Scope of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering• Definition:- “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the

great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil Engineers London.

• “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning, design and construction for environmental Control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind”. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.

Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering

• The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising construction, managing construction, execution, and maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams, etc.

• One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities like scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach, He should have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling, scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer and information technology. He should be able to use operation research techniques for solution of management problems.

Civil Engineering

Branches of Civil Engineering

• Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal and canal structures, airports, harbours, and ports, water treatment plants, waste water treatment plant, water supply networks, and drainage networks.

• According to the type of structures and activities carried out, main branches of civil engineering are classified as follows:

Branches of Civil Engineering

Branches of Civil Engineering

• Surveying & leveling• Building, Planning and construction• Advanced Construction• Structural Engineering• Geotechnical Engineering• Water Resources Engineering• Transportation Engineering• Environmental Engineering• Town Planning

Surveying & leveling• Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in

horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling is the measurement of heights in vertical plane.

• Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the basis of surface of earth.

• It also includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.

• Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway canal. It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structures. Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for survey works. Remote sensing and Geographical Information system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.

Surveying & leveling

Building Planning & Construction• Civil engineers are concerned with many

types of structures of which buildings are of prime importance.

• Buildings are planned according to the fundamental principles of planning & bylaws of local municipal bodies.

• Building planning requires basic knowledge of principles of architecture. Buildings may be residential or public building like school, colleges, government office, hospitals, etc. they are designed according to need of specific occupants and purposes.

Building Planning & Construction

Advanced Construction• Construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, ports, requires

several advanced techniques of construction. Under water construction requires specific type of equipment. Pile foundations or well foundations are generally provided for foundation of bridges across rivers in alluvial soil.

• Large scale earthworks in excavation requires equipment's like power shovel, dragline, bulldozers, etc. For massive concrete work in dam concrete mixing plant is required to be erected at the dam site. Construction of power station, off shore oil rigs, ports, tunnels etc., come under category of advanced construction

Advanced Construction

Structural Engineering• This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural

analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components, on the basis of loads, acting on structures.

• Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires much calculation, hence advanced computing software's are used to carry out structural analysis and design.

• It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC) and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.

Structural Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering• Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which

deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of structures.

• Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples.• Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil

parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth related structures.

Geotechnical Engineering

Water Resource Engineering• Water resource engineering means measurements,

utilization and development of water resources for agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.

• It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource engineering deals with planning designing and developing water resources by constructing several hydraulic structures like dams, barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe networks etc.

• It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation. Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering. Hydrology includes study of sources of water, measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood control.

Water Resource Engineering

Transportation Engineering

• Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and aircrafts in air.

• Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports.

• As for development of any nation good transportation network is of prime importance. Study of various construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic engineering are also considered under transportation Engineering.

Transportation Engineering

Environmental Engineering• Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and

public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution.

• Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation, environment gets polluted.

• Environmental engineering deals with technologies & facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution. Environmental engineering includes design, construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities. Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network, & solid waste management.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Town planning

• Town planning means planned & controlled growth of town by dividing town in to different land use zones and regulating building construction to provide better environment for the people of the town.

• In the town planning areas of town are divided into residential, commercial, recreational and industrial zones, which is called zoning.

• Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to guide and regulate the building construction.

• For towns and cities master plan for town planning schemes are prepared to accommodate future growth of town in better way. Planning of very large area covering several towns and villages is known as regional planning.

Town Planning

Functions of Civil Engineering

• Civil engineering functions performed can broadly be classified in three categories.

• Before construction• During construction• After Construction

Before Construction

• Feasibility study• Surveying• Site investigation• Planning• Design and drawing• Estimating• Planning & Scheduling

Before Construction• In the beginning technical feasibility, environmental impact

assessment and economical viability of the project are studied. Surveying includes preparing site plan, contour map and measurement of field dimensions and levels.

• Soil investigation includes collecting data regarding soil and bearing capacity of soil. Soil investigations is done for the purpose of foundation design.

• On the basis of the data collected planning, designing, are carried out and drawings are prepared. Estimates are prepared to know the probable cost of completion of work and detailed planning and scheduling are prepared to carry out different activities in time without any delay.

During Construction

• Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer and contractors

• Execution and supervision• Quality control• Costing

During Construction• Owner, engineer and contractor are the three constituents

of a construction team in engineering profession, hence continuous liaison among themselves is a very essential for the speedy progress of the work.

• Execution of work is actual construction carried out on the site with materials and equipment's, by the skilled and unskilled work force, under the technical guidance and supervision of engineer in charge. During the construction engineer has to supervise the work carried out as per the specifications for quality control. Costing is the accounts procedure of arriving at the actual cost of construction.

After Construction• Maintenance and repairs• Valuation• After the construction regular maintenance of

structures is to be carried out. Valuation is carried out for the purpose of sale, purchase and many others purposes.

Role of Civil Engineers

Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers.• Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing,

estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste water treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage system.

• To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different engineering problems

• To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using computer and information technology.

• To implement management techniques for better management of man, material, machines and money.

Role of Civil Engineers

Role of Civil Engineers• To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested

by clients or user, the building may be residential building, public building, or industrial building. He has to plan the building as per the byelaws.

• To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of structures.• To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural analysis

and design. He should also ensure that the design is safe, durable, and economical.

• To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion of work.• To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works.• To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its sale

or purchase price or taxation.• Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.

Role of Civil Engineers

Impact of Infrastructure Development on the Economic Development of a country

• The infrastructural facilities mainly transportation, power, communication, water resources, banking, science and technology create environment in which Industries and business can grow. Due to the basic facilities which any industry needs are provided by infrastructural sector, country has progressed well. Per capita income and Gross domestic product are the economic measures for assessment of development.

• Per Capita Income:• Per Capita income is the average income of normal resident of a country in a

particular year. It is obtained by dividing national income of a country by its population

• Gross domestic Product:• Gross domestic product at market price is the value of all fixed goods and services

at prices prevailing in the market produced in the domestic territory of a country during a given year.

• Due to the acceleration of progress of infrastructural projects overall development and upliftment of common man can be done. Thus the infracture development is key to economic development of any country.

Infrastructure Development

Importance of Planning, Scheduling, and Construction Management.

Management • Management is a social and scientific process of defining the

objectives, planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating, controlling and harnessing the resources of an organization at the optimum level to achieve predetermined goal.

• Management is concerned with When? Who? Why? Where ? And How?

• Five M of management Man, Money, Material, Machine, and Methods.

• The functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling and communicating.

Importance of Construction Management

• It gives guidelines regarding the execution of construction work to be carried out.

• It helps in preparing construction schedule. Schedule is a systematic path of different activities carried out one after another. It helps in defining goals and planning procedure.

• It helps in proper management of material, labour and equipments.

• It helps in arranging for finance and due to proper construction management there is financial and overall control on the work.

• Due to proper construction management project can be completed in estimated completion cost and completion time.

Construction Management

Functions of the construction Management

• Project is divided into different phases.• Planning and preparing construction schedule.• Estimating requirements of material & labour.• Procurement of material plant, machinery and

employing labours.• Arranging for finance and payment of material and

salaries of labours.• To establish communication between various sections.• To have overall control which includes financial control

of the project and to maintain quality and workmanship.

Importance of Planning• Planning is the management process which transforms goals or policies into

a method of reaching the objectives. Planning is setting up of order to complete the project.

• The following aspects are to be considered in planning of a construction project.

• Selection of proper site, topography, soil and cost of land.• Surveying, designing, drafting and estimation are basic planning exercise for

civil works.• To estimate cost of completion and time of completion of work.• Planning source of finance for the project.• Planning of resources includes calculating man power needs, requirements of

skilled and unskilled labours. To plan the purchase of materials by finding out when and what quality of material are to be purchased. To arrange for the equipment's either to be purchased or hired.

• Establish stores for material and workshop for machinery.

Construction Planning

Scheduling• For the planning of future course of action of the project, entire

project is divided into different activities of work. Say for example, in building work excavation, laying base concrete in foundation, masonry work in substructures etc. are different activities.

• Now each activity has some time required for its completion that is known as its duration. For civil engineering planning, most common period for duration considered is in the days or weeks.

• Scheduling is carried out to arrange the proper sequence of different activities to be carried out for the project considering dependence and duration of different activities.

• Scheduling gives direction regarding order in which different activities can be started, it also gives details of completion time required for the project. Scheduling gives us detail regarding the most optimum time of start and completion of project.

Scheduling

Importance of scheduling• Scheduling is very important looking to its following

advantages:• Well defined order of the execution of different activities

can be known. Thus empowering decision making process and gives clear guide line for progress of work.

• Labour requirement at different time period is known, hence phased purchase of material can be made, which reduces the problem of storing the material on the site and hence reduces problem of material handling on site.

• Material requirement at different time period is known, hence phased purchase of material can be made.

• Proper time of hiring or purchasing of the equipment and machinery can be known.

Importance of scheduling• Proper control over finance can be made. Well before the

need, arrangement for the funds can be made.• It also helps in controlling the expenditure.

Scheduling Techniques

• The common techniques for scheduling any project are mentioned as below:

• Bar Chart• Critical Path Method (CPM)• Project Evaluation & Review Technique.(PERT)

Bar Chart

• Bar char is a graphical representation of different activities. Each activity is represented by a thick line known as bar. Time is mentioned on X-axis and activities on Y-axis.

• Bar spreads horizontally across the duration. Beginning and end of activity is clearly represented by beginning and end of a bar. The part of activity which is completed is shown by a dark shade on the bar.

Bar Chart

Advantages of Bar Chart

• It is very simple method and easy to understand• Change in the bar char is easy to understand• Progress can be known at any stage.• Modification in the chart is easy.

Limitation of Bar Chart

• It is useful for small and simple jobs• Interdependency of activities is not well defined.• It does not suggest priorities of work.• Uncertainties are not considered.

Network Techniques

• In this method entire project planning is done with the help of network drawing

• Critical Path Method ( CPM)• Project Evaluation and review Technique ( PERT)

Critical Path Method ( CPM)

• Critical path method is widely used method for planning big projects involving many interdependent activities and having complicated interrelationship. It ha become very useful tool for engineers working in construction management.

• In Critical path method work is divided into activities. The beginning and end of the activity is known as event.

• In critical path method, network diagram is drawn showing an arrow for activity and circle for event.

Critical Path Method ( CPM)

Advantages of Critical Path Method

• It is useful for big projects having more interrelated activities.

• As critical activities are known, it provides guidance regarding where more attention is required.

• It improves overall control and monitoring.• It helps in proper labour and material

management.• As delay is reduced, it results in saving the cost.

Limitations of Critical Path

• It does not consider uncertainties in planning.• CPM is not useful for research and development

type of project.

Critical Path Method ( CPM)

Project Evaluation and review Technique ( PERT)

• PERT Technique considers the uncertainties of the project.

• Optimistic time, most likely time, and pessimistic time are the three time estimates used in the PERT. Optimistic time ( to) is the time when all situations are favorable. Most likely time (tm) is the time normally taken for the completion of the activity.

• The pessimistic time (tp) is the time when maximum time is taken for the activity to complete due to most unfavorable situation. The expected time is the weighted average of all the above mentioned three time.

Project Evaluation and review Technique ( PERT)

References• “Building Construction:” By: Dr. B.C.Punamia• Civil Engineering Portal• http://www.engineeringcivil.com/ • Civil Engineering • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering

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