria, the user is warned that the data herein cannot
substitute for education, experience, and sound engineering
judgment after evaluating all of the specifications within each
comparable standard. In the end, there are no definitive rules that
can be formulated to distinguish between comparative steels and
closest match steels. Consequently, at the editor's discretion,
both types of comparisons are used in this handbook. The following
is one example of the comparison process, with technically
comparative steels and closest match steels used in the table.
Table 1.1 lists the chemical compositions of nine grades of cast
steels that are essentially Cr-Ni-Mo alloys, with nominally 0.30 %
C. If a strict technical comparison was made based on their
chemical composition, none of these alloys would be comparable
since they would differ in either their carbon, manganese,
chromium, nickel, or molybdenum contents. Try comparing these data
yourself. Table 1.1 List of Chemical Compositions of Cr-Ni-Mo Alloy
Cast Steels Before Comparison Weight, %, max, Unless Otherwise
SpecifiedStandard Designation Grade, Class, Type Symbol or Name
Steel Number UNS Number C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo Others SC 4330 --- ---
0.28-0.33 0.60-0.90 0.30-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.70-0.90 1.65-2.00
0.20-0.30 --- ASTM A 958-00 SC 4340 --- --- 0.38-0.43 0.60-0.90
0.30-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.70-0.90 1.65-2.00 0.20-0.30 --- JIS G
5111:1991 SCNCrM 2 --- --- 0.25-0.35 0.90-1.50 0.30-0.60 0.040
0.040 0.30-0.90 1.60-2.00 0.15-0.35 --- GS-25 CrNiMo 4 1.6515 ---
0.22-0.29 0.60-1.00 0.60 0.020 0.015 0.80-1.20 0.80-1.20 0.20-0.30
--- GS-34 CrNiMo 6 1.6582 --- 0.30-0.37 0.60-1.00 0.60 0.020 0.015
1.40-1.70 1.40-1.70 0.20-0.30 --- GS-30 CrNiMo 8 5 1.6570 ---
0.27-0.34 0.60-1.00 0.60 0.015 0.010 1.10-1.40 1.80-2.10 0.30-0.40
--- DIN 17205:1992 GS-33 CrNiMo 7 4 4 1.8740 --- 0.30-0.36
0.50-0.80 0.60 0.015 0.007 0.90-1.20 1.50-1.80 0.35-0.60 --- AFNOR
NF A 32-053:1992 20 NCD4-M --- --- 0.17-0.23 0.80-1.20 0.60 0.025
0.020 0.30-0.50 0.80-1.20 0.40-0.80 --- AFNOR NF A 32-054:1994
G30NiCrMo8 --- --- 0.33 1.00 0.60 0.030 0.020 0.80-1.20 1.70-2.30
0.30-0.60 ---
19. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards 3
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Five grades of steel
were eventually eliminated from Table 1.1 after technical
comparison. This produced Table 1.2, which was then divided into
two separate comparative groups based on the differing molybdenum
contents above and below 0.300.35 % Mo. The thin black line in
Table 1.2 is the separator between the two comparative groups.
Table 1.2 List of Chemical Compositions of Cr-Ni-Mo Cast Alloy
Steels After Comparison Weight, %, max, Unless Otherwise
SpecifiedStandard Designation Grade, Class, Type Symbol or Name
Steel Number UNS Number C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo Others ASTM A 958-00
SC 4330 --- --- 0.28-0.33 0.60-0.90 0.30-0.60 0.035 0.040 0.70-0.90
1.65-2.00 0.20-0.30 --- JIS G 5111:1991 SCNCrM 2 --- --- 0.25-0.35
0.90-1.50 0.30-0.60 0.040 0.040 0.30-0.90 1.60-2.00 0.15-0.35 ---
DIN 17205:1992 GS-33 CrNiMo 7 4 4 1.8740 --- 0.30-0.36 0.50-0.80
0.60 0.015 0.007 0.90-1.20 1.50-1.80 0.35-0.60 --- AFNOR NF A
32-054:1994 G30NiCrMo8 --- --- 0.33 1.00 0.60 0.030 0.020 0.80-1.20
1.70-2.30 0.30-0.60 --- However, if strict technical comparison
rules were applied, Grade SCNCrM 2 could be rejected based on its
higher manganese content when comparing it to SC 4330. In that
case, SC 4330 would be rejected since it would not have a
comparative steel (that is, it takes two steels to make a
comparison). The same argument could be made when comparing GS-33
CrNiMo 7 4 4 and G30NiCrMo8 in the second group, where the
differing nickel contents could be a basis for rejection on a
stricter comparison. A classic closest match example is shown in
Table 1.3, where compared to the three other steels in this group,
the four grades within EN 10085 are different; and some may argue
that, on this basis, it does not belong to this comparative group.
However, the Cr-Al-Mo alloys in this group are typically used as
nitriding steels, and the EN 10085 steels are the closest match for
this group. So excluding them would be a disservice to the user,
since they belong to the same application family and its inclusion
in this group will direct the user to other similar nitriding
alloys. Table 1.3 Chromium-Molybdenum-Aluminum (Cr-Mo-Al) Steels
for Nitriding Weight, %, max, Unless Otherwise SpecifiedStandard
Designation Grade, Class, Type, Symbol or Name Steel Number UNS
Number C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo Others ASTM A 355-89 (2000) A ---
K24065 0.38-0.43 0.50-0.70 0.15-0.35 0.035 0.040 1.40-180 ---
0.30-0.40 Al 0.95-1.30 JIS G 4202:1979 SACM 645 --- --- 0.40-0.50
0.60 0.15-0.50 0.030 0.030 1.30-1.70 0.25 0.15-0.30 Al 0.70-1.20,
Cu 0.30 32CrAlMo7-10 1.8505 --- 0.28-0.35 0.40-0.70 0.40 0.025
0.035 1.50-1.80 --- 0.20-0.40 Al 0.80-1.20 34CrAlMo5-10 1.8507 ---
0.30-0.37 0.40-0.70 0.40 0.025 0.035 1.00-1.30 --- 0.15-0.25 Al
0.80-1.20 34CrAlNi7-10 1.8550 --- 0.30-0.37 0.40-0.70 0.40 0.025
0.035 1.50-1.80 0.85-1.15 0.15-0.25 Al 0.80-1.20 EN 10085:2001
41CrAlMo7-10 1.8509 --- 0.38-0.45 0.40-0.70 0.40 0.025 0.035
1.50-1.80 --- 0.20-0.35 Al 0.80-1.20 ISO 683-10:1987 41 CrAlMo 7 4
--- --- 0.38-0.45 0.50-0.80 0.50 0.030 0.035 1.50-1.80 ---
0.25-0.40 Al 0.80-1.20
20. 4 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter 1
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards There are many
opportunities to make technical errors that may lead to
inappropriate steel comparisons. For example, when comparing
stainless steels there are many technical decisions to make since
it is not common to find identical chemical compositions within
standards from different countries. Table 1.4 shows a list of
comparative Cr-Ni-Mo wrought austenitic stainless steels from the
USA, Japan, and European Union. Note the differences in the Cr, Ni,
and Mo contents among all the standards and the N limit in the EN
standard. These differences will affect the corrosion resistance
performance in many applications, such that the user must be very
careful when selecting a comparative steel based solely on data in
this handbook. Table 1.4 List of Comparative Cr-Ni-Mo Wrought
Austenitic Stainless Steels Weight, %, max, Unless Otherwise
SpecifiedStandard Designation Grade, Class, Type Symbol or Name
Steel Number UNS Number C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo Others ASTM A 276-03
316L --- S31603 0.030 2.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0
2.00-3.00 --- JIS G 4303:1998 SUS316L --- --- 0.030 2.00 1.00 0.045
0.030 16.00-18.00 12.00-15.00 2.00-3.00 --- JIS G 4318:1998 SUS316L
--- --- 0.030 2.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 16.00-18.00 12.00-15.00
2.00-3.00 --- X2CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4404 --- 0.030 2.00 1.00 0.045
0.030 16.50-18.50 10.00-13.00 2.00-2.50 N 0.11 X2CrNiMo17-12-3
1.4432 --- 0.030 2.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 16.50-18.50 10.50-13.00
2.50-3.00 N 0.11EN 10088-3:1995 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4435 --- 0.030
2.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 17.00-19.00 12.00-15.00 2.50-3.00 N 0.11 In
summary, if strict technical comparison is made to this type of
data, no relationships or no associations between the various
grades of steel would be established, which would serve no purpose.
By widening the technical comparison criteria to find the closest
match steels, the user must understand that these steels are not
equivalent and cannot be indiscriminately substituted without first
reviewing the complete current standards and securing competent
technical advice prior to any decision-making. To find a balance
for comparison of steels by product form, use (application),
mechanical properties, chemical compositions, related manufacturing
processes (including heat treatment), etc., a methodology had to be
put in place and rules had to be established. However, as much as
methodology and rules were essential in preparing this handbook,
there were many instances where they would not cover every variable
and circumstance. Therefore, difficult comparison decisions as
those described previously had to be made. There were literally
hundreds, if not more than a thousand, such decisions made in this
handbook. In these cases, the closest match comparison decisions
were made at the discretion of the editor.
21. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards 5
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Organization Two of
the main variables in selecting a specific grade of steel are its
intended application (use) and product form, which usually narrows
the selection to a family of steels. Therefore, the remaining data
chapters in this handbook were organized by product form and use,
as follows: Chapter No. Title 2. Carbon and Alloy Steels for
General Use 3. Structural Steel Plates 4. Pressure Vessel Steel
Plates 5. Steel Tubes and Pipes 6. Steel Forgings 7. Steel Castings
8. Wrought Stainless Steels 9. Steels for Special Use Although the
above list at first glance looks rather straightforward, there were
difficult decisions regarding the steel comparisons within each
chapter. For example, ASTM has 9 definitions for pipe and 22
definitions for tube, depending on the standard's subject matter
and application (see ASTM Dictionary of Engineering Science &
Technology, 9th edition). In contrast, ISO 2604, Steel Products for
Pressure Purposes - Quality Requirements - Part II: Wrought
Seamless Tubes, notes that: "The word tube is synonymous with pipe.
Each standard is typically listed only in one chapter, but there
are exceptions. For example, ASTM A 240/A 240M-04 on Chromium and
Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for
Pressure Vessels and for General Applications, due to its dual role
for pressure vessel and general applications (i.e., Chapter
4Pressure Vessel Steel Plates and Chapter 8Wrought Stainless
Steels). Definitions of Steel Terms ASTM and CEN have established
two separate standards for defining steel terms: ASTM A 941-03
Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and
Ferroalloys (see Appendix 9) (defines the terms: carbon steel,
alloy steel, low-alloy steel, and stainless steel); EN 10020:2000
Definition and Classification of Grades of Steel;(defines the
terms: non-alloy steels, other alloy steels (which include alloy
quality steels and alloy special steels), and stainless
steels).
22. 6 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter 1
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Note that these two
standards, from the USA and EU, differ in the terms used to
describe the different types of steel. The user of comparative
steel standards data must take into account that each national SDO
has their own set of terms and definitions for steels and related
products and, in some cases, may have multiple definitions. For
example, three different definitions for carbon steel can be found
in ASTM standards A 941-03, A 902-03, and F 1789-04. A summary of
the chemical element limits for ASTM A 941-03 alloy steel and EN
10020:2000 non-alloy steel is shown in Table 1.5. Although the
limits seem to be the same, it is important to note the 70 % rule
in EN 10020, which states: 3.1.2 Where for elements other than
manganese a maximum value only is specified in the product standard
or specification for the ladle analysis, a value of 70 % of this
maximum value shall be taken for classification as set out in
Tables 1 and 2. For manganese see note a) of Table 1. In some
cases, this 70 % rule resulted in several steels being
non-comparable. For example, EN 10028-3:2003, Flat Products Made of
Steels for Pressure Purposes - Part 3: Weldable Fine Grain Steels,
Normalized, contains steels with a nickel content of 0.50 % maximum
(i.e., there is no minimum nickel requirement). Using the 70 %
rule, this would define these steels to contain 0.35 % Ni, which is
over the 0.30 % maximum limit for non-alloy steels (carbon steels),
thereby making them alloy steels and becoming non-comparable with
non-alloy steels. ASTM A 941-03 and EN 10020:2000 share the same
definition for stainless steel, as follows: stainless steela steel
that conforms to a specification that requires, by mass percent, a
minimum chromium content of 10.5 or more, and a maximum carbon
content of less than 1.20. In this handbook, steels have been
divided into three main categories: 1. Carbon Steels (Non-Alloy
Steels) 2. Alloy Steels 3. Stainless Steels ASTM A 941-03 and EN
10020:2000 were used as guidelines in developing these categories.
Where practical, these steel categories were further divided into
subcategories based on their product form, intended application,
service requirement, or other similar criteria.
23. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards 7
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Table 1.5 Limits for
EN 10020:2000 and ASTM A 941-03 Between Carbon Steels/Non Alloy
Steel and Alloy Steela (% by mass) Symbol Name EN 10020:2000b ASTM
A 941-03 Al Aluminum 0.30 0.30 B Boron 0.0008 0.0008 Bi Bismuth
0.10 --- Co Cobalt 0.30 0.30 Cr Chromium 0.30 0.30 Cu Copper 0.40
0.40 La Lanthanides 0.10 --- Mn Manganese 1.65b 1.65 Mo Molybdenum
0.08 0.08 Nb Niobium 0.06 0.06 Ni Nickel 0.30 0.30 Pb Lead 0.40
0.40 Se Selenium 0.10 --- Si Silicon 0.60 0.60 Te Tellurium 0.10
--- Ti Titanium 0.05 0.05 V Vanadium 0.10 0.10 W Tungsten 0.30 0.30
Zr Zirconium 0.05 0.05 Other (except C, P, S, N) 0.10 0.10 a Alloy
steel when equal to or greater than the limit. b Where manganese is
specified only as a maximum the limit value is 1.80 % and the 70 %
rule does not apply (see 3.1.2 of EN 10020:2000). Cautionary Note
Many standard specifications include cautionary paragraphs that
warn users about their responsibilities (e.g., see paragraph 1.5
from ASTM A 53/A 53M-02, shown below). Accordingly, it is the users
responsibility when comparing steel standards to perform an
engineering review of each standard to ensure that it is suitable
for their intended application. 1.5 The following precautionary
caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 9, 10,
11, 15, 16, and 17 of this specification: This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
24. 8 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter 1
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Questions Regarding
the Rules of Comparison When comparing two or more steel standards,
the following questions can be asked: Should mechanical properties
or chemical composition be the main criteria? If mechanical
properties are compared, which property should be the first
criteria for comparison, that is, yield strength, tensile strength,
elongation, impact strength, hardness, etc.? Once having selected a
primary criterion, say tensile strength, should there be a
secondary criterion for ranking the comparative steels within this
group, for example, yield strength, hardness, etc.? When mechanical
properties or chemical compositions vary with section thickness for
a given steel grade, which section thickness data should be
selected as the criteria for comparison? When two steels have the
same minimum tensile strength values, but have different yield
strength values, are they no longer similar? Should comparisons be
based on the data's minimum values, maximum values, or average
values of their min/max ranges? Should alloy steels and stainless
steels be compared on their mechanical properties when they are
generally selected for use based on their alloying elements'
abilities to provide satisfactory service in their intended
applications? Is it reasonable to compare steels based only on
their chemical compositions, regardless of their product form? That
is, should forging steels be compared to steel plates or tubes
because they have similar chemical compositions and is this type of
comparative data useful in engineering practice? Non-Comparable
Steels Not all steels have comparative counterparts. Knowing that a
steel is non-comparable can be just as important as knowing that
there are comparative steels. Otherwise, valuable time could be
wasted searching for something that does not exist. All steel
grades within the listed standards in this handbook are either
designated as comparable or non-comparable to assist the user in
finding data. Non-comparable steels can be found at the end of each
chapter. Criteria for Comparing Steels The two major criteria for
comparing steels in this type of handbook are mechanical properties
and chemical compositions. For each given standard steel grade,
there is typically only one chemical composition, which makes it
ideal as a comparison criterion. However, there are several
mechanical properties that can be used to compare standard steel
grades and, to be consistent throughout a handbook of this type,
only one property can be chosen. The decision was to use a steel's
tensile strength as the second comparison criterion. Having settled
on chemical composition and tensile strength as the two main
comparison criteria, the next step was to decide when to apply one
or the other, or both. Since carbon steels are typically selected
based on mechanical properties, it was decided that tensile
strength would be the first
25. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards 9
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards criterion used for
comparing carbon steels. Likewise, since alloys steels and
stainless steels are generally selected based on their chemistry,
it was decided that chemical composition would be used to compare
them. An exception to the above methodology is for the structural
steels data in Chapter 3, where the tensile strength was used as
the main comparison criterion for carbon and alloy steels. This
exception was made because structural steels are generally selected
based on their mechanical properties. Also in this same chapter,
high-strength low-alloy steels are treated as a subcategory to
alloy steels, although ASTM A 941 defines them separately. Since
there was insufficient space on a page to place both the chemical
composition and mechanical properties tables, they were split into
two separate tables. To assist the user in keeping track of the
comparison criteria used for a given steel, each table within a
chapter was sequentially numbered and appended with the letter A or
B. Table numbers ending in the letter A designate that it was the
main criterion used for comparison, whereas table numbers ending
with the letter B were "mirrored" from the A tables. In this
manner, the user must first consider the data in the A table, then
see how well the data in the B table match the steels which are
being compared. This is not a foolproof methodology of comparison.
For example, ASTM A 958 Grade SC 4330 has one chemical composition,
but has 13 different strength classes based on heat treatment (see
Chapter 7). So just because two steel grades have comparative
chemical compositions does not mean that they are comparable in
mechanical properties, and vice versa. Using data found in this
handbook is only one step in finding suitable comparable steel for
the intended application. With this basic methodology in place, the
following is a list of the comparison rules that were established
to produce this handbook.
26. 10 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter
1 Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards List of Comparison
Rules 1. The first criterion of order for carbon (non-alloy) steels
is based on tensile strength, followed by yield strength; that is,
if two steels have the same tensile strength, then they are placed
in ascending ordered by yield strength, and if yield strength is
not required, it is placed at the top of the order. 2. Typically,
comparative groups are made for every 50 MPa (50 N/mm2 or 7.25 ksi)
in tensile strength (that is, a black line divides comparative
groups every 50 MPa (50 N/mm2 or 7.25 ksi)). When an abundance of
data is available, this limit may be reduced to improve the
comparison accuracy. 3. Mechanical property subcategories, such as
steels with impact testing below -20C (-4F), are used to further
narrow the comparison process. 4. If a carbon steel's tensile
strength varies with section thickness, the tensile strength of the
lowest section thickness will be used as the governing comparison
factor. There is no technical reason for choosing the lowest
section thickness; it is just that one had to be chosen. 5. If a
carbon steel standard does not contain mechanical properties, such
as those found in Chapter 2 on Carbon and Alloy Steels for General
Use, then the steels will be compared based on their carbon
content. 6. The major criterion for alloy steel and stainless steel
comparisons is chemical composition. Once these steels are placed
in a comparative group by chemical composition, they are then
arranged in ascending order within these groups by their tensile
strength. Where possible, subcategories of alloy and stainless
steel groups are made to further narrow the comparison process. 7.
Chemical compositions listed are the heat analysis requirements in
the standards (also called ladle or cast analysis). Product
analyses are not listed. 8. The chemical composition and mechanical
properties data for the same steel grades are not listed on the
same page due to space limitations. Consequently, as a means of
keeping the data consistent between these two sets of tables, each
table is numbered, and each table number ends with either the
letter A or B. 9. Each set of steel data in the tables is divided
by two types of horizontal lines: black and grey. Black lines
separate groups of steels that are more closely comparable to each
other, whereas grey lines separate steel data within a comparative
group. This does not mean that steels outside of these groups
cannot be compared, since these horizontal lines are dependent upon
all of the comparison rules in this list and can be subjective at
times. Caution: do not confuse the thinner dividing black line
within a table with the thicker black rule that borders the table.
To assist in this regard, the pages were formatted to keep
comparative groups together as much as practicable. However, when a
group of comparative steels appears on more than one page, a note
is placed at the bottom of the page to indicate that the
comparative group continues on the following page, that is, "NOTE:
this section continues on the next page." 10. Steel data in
standards are not always mandatory. Some data are listed as typical
values or informative values, or are found in supplementary
requirements. This type of data is still very useful, and has been
included in this handbook whenever possible. This type of data is
identified with an explanatory note that appears in the list of
standards at the beginning of the related chapter.
27. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards
11 Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards 11. Some standards
included multiple requirements for impact testing, for example,
differing test temperatures or requirements for subsize specimens.
12. Where space permitted, as much data as possible were included.
However, there are occasions when the phrase "see standard for
impact test data" was used to indicate that more data could be
found in the standard. 13. The phrase "see standard for impact test
data" was also used when the standard did not specify a test
temperature but did specify an absorbed energy value. 14. Impact
testing values listed in the tables are typically for full-size
specimens and for the minimum average result at the testing
temperature, but do not include the minimum individual test piece
requirement, if any. 15. For the purpose of this handbook, phrases
found in standards like: "may be applied if necessary" or "may be
applied by agreement between the purchaser and supplier" or "the
manufacturer may find it necessary to" or "when specified" or " may
be added if necessary" are not a part of the comparison process.
16. Data from footnotes in the chemical composition and mechanical
properties tables of steel standards were considered during the
comparison process, but were not always reported in the handbook
due to lack of space in the tables or because they represented
technical issues that were too complex to be represented in a
tabular format. In these cases, the note "see standard" was used.
17. The same heat treatment terms used in each standard are listed
them at the beginning of each chapter. Abbreviations in the tables
were made based on the terms used in the standards. A concerted
effort was made to make the abbreviations consistent from chapter
to chapter, although there are exceptions, because each heat
treatment abbreviation must be referred to in the list of heat
treatment terms at the beginning of each chapter. There are many
instances when the heat treatment requirements within a standard
became very cumbersome to include in a small cell within a table.
Consequently, the phrase "see standard" is used to direct the user
to the standard to read all of the heat treatment details involved.
18. A determined effort was made to enter the data in this handbook
in a manner identical to that listed in the related standard,
including the use of Nb (niobium) or Cb (columbium). It should be
noted that even within the same SDO, data were not always entered
in the same manner from standard to standard; for example, TP304
versus TP 304, where a space between the letter P and the number 3
is listed in the data. This becomes significant when using the
search engine on the accompanying e-books CD-ROM. 19. When a steel
grade was found to be non-comparable, it was included at the end of
the chapter in the non-comparable list. Therefore, if a particular
steel was found to be unique and did not have a comparable steel,
the user would not have to search any further.
28. 12 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter
1 Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards Brief Introduction
to Steel Standards and Designation Systems In the world of
standardization, metals were at the forefront at the turn of the
twentieth century. In 1895, the French government assigned a
commission to formulate standard methods of testing materials of
construction. Later that year, the European member countries of the
International Association for Testing Materials (IATM) held their
first conference in Zurich and the standardization of metals began.
By reviewing some examples of the more prominent metals designation
systems, a direction is offered to assist those who use metal
standards as a part of their work or study. This section is not all
inclusive. The amount of information on this topic could easily
make up a complete book. ASTM Designation System ASTM's designation
system for metals consists of a letter (A for ferrous materials)
followed by an arbitrary sequentially assigned number. These
designations often apply to specific products, for example A 548 is
applicable to cold-heading quality carbon steel wire for tapping or
sheet metal screws. Metric ASTM standards have a suffix letter M.
Examples of the ASTM ferrous metal designation system, describing
its use of specification numbers and letters, are as follows. ASTM
A 582/A 582M-95b (2000), Grade 303Se - Free-Machining Stainless
Steel Bars: A describes a ferrous metal, but does not subclassify
it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, or
stainless steel. 582 is a sequential number without any
relationship to the metals properties. M indicates that the
standard A 582M is written in rationalized SI units (the "M" comes
from the word "Metric"), hence together A 582/A 582M includes both
inch- pound and SI units. 95 indicates the year of adoption or last
revision and a letter b following the year indicates the third
revision of the standard in 1995. (2000), a number in parentheses,
indicates the year of last reapproval. Grade 303Se indicates the
grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium)
addition. In the steel industry, the terms Grade, Type, and Class
are generally defined as follows: Grade is used to describe
chemical composition; Type is used to define deoxidation practice;
and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as
strength level or surface finish. However, within ASTM standards,
these terms were adapted for use to identify a particular metal
within a metal standard and are used without any "strict"
definition, but essentially mean the same thing, although some
loose rules do exist, as follows.
29. Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards
13 Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards ASTM A 106-02a
Grade A, Grade B, Grade C Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-
Temperature Service: Typically an increase in alphabet (such as the
letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield strength
steels, and if it is an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in
carbon content. In this case: Grade A: 0.25 % C (max.), 48 ksi
tensile strength (min.); Grade B: 0.30 % C (min.), 60 ksi tensile
strength (min.); and Grade C: 0.35 % C, 70 ksi tensile strength
(min.). ASTM A 276-03, Type 304, 316, 410 Stainless and
Heat-Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes: Types 304, 316, 410 and
others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless steels
(see SAE and former AISI description that follows). Another use of
ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging
products, where the first letter "P" refers to pipe, "T" refers to
tube, "TP" may refer to tube or pipe, and "F" refers to forging.
Examples are found in the following ASTM specifications: ASTM A
335/A 335M-03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for
High- Temperature Service. ASTM A 213/A 213M-03a, Grade T22;
Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy- Steel Boiler, Superheater,
and Heat-Exchanger Tubes. ASTM A 312/A 312M-03, Grade TP304;
Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes. ASTM A 336/A
336M-03a, Class F22 - Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and
High-Temperature Parts. ASTM Referenced Standards and Supplementary
Requirements ASTM standards contain a "Referenced Documents"
section that lists other ASTM standards which are referenced in the
text that either become a part of the original standard or its
supplementary requirements. Supplementary requirements are listed
at the end of the ASTM standards and do not apply unless specified
in the purchase order, that is, they are optional.
30. 14 Introduction to Comparing World Steel Standards Chapter
1 Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards SAE Designation
System and Related AISI Designation System Carbon and Alloy Steels
For many years, certain grades of carbon and alloy steels have been
designated by a four-digit AISI/SAE numbering system that
identified the grades according to standard chemical compositions.
Since the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) does not write
material specifications, the relationship between AISI and grade
designations has been discontinued. Beginning with the 1995 edition
of the Iron and Steel Society (ISS) Strip Steel Manual, the
four-digit designations are referred to solely as