Safety Engineering - Compilation of Reports

SAFETY ENGINEERING

A Compilation of Reports in Safety Engineeringof BSCE1 Batch 2013 - 2014

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Safety Engineering

under

Dr. Edgar I. Gayya

Fulfilled by

BSCE 1 Batch 2013-14

COURSE DESCRIPTIONThe course deals with the study of safety in all the fields of civil engineering which include construction, surveing, material testing,

laboratory, and horizontal devlopment. Structural relationship of earth formations and stratification to foundations for engineering.

COURSE OBJECTIVEAt the end of this course, the student should be able to describe and identify all elements of safety engineering in all fields of civil

engineering.

TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE 1

CREDITS 2

COURSE OBJECTIVE AND DESCRIPTION 3

I. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION SITE 6

a. Occupational Safety and Health Legislation/ D.O. 13 Reporters: Sharlene Nudalo and Mark John King Dulay 7

b. Importance of Occupational Safety and Health Reporters: Francis Annel Madrileño and Jennifer Espalmado 17

c. Safety Engineering in Excavation Reporters: Frederick Mahinay and Geneva Saba 20

d. Construction Site Premises Reporters: Divina Rose Domingo and Rodel Allan Adan 23

e. Fall Protection Reporters: Van Victor Butihen and Sheila Kim Balona 25

f. Safety in Temporary Structures Reporters: George Caña and Laile Mie Tique 28

g. Safety in Construction Machineries Reporters: Joanna Grace Enriquez 32

h. Tools and Equipments Safety Reporters: Jane Marie Velado and Kim Bladimher Hermonio 37

i. Hazardous Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Reporters: Nathaniel Macababbad and Sara Jean Gatdula 43

j. Occupational Health Programming Reporters: Erickson Reginio 45

k. Environmental Safety Reporters: Sara Amor Caparas and Honel Umali 50

l. Demolition Reporters: Arjel Alvarez and Leah Mariz Que 54

m. Explosives Reporters: Judith Moncada and Louie Aldrich Quetulio 63

n. Roles of Construciton Safety Engineers Reporters: Rose Marie Boiser and Gerold Insigne 68

o. Personal Protective Equipments Reporters: Kristoff Hendrick Amata and Rachelle Yap 70

p. Job Hazard Recognition, Evaluation and Control Reporters: Niptaly Mendinueta and Joyce Dianne Rementina 84

q. Work-Related Accident Investigation and Reporting Reporters: Norissa Namoca and Paolo Apas 85

r. Routine Construction Inspection Reporters: Donna Blesszell Marjes and Jomari Daep 88

s. Tool Box Meeting Reporters: Jerome De Castro 91

t. Safety and Health Programming in Construction Sites Reporters: Karen Sanquilos and Ryan Valeza 93

u. Re-entry Plans as a Construction Safety and Health Officer Reporters: Christian Tejoso and Jessa Mae Igdalino 100

II. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN SURVEYING Reporters: Darwin Doctolero and Evelyn Dela Torre 104

III. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION Reporters: Elyda Marie Ormilla and Enrico Mariscotes 112

IV. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY Reporters: Princess Lyn De Guzman and Charlie Catu 115

V. SAFETY ENGINEERING IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION Reporters: Kennedy Queñano and Doren Aquino 122

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN

CONSTRUCTION SITE

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION: DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13Sharlene Grace Nudalo and Mark John King Dulay

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13 SERIES OF 1998GUIDELINE GOVERNING OCCUPATION HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:

SECTION 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS. As used herein, the terms below shall be defined as follows:

a) “ACCREDITED ORGANIZATION” means any organization duly accredited by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety and health in the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other similar activity.

b) “CERTIFIED FIRST-AIDER” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization accredited by the same.

c) “CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGER/CONSULTANT” means a person or entity who is hired by the project owner, to act in the owner’s behalf concerning supervision and monitoring of all matters related to the overall execution of a construction project. The construction project manager shall be a separate entity from the general constructor or any subcontractor of the construction project.

d) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE” means the general safety and health committee for a construction project site that shall be the overall coordinator in implementing OSH programs.

e) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER” means any employee/worker trained and, in addi-tion to their regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by his employer to implement occupational safety and health programs in accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS).

f) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM” refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the pro-cesses and practices that shall be utilized in a specific construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including the personnel responsible and the penalties for violations thereof.

g) “CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGE” refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or danger sign, warn-ing sign or safety instruction, of standard colors and sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors of signs for safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of the OSHS.

h) “CONSTRUCTOR” IS DEEMED SYNONYMOUS WITH THE TERM “BUILDER”. It refers to any person or organization who undertakes or offers to undertake or purports to have the capacity to undertake or submits a bid to, or does himself or by or through others, construct, alter, repair, add to, subtract from, improve, move, wreck or demolish any building, highway, road, railroad, excavation or other structure, project, development or improvement, or to do any part thereof, including the erection of scaffolding or other structures or works in connection therewith. The term constructor includes subcontractor and specialty contractor.

i) “EMERGENCY HEALTH PROVIDER” means any person or organization who is certified or recognized by the Department of Health and who can provide the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergency hospital, including emergency treatment of workers on site, emergency transport and care during transport of injured workers to the nearest hospital, with adequate personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete immediate treatment of injuries or illnesses.

7Safety Engineering in the Field of Civil Engineering

j) “GENERAL CONSTRUCTOR” means a constructor who has general supervision over other constructors in the execution of the project and who directly receives instructions from the owner or construction project manager (if one is appointed by the owner).

k) “GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INSPECTION” refers to inspection of the work environment, includ-ing the location and operation of machinery other than those covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy of work space, ventilation, lighting, conditions of work environment, handling, storage or work procedures, protection facilities and other safety and health hazards in the workplace

l) “HEAVY EQUIPMENT” refers to any machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover used either for lifting, excavating, leveling, drilling, compacting, transporting and breaking works in the construction site, such as but not limited to crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road compactor, prime mover and trailer, with minimum operating weight and horsepower rating of 1,000 KG and 10 HP, respectively.

m) “IMMINENT DANGER” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under the normal enforcement procedures can be accomplished.

n) “OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or physician, engaged by the employer to provide occupational health services in the establishment/undertaking.

o) “PROJECT MANAGER” means the overall technical personnel of the general contractor and/or the subcontractor in charge of the actual execution of a construction project.

p) “RESIDENT ENGINEER” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be present at the construction site at all times, whenever work is being undertaken, and shall have the responsibility of assuring the technical conformance of all designs, materials, processes, work procedures rendered for the execution of the construction project, including safety and health of all persons within the construction site.

q) “SAFETY AND HEALTH AUDIT” refers to a regular and critical examination of project sites, safety pro-grams, records and management performance on program standards on safety and health.

r) “SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor, inspect, and investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health and safety of construction workers.

s) “SAFETY ORGANIZATION” means any organization recognized and accredited by the DOLE to conduct occupational safety and health training and/or safety and health audit.

t) “SAFETY PERSONNEL” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained, accredited by DOLE and tasked to provide occupational safety and health services for the workers/employees in any construction proj-ect.

u) “SKILLS STANDARDS” refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge and skills a worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description of his occupation.

v) “TECHNICAL SAFETY INSPECTION” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination of boil-ers, pressure vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations, elevators, hoisting equipment and other mechanical equipment.

w) “TRADE TEST” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based on the requirements of the skills.

x) “TREATMENT ROOM” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary medical facili-ties and supplies, and located within the premises of the establishment where workers maybe brought for examina-tion and treatment of their injuries or illnesses in cases of emergency.

y) “TOOL BOX MEETING OR GANG MEETING” refers to daily meeting among workers and their respec-

tive supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible accidents and other related matters.

z) “UNGUARDED SURFACE” refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary or perma-nent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb.

SECTION 2. JURISDICTION The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in the preparation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction Industry including its very enforcement, as provided for by law

2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of the Philippines, “The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by appropriate orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all work places and institute new and update existing programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.”

2.2. As embodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of the Philippines, “(a) The Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely responsible for the administration and enforcement of occupational safety and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments and workplaces wherever they may be located”

SECTION 3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND ACCREDITATIONThe authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the construction industry may be delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment, under the following conditions:

a) Chartered Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical Safety Inspections and general safety audit of construction project sites within their respective jurisdiction where they have adequate facilities and competent personnel for the purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards established by the latter, provided they submit for approval an application for such authority.

b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate facilities and competent personnel for the purpose, may be accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general Safety and Health Audit of construction project sites, for and in behalf of the company or establishment.

c) Accredtation of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with Rule 1030 of the OSHS.

SECTION 4. COVERAGEThis issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry and its subdivisions, name-ly, general building construction, general engineering construction and specialty trade construction, based on the classification code of the Philippine Construction Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines (CIAP); to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to those falling within the construction industry as may be determined by the Secretary of Labor and Employment.

SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMEvery construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program, which must be in accor-dance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the DOLE. The Construction Project Manager, or in his absence, the Project Manager as authorized by the owner, shall be responsible for compliance with this Section.

5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the following: a) composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one has been formed, otherwise, an undertaking to organize such committee and appoint its members before the start of construction work at the project site;


b) specific safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes to observe and maintain in its con-struction site, including the frequency of and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang meetings;

c) penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and Health Program;

d) frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing and training all workers at the site with regard to the Construction Safety and Health Program under which they operate; and

e) the manner of disposing waste arising from the construction.

5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by the Construction Project Manager or Project Manager and shall be submitted to the Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC) which may ap-prove, disapprove or modify the same according to existing laws, rules and regulations and other issuances by the DOLE.

5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall be integrated into the project’s construction cost, provided, that said cost shall be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender documents and construction contract documents.

SECTION 6. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTEvery employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical agent. Provi-sion of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of the OSHS. The equivalent cost for the provision of PPE (life span, depreciation, replacement, etc.) shall be an integral part of the project cost.

6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective equipment. Workers within the construction project site shall be required to wear the necessary PPE at all times.

6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold or where they are exposed to the possibility of falls hazard-ous to life or limb, must be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided with special protective equipment, such as specialized goggles or respirators for welders and painters or paint applicators.

6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction site shall wear appropri-ate PPE.

SECTION 7. SAFETY PERSONNELTo ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at the construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum required Safety Personnel, as described herein:

7.1. The General Constructor must provide for a full time officer, who shall be assigned as the general construction safety and health officer to oversee full time the overall management of the Construction Safety and Health Program.The general construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor and inspect any health and safety aspect of the construction work being undertaken. He shall also assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of accident investigation.

7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional Construction Safety and Health Officer/s in accor-dance with the requirements for Safety Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and Personnel Complement), depending on the total number of personnel assigned to the construction project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general construction safety and health officer.

7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten

(10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance.

7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a representative, who shall have the same qualifica-tions as a Safety Man/Officer, to oversee the management of the Construction Safety and Health Program for the subcontractor's workforce and the specific area of work operations in accordance with the requirements of Rule 1033 of the OSHS.

All safety personnel who will be employed by an employer on full-time basis should be accredited by the BWC of the DOLE.

SECTION 8. EMERGENCY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES

8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized representative shall provide competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate medical supplies, equipment and facilities, based on the total number of workers in the site as indicated below: a) The services of a certified first-aider when the total number of workers is fifty (50) or less;

b) The services of a full-time registered nurse when the total number of workers exceeds fifty (50) but not more than two hundred (200);

c) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a part-time physician and a dentist, and an emergency clinic when the total number of workers exceeds two hundred (200) but not more than three hundred (300); and

d) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a full-time physician, a dentist and an infirmary or emer-gency hospital with one (1) bed capacity when the number of employees exceed three hundred (300). In addition, there should be one (1) bed capacity for every one hundred (100) employees in excess of three hundred (300).

8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he shall provide for his workers in case of emer-gency, access to the nearest medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic located within five (5) kilometers radius from the workplace and can be reached in twenty-five (25) minutes of travel. Such access shall include the necessary transportation facilities. In such situation, there shall be a written contract with the medical/dental clinic to attend to such workplace emergencies.

8.3 The engagement of an Emergency Health Provider for the construction project site shall be considered as having complied with the requirement of accessibility to the nearest hospital facilities.

8.4 The employer shall always have in the construction site the required minimum inventory of medicines, supplies and equipment as indicated in Table 47 of the OSHS.

SECTION 9. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGESConstruction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers and the public of hazards existing in the work-place. Signages shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most of the workers employed.

9.1 The signages include but are not limited to: a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the project site.

b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.

c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling. d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used or stored.

e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.

f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances may exist which should indicate the name of the contaminant/substance involved and the type of respiratory equipment


to be worn.

g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.

h) All places where workers may come in contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries or equip-ment.

i) Location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment.

j) Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment.

k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.

9.2 Signages should be regularly inspected and maintained in good condition. Signages that are damaged or illegible or that no longer apply should be removed and replaced by the safety officer, as needed.

SECTION 10. SAFETY ON CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENTIn relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are required in the different phases of the project.

10.1 Pre-Construction. The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE duly accredited organizations for the following: a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in coordi-nation with its accredited organization/s. b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE or its recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.

10.2 During Construction . The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions are met or complied with: 10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment. a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment. b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) for all roads and bridges to be utilized during transport. c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer. d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer.

10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy Equipment a) Existing hazards must be avoided. b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be observed. c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be available and properly utilized. 10.2.3. Routine Inspection . In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set by TESDA in coordination with the Association of Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.). a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE accredited professionals in accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers. b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety standards for equipment certification shall be immediately removed from the work site for restoration or repair until they meet said standards or require-ments.

The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance, repairs, tests and inspections for each heavy equipment. Such logbook shall be used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment inspection.

10.2.4. Certified Operators a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment.

b) All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment as prescribed in the above pertinent sections.

10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction . The procedures for dismantling and demobilization of heavy equipment shall follow the same requirements as listed under 10.2.1 and 10.2.2 above.

SECTION 11. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE 11.1 Composition To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program are observed and enforced at the project site, each site shall, at the start of the construction have a construction safety and health committee composed of the following personnel as described under Section 7 above: a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex officio; b) General Construction Safety and Health Officer; c) Construction Safety and Health Officers; d) Safety representatives from each subcontractor, e) Doctors, Nurses and other Health personnel, pursuant to the requirements stated in Rule of the OSHS, who shall be members ex officio; f) Workers’ representatives (minimum of 3, union members if organized, not necessarily from one em-ployer). The persons constituting the Safety and Health Committee shall, as far as practicable, be found at the construction site whenever construction work is being undertaken.

The time spent by the members of the Safety and Health Committee in the performance of their duties such as committee meetings, seminars and training, investigation and other tasks that maybe assigned or planned by the committee shall be considered hours worked and therefore compensable time.

11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Committee . The chairperson shall convene the Construction Safety and Health Committee at regular intervals so as to effectively and efficiently monitor the implementation of the Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the following duties: a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention programs for the construction proj-ect; b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the construction project in accordance with these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program; c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief safety meetings or toolbox meetings everyday; d) review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations; e) prepare and submit to DOLE reports on committee meetings; f) provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of their enforce-ment and other activities; g) initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees; h) develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations; and i) perform all duties provided in the Construction Safety and Health Program or those that are necessary and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties herein described.

SECTION 12. SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION 12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably: a) informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their workplace; and b) instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection against those hazards.

12.2 No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a safety and health awareness seminar conducted by the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC), BWC and other concerned offices of DOLE or by safety professionals or safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited or recognized. The DOLE in collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for the implementation of these


awareness seminars for construction workers.

12.3 Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety and health measures common to construction sites which shall include: a) basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site b) means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency situations c) measures for good housekeeping d) location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities e) proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and protective clothing provided the workers f) general measures for personal hygiene and health protection g) fire precautions to be taken h) action to be taken in case of any emergency i) requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.

12.4 The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or dialect understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall be used to ensure that the worker has as-similated the material.

12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the workers and anticipate safety and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to be undertaken.

12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to: a) drivers and operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature; b) workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds; c) workers engaged in excavations at least one meter deep or deep enough to cause danger, shafts, earth-works, underground works or tunnels; d) workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations; e) workers engaged in pile-driving; f) workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons; g) workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel structural frames and tall chimneys, and in concrete work, form work and other such work; h) workers handling hazardous substances and materials; i) workers as signalers; and j) other workers as maybe categorized by TESDA.

SECTION 13. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAININGThe basic construction safety and health training shall be a forty (40)-hour training course as prescribed by the BWC. The training course shall include the provisions of Rule 1410 of the OSHS. The BWC, from time to time, may modify the basic construction safety and health training course, as the need arises.

All safety personnel involved in a construction project shall be required to complete such basic training course. Every constructor shall provide continuing construction safety and health training to all technical personnel under his employ. Continuing training shall be a minimum of 16 hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.

SECTION 14. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTSAll general constructors shall be required to submit a monthly construction safety and health report to the BWC or to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The report shall include a monthly summary of all safety and health com-mittee meeting agreements, a summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards assessment with the corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.

In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in death or permanent total disability, the con-cerned employer shall initially notify the DOLE Regional Office within twenty14 four (24) hours from occurrence. After the conduct of investigation by the concerned construction safety and health officer, the employer shall report

all permanent total disabilities toDOLE Regional Office on or before the 20th of the month following the date of occurrence of accident using the DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 form.

SECTION 15. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SKILLS CERTIFICATESIn order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction workers, the TESDA shall: a) establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations; b) prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification for critical construction occupations; c) accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade testing; and d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.

In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo mandatory skills testing for certification by TESDA.An occupation shall be considered critical: a) when the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs; b) when the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies; c) when the job requires a relatively long period of education and training; d) when the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and environmental concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.

SECTION 16. WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIESThe employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working conditions: 16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water. a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed containers from which the water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers should be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15) days. b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that is not fit for drinking purposes.

16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter.

16.3 Suitable living accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for their families 16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.

SECTION 17. COST OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMThe total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall be a mandatory integral part of the project’s construction cost as a separate pay item, duly quantified and reflected in the Project’s Tender Documents and likewise reflected in the Project’s Construction Contract Documents.

SECTION 18. MISCELLANEOUSAll provisions of other existing occupational safety and health guidelines not inconsistent with the above Guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.

All provisions of other existing occupational safety and health standards, rules and regulations not specifically pro-vided herein shall remain in full force and effect.

In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent authority, the rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and effect.

SECTION 19. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES 19.1. As circumstances may warrant, the DOLE shall refer to the Philippine Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB) its findings, after due process, on any act or omission committed by construction contractors in viola-tion of labor standards, safety rules and regulations and other pertinent policies. Any such violation committed by construction contractors, whether general constructors or sub-contractors, shall constitute as prima facie case of a construction malperformance of grave consequence due to negligence, incompetence or malpractice contemplated


under R.A. 4566 (Constructors’ Licensing Law), as amended, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.

19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a stoppage order, in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the OSHS and other pertinent issuances for stoppage of operation or for other appropriate action to abate the danger. Pending the issuance of the order, the employer shall take appropriate measures to protect his workers. The stoppage order shall remain in effect until the danger is removed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order shall be penalized under existing provisions of labor laws.

SECTION 20. EFFECTIVITYThis issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its agencies in the administra-tion and enforcement of applicable labor and social legislation and their implementing regulations.

Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being enjoyed by employees at the time of issuance hereof.

This Department Order shall take effect immediately.

23 July 1998

(SGD) BIENVENIDO E. LAGUESMA

Secretary

IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)Francis Annel Madrileño and Jennifer Espalmado

OBJECTIVE:To explain the status and importance of safety, health and welfare among the workers in the various fields of the construction industry.

GLOBAL OSH SITUATIONER: ILO REPORT (28 APRIL 2003) •270MillionAccidentsReported •355,000ofwhicharefatal •160Millionwork-relatedillnessesreported •2,000,000workersDIEeveryyear •Morethan100,000workfatalitiesoccureverymonth •Morethan5,000accidentseveryday •4accidentsperminute.

IMPORTANCE OF OSH •Itismandatedbylaw •Itpreservesthelivesofworkersandthecompany •Itisaformofmotivation •Itcreatesunderstanding

ACCIDENTS -Interrupts or disrupts the normal & orderly progress of any activity & may result in injury (minor, serious or fatal) to people and/or damage or destruction of property that result to losses.

-Results in losses of investments in the form of : •Damageordestructiontoproperty •Injury/harmorsicknesstotheworker •And,otherformsoflosses,suchastimedelays,machinebreakdowns,etc.

WHAT IS SAFETY? •FreedomofoneselffromHAZARDS •Controlofhazardsthroughinjuryprevention. •ControlofhazardstoattainanacceptablelevelofRISKS.

WHY SAFETY? •Peoplecauseunsafeacts&unsafeconditions. •Safetyisawayoflife •Itprovidescorrective,preventive&predictivemeasurestominimizeaccidents. •LossavoidancethruimplementationofacomprehensiveHealth&SafetyProgram.

HAZARDS/RISKS

HAZARDS – anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property, or their combination.

SOURCES OF HAZARDS: 1. Unsafe Acts Examples: Failure to warm/secure, Unauthorized operation of equipment, Removing/destroying safety devices, Using defective equipment/tools, Using PPE improperly, Improper placement/lifting/loading, Horseplay, Operating at improper speed

2. Unsafe Condition Examples: Inadequate guards/barriers, Defective tools/equipment/materials, Congestion or restricted body movement, Inadequate warning systems, Fire/explosion hazards, Poor housekeeping/disorder, Noise/radiation


exposure, Extremes of temperature/ventilation

RISKS – the degree of exposure or chances of exposure to hazards.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY : 1. Fall from heights is the predominant causes of accidents 2. Lack of supervision for workers working at heights 3. Workers lack awareness on OSH 4. Workers have limited trainings 5. Due to lack of training, workers a) Build improper temporary structures b) Tolerate improperly guarded floors c) Work with unstable / unsecured / scaffolds d) Use defective equipment 6) Accident reports lack relevant information 7) Proper investigations are hardly conducted

INVESTORS/EMPLOYERS NEED TO PROTECT : 1. His property 2. His workers

THEY ARE HIS ASSETS BECAUSE: 1. They have price 2. They have life 3. They comprise his workplace 4. They are needed

DIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS : 1. Emergency Medical Care 2. Equipment Damage or Material Spoilage 3. Compensation Payments 4. Investigations of Legal Authority 5. Insurance Premiums

INDIRECT COST OF ACCIDENTS : 1. Injured Worked •lostproductivityondayofinjury •lostproductivityduetofollow-upcare •lostproductivityafterreturningtowork 2. Worker’s Crew •completingaddedwork •assistinginjuredworker •lostproductivityduetoinspection 3. Crew Around Accident Site •watchingeventsanddiscussingaccident 4. Training Replacement Worker 5. Supervisors •investigatingaccident •preparingreports •timewithmanagement,ownerorregulatoryagencies

LEADING CAUSES OF FATAL ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SITES : 1. Falls from Heights •Temporarystructures •Excavation •Roof •Movingvehicleandequipment

2. Excavation and Trench Work •Cave-in •Fallingofpersons,materialsandequipment •Asphyxiation 3. Construction Machineries and Equipment •Powertools •Woodworkingmachines •Heavymachines 4. Cranes and Elevators •Overloading •Liftingandcarryingofloads •Erectionanddismantling 5. Electrical Accidents •ElectricalShockandBurns •Contactwithelectriclinesandundergroundcables

TYPES OF SAFETY APPROACHES : 1. Proactive Safety - one must have a proper mindset, a commitment, a behavior and a way of life. It is not affected by luck, law of probability or any kind of regulatory compliance 2. Reactive

FIVE TYPES OF PERSON IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE : 1. Those who make things happen. 2. Those who think they make things happen. 3. Those who watch things happen. 4. Those who wonder what happened. 5. Those who did not know that anything had happened.

WORDS TO PONDER : “To look is one thing. To see what you look at is another To understand what you see is another To learn from what you understand is something else. But to act on what you learn is all that really matters.” -Winston Churchill


SAFETY ENGINEERING IN EXCAVATIONFrederick Mahinay and Geneva Saba

DEFINITION OF TERMS: 1. EXCAVATION - A man–made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by the earth removal.

2. TRENCH - A narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width, but not wider than 15feet.The width, but not wider than 15feet.

3. SHORING - A structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-in

4. SHIELD -A structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees.

5. SLOPING - A technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of excavation.

6. BENCHING - Method of protecting personnel inside excavation by cutting the sides of excavation

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PRIOR TO EXCAVATION : 1. Carry out joint site safety inspection w/ client/owner, consultant & company representatives. 2. Identify & locate underground facilities/ utilities. 3. Municipal Permit Requirements 4. Proximity of adjacent structures 5. Weather & Moisture conditions 6. Sources of the vibrations 7. Adjacent road footpaths 8. Method of excavations 9. Other possible considerations

SITE EVALUATION PLANNING : 1. Evaluate soil conditions. 2. Construct protective systems. 3. Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases. 4. Provide safe in and out access. 5. Contact Utilities. 6. Determine the safety equipment needed. EXCAVATION HAZARDS : 1. Cave – in or Excavation collapse 2. Excavation materials 3. Falling objects near an excavation 4. Power mobile equipment 5. Slips , trips and falls 6. Hazardous atmosphere 7. Flooding/Water hazards 8. Underground Facilities 9. Adjacent structures 10. Loose rock and soil 11. Other hazards include: 1.1.1. Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen. 1.1.2. Inhalation of toxic materials. 1.1.3. Fire 1.1.4. Moving machinery near the edge of the excavation can cause a collapse. 1.1.5. Accident severing of underground utility lines.

WARNING SYSTEM : 1. Barricades 2. Hand signals 3. Mechanical signals 4. Stop logs 5. Grade away from excavation PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES: 1. Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using an adequately designed protective system. 2. Protective systems must be able to resist all expected loads. 3. All excavation or trenches 5feet or deep require a protective system.

SOIL - In trenching and excavation practices, it is defined as any materials removed from the ground to form a hole, trench or cavity for purpose of working below the earth’s surface.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION:

- STABLE ROCK – natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed.

- TYPE A - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 144kPa or greater. Example: Clay, silt clay, sandy clay , clay loam and silt clay loam and sandy clay loam.

- TYPE B - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength greater than 48kPa but less than 144kPa. Example: Angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam

- TYPE C - cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 48kPa or less 144kPa. Example: Gravel, sand, loamy sand, submerged soil.

TYPES OF SOIL COLLAPSE : 1. GENERAL ZONE OF EXPOSURE - The area where workers are exposes to mass and soil/ rock move-ment

2. SPOIL PILE SLIDE - Improper excavating procedures occur when the excavated material is not placed far enough away from the edge of excavation

3. SIDE WALL SHEAR - Common to fissured or desiccated clay type or alluvial soils

4. SLOUGH-IN (CAVE-IN) - Common to previously excavated material, fill, sand, silt and sand mix and gravel.

5. ROTATION - Common in clay type soil, when excavation walls are too steep or when moisture content increases rapidly.


METHODS OF EXCAVATION PROTECTION : 1. Sloping 2. Benching 3. Shoring/Timbering 4. Sheet Piles 5. Concrete Piles 6. Micro Piles 7. Diaphragm 8. Dewatering System

HEAVY EQUIPMENTS IN EXCAVATION : HAND TOOLS IN EXCAVATION : 1. Backhoe 1. Shovel 2. Bulldozer 2. Pickax 3. Wheel Loader 3. Pneumatic hammer, etc. 4. Grader 5. Rock Breaker MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTMaterials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or defects that might impair their proper function.

STABILITY OF ADJACENT STRUCTURES •Wherethestabilityofadjoiningbuildings,walls,orotherstructuresisendangeredbyexcavationopera-tions, support systems such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be provided to ensure the stability of such structures for the protection of employees.

EXCAVATION BELOW STRUCTURES SHOULD NOT BE PERMITTED EXCEPT WHEN: •Asupportsystem,suchasunderpinning,isprovidedtoensurethesafetyofemployeesandthestabilityof the structure; or •Theexcavationisinstablerock •Aregisteredprofessionalengineerhasapprovedthedeterminationthatthestructureissufficientlyre-moved from the excavation so as to be unaffected by the excavation activity; or •Aregisteredprofessionalengineerhasapprovedthedeterminationthatsuchexcavationworkwillnotposea hazard to employees.

PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES FROM LOOSE ROCK OR SOIL: Such protection shall consist of scaling to remove loose material; installation of protective barricades at intervals as necessary on the face to stop and contain falling material; or other means that provide equivalent protection.

ACCESS/EGRESS •Stairs,ladders,orrampsmustbeprovidedwherepersonnelmustenterexcavationsfourfeetormoreindepth, •Themaximumdistanceoftravelinanexcavationtoameansofegressshallnotexceed25feet.Hazardous Atmosphere •Atmospherictestingmustbeconductedinexcavationsoverfourfeetdeepwhereahazardousatmospherecould reasonably be expected to exist,

WATER ACCUMULATIONPersonnel are not permitted to work in excavations that contain, or are accumulating, water unless precautions have been taken to protect personnel from hazards posed by water accumulation. These precautions may include special support or shield systems to protect from cave-in, water removal by mechanical pump to control the level of accumulating water, or the use of a safety harness and lifeline.

CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISESDivina Rose Domingo and Rodel Allan Adan

GENERAL PROVISIONSProtection to every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION

HOW.. - Methods of prevention - Ample evidence

WHY.. - Real factor in the economics success of any construction job - Profitable - Lower cost and greater efficiency

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE REQUIREMENTS : 1. Accident prevention is a legal requirement 2. Complete understanding between the owner and the contractor 3. Practical experiences in running construction jobs 4. Accident prevention as part of advance planning 5. Protection of workers and the public 6. Applicable government standard regulations

WORKER’S WELFARE FACILITY: 1. Source of drinking water 2. Sanitary washing facilities 3. Living accommodation 4. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women

CONSTRUCTION SITE HOUSEKEEPING :HOUSEKEEPING - means there is a place for everything and everything is in place. It is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace. It is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses; it there-fore improves productivity and minimizes direct and indirect costs of accident /illnesses.

The 5S is a very practical simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the workplace.

WHAT ARE THE SIGN OF DISORDER: 1. Cluttered and poorly damaging other material 2. Untidy piling 3. Piled-on material damaging other material 4. Items no longer needed 5. Blocked aisle ways 6. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way places 7. Material gathering rust and dirt from disuse 8. Excessive quantities of items 9. Overcrowded bins and containers 10. Overflowing storage areas and shelves 11. Broken containers and damaged materials 12.Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and health program


RULE 1060 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ON SITE

PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTSGood housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards, machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage and filling of materials.

THE 5S OF GOODHOUSEKEEPING: 1. Seiri (Sort/eliminate) 2. Seiton (Systematize/organize) 3. Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish) 4. Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize) 5. Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)

WHY 5S? 1. Safety 2. Quality Improvement 3. Efficiency 4. Productivity Improvement 5. Workers feel good in their second home 6. Easy knowledge of process abnormalities 7. Work Improvement 8. Company Image 9. Cleanliness/orderliness/beautification

HOW 5S IS IMPLEMENTED? 1. Training 2. Committees 3. Planning 4. Self-diagnosis and objective setting 5. Monitoring 6. Evaluation

HOW IS 5S SUSTAINED? 1. Continuous promotions 2. mascot, logo, slogan contests 3. publicity bards 4. newsletter 5. staff meetings 6. monthly themes 7. competitions 8. Benchmarking 9. External Visits 10.Implementation Plan

FALL PROTECTIONVan Victor Butihen and Shiela Kim Balona

ABSTRACT : Fall protection is the backup system planned for a worker who could lose his or her balance at height, in order to con-trol or eliminate injury potential. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Fall Protection Standard Deals with both human and equipment related issues in protecting workers from fall hazards, Prevent workers from falling off into or through working levels, Protect employees from being struck by falling objects, required the em-ployees exposed to a potential free-fall greater than six feet must receive Fall Protection training, implement proper fall prevention method. All fall protection equipment or devices shall have meet or exceed the appropriate American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard and visually inspected for defects prior to teach use.

INTRODUCTION :Construction always involves people climbing great heights. In the American construction industry, the leading cause of fatalities and deaths is falls, and as a result, it must be treated seriously and appropriately. About 40,000 deaths/disabling injuries result from falls per year in the U.S, In 1996, the Philippine construction industry accounts for 479 work accident cases report 40 - 50% were classified as struck /hit by falling objects and fall from heights.

All construction safety plans must contain provisions in order to protect workers from falling from dangerous heights and undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the construction work in order to identify potential sources of fall accidents.

OBJECTIVE : •Describeworkingconditionswherefallprotectionisrequired. •IdentifythecomponentsofaFallarrestsystem •Demonstratehowtoputonandremoveafullbodyharness. •Knowhowtoinspectandcareforpersonalfallarrestsystemsbeforeandafteruse.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARD FALL PROTECTION POLICY :Railings are required at permanent elevated locations greater than or equal to: 4 48 inches. ( Federal OSHA) 4 30 inches. ( CAL OSHA)

All employees shall be protected from falls of six feet or more by the use of an approved Fall Arrest System. •Constructionworkistraditionallyahazardousoccupation,whereinvariousworkphasesinvolvedhaveitsown corresponding hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high places, falls are so significant and need a lot of attention. •Mostfallingaccidentscouldbetracedinexcavation,scaffolding,ladder,temporarystructure,roofingandopening. •Likewisealarming,arefallingmaterialsthatcausedamagestopropertiesandevenseriousinjuriesanddeath to pedestrians.

CATEGORIES OF FALLFall accidents can be classified as , fall.. - To work surface - Against an object - From moving vehicles/equipment - From stairs ,ramps , and ladders - From edge of work level - Into /through an opening - From one work level to the other.

FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM - Consist of devices that arrest a free fall or devices that restrain a worker in a posi-tion to prevent a fall from occurring.


CATEGORIES OF FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS :

1. SURFACE PROTECTION (non-slip flooring) -Floors that may become slippery due to the work opera-tions should be provided w/ a non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface; Stair and elevated falls occur from one level to another.

2. FIXED BARRIERS (handrails, guardrails) - Must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past edge of a work level or into a floor opening.` 3. SURFACE OPENING PROTECTION (removable covers, guardrails) - Surface openings in floors and other walking surfaces where workers have access, must be protected by guard railing or secured wood or metal covers.

4. TRAVEL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (safety line and belt) - Is intended to limit a worker’s movement so the workers are unable to reach a location where there is a risk of falling.

5. FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (safety line and harness) - A fall arrest system is employed when a worker is a risk of falling from an elevated position.

FALL ARREST EQUIPMENT - ABC’S Administrative Rules and Fall Arrest Maintenance : - When fall protection of any kind is provided, the project’s competent person must teach workers the limitations to that system’s effectiveness. - Orthostatic intolerance may be experienced by workers using fall arrest systems. Prolonged sus-pension from a fall arrest systems can cause orthostatic intolerance, which in turn can result in physical injury, or potentially, death. - Research indicates that suspension in a fall arrest device can result in unconsciousness, followed by death, in less than 30 minutes.

POSITIONING DEVICE SYSTEM A positioning system restrains the elevated worker, preventing him from getting into a hazardous position where a fall could occur, and also allows hands-free work. Both systems have three components: harnesses or belts, connection devices and tie-off points. - Full-body Harnesses and Belts - Full-body harnesses wrap around the waist, shoulders and legs. - The attachment of the body harness must be located in the center of the wearer’s back, near the shoulder level, or above the head. -Belts are used in positioning system applications.

OTHER FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT: 1. Vertical lifelines / Lanyards - must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds, and be protected against being cut or abraded. 2. Self-retracting Lifelines/Lanyards 3. Self-retracting vertical lifelines and lanyards - that automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet or less must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds when in the fully extended position 4. Horizontal Lifelines - are to be designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person, and as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two 5. Webbing - are the ropes and straps used in lifelines, lanyards, and strength components of body har-nesses. The webbing must be made from synthetic fibers; and qualified in the OSHA Standard: 1926.502(d)(14) 6. Connectors - must be made from drop-forged, pressed or formed steel, or equivalent materials . They must have a corrosion-resistant finish, with smooth surfaces and edges to prevent damage to connecting parts of the system. 7. D-Ring and Snap hooks - must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds, and be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or becoming permanently deformed. 8. Anchorages - used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must be independent of any anchor-age being used to support or suspend platforms, and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per employee attached.

6. FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS (safety nets) - Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets

SAFETY NETS REQUIREMENTS: •Itmustbeconstructedofmaterialsofsufficientstrengthtocatchafallingdebris. •Thereissufficienttensionandclearancetopreventafallingpersonagainstcontacting any surface or structure below the net. •Itshallbeinstalledsothatitextends2.5m(8ft)beyondtheedgeoftheworkarea& no further than 7.5m (25ft) below the working surface •Perimetersafetynetsareinpositionbeforeanyworkiscommenced. •Reachalocationwherethereisariskoffalling.

CONCLUSION Fall protection provides system and rules. It indicates the Proper guidelines, training s and proper use of fall protec-tion equipment to eliminate the risk, guard the hazards and protect workers in heights in construction industry.


SAFETY IN TEMPORARY STRUCTURESGeorge Caña and Laile Mie Tique

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE:

BARRICADES– To isolate or protect an unsafe work area from other workers, pedestrian or vehicle traffic. Barricades should be made of reflective materials and they must never be placed in line of traffic without warning.

•ROAD CONSTRUCTION BARRICADE1. Heavy – used to close streets, provide buffer zones, and mark work area obstruction. An optional light may be attached.

2. Light – used to mark the work area. An optional light may be attached.

3. A- Frame – may be used to channel traffic and mark the work area. An optional light may be attached.

BARRICADE TAPES

COLOR OF TAPE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION ACTION EXAMPLE

Yellow (Caution) Occupational Hazard Do not cross until -Overhead work hazard is identified -Trip Hazard and safe passage/ access is assured.

Red (Danger) High imminent danger, Never Cross. -Energized Electrical work Fatality Prevention -Overhead suspended work -Chemical Introduction -Fall Exposure -Critical High Pressure test

SCAFFOLDS - is defined as an elevated temporary work platform.

COMMON HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH ALL SCAFFOLDS : •Fallsfromelevation,duetolackoffallprotection •Collapseofthescaffold,causedbyinstabilityoroverloading •Beingstruckbyfallingtools,workmaterials,ordebris •Electrocution CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDS : •SupportedScaffolds •SuspendedScaffolds •Others

TYPES OF SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS : •FabricatedorFramedScaffolds-Themostcommontypeofscaffoldbecausetheyareversatile,economi-cal and easy to use. These are frequently used by residential and building contractors. Their modular frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large scale construction jobs.

•TubeandCouplers–theyarebuiltfromtubingconnectedbycouplingdevices.Duetotheirstrength,theyare frequently used where heavy loads needed to be carried or where multiple platforms must reach several stories high.


•ManuallyPropelledScaffolds–Scaffoldsthataresetonwheels.Theyaredesignedtobeeasilymovedand are commonly used for things like painting and plastering, where workers must frequently change position

TYPES OF SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS : •InteriorHungScaffolds-consistsofaplatformsuspendedfromtheceilingorroofstructurebyfixed-lengthsupports.

•TwoPointScaffolds-alsoknownasswing-stagescaffoldsareperhapsthemostcommontypeofsus-pended scaffold. Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are typically used by window washers on skyscrapers, but play a prominent role in high-rise construction as well.

OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS:•AerialLift-vehicle-mountedaerialdevicestoelevatepersonneltoworkareasnotaccessiblefromtheground;ex-tendible boom platforms, aerial ladders, articulating booms, vertical towers, and a combination of any such devices.

SCAFFOLDING REQUIREMENTS AND COMPONENTS1. Foundation a. Scaffolds shall be capable of supporting without failure at least 4 times the maximum intended load. b. Timber sills at least 23cm wide by 3.8cm thick c. Small timber pads may be used in place of sills and nailed to prevent the base plates sliding off. d. The screw jacks shall not be adjusted more than 2/3 of the total length of the thread. 2. Post a. post shall be pitched on 15cm(6in.) by 15 (6in) steel and at least 0.64cm (1/4 in) thick. b. The inner row posts shall be placed as closed as possible to the face of the building3. Runners

a. Runners shall be securely fixed to post with standard couplers and shall be horizontal b. Runners shall be vertically spaced no more than 2 meters to give adequate headroom along the platform4. Bearers a. bearers should be installed between post and securely fixed to the post with standard couplers. 5. Board Bearers a. Board bearers shall be installed between bearers to accommodate differences in planks length 6. Bracing a.Longitudinaldiagonalbracingshallbeinstalledapprox.45˚anglefromnearthebaseofthefirstouterpost upward to the extreme top of the scaffold 7. Ties a. All supported scaffolds except tower and mobile shall be securely tied to a building or structure throughout their length and height to prevent movement of the scaffold. b. Ties shall occur at the top of the scaffold and at least every 7.9m (26ft) vertically and 9.1m (30ft) hori-zontally and at each end of the scaffold 8. Platform Unit a. All platform units shall be closed plank for the full width of the scaffold structure b. planks shall be extended over their end supports by not less than 15cm and not more than 30.5 cm c. Planks shall not be secured in position to prevent displacement by strong winds. 9. Guardrail and toe board system a. Guardrail shall be installed at open sides and ends of all scaffolds to prevent fall. b. Top rails shall no less than 0.91m and no more than 1.14m above the working surface and can withstand force of 200lbs. c. Mid rails must be installed halfway between the top rail and platform and can withstand force of 150lbs. d. Toe boards shall not be less than 10cm and height by 2.5cm thick.10. Access a. Access to a working platform is best achieved by providing a separate ladder tower a cantilevered access platform so as not to obstruct the working platform and to minimize the risk of persons falling through the gaps in the guardrail system or platform units. Access should be provided to working platforms11. Scaffold Ladders a. Scaffold ladders provide the means of access and egress for scaffolds12. Workmanship a. Scaffolding shall be erected, altered and dismantled by experienced men working under the direction of a competent supervisor.13. Inspection a. All scaffolds shall be inspected by a competent supervisor, safety officer. And/or civil engineers before it is used after adjustment, modifications, adverse weather conditions, etc., to measure that is safe. If safe to use, attach the GREEN scaffolding Tag, if unsafe to use, attach RED scaffolding Tag.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS :1. Legs should be plumb2. Eliminate slippery conditions3. Post safety rules4. Scaffold shall be tied and fully braced5. Shall be capable of supporting 4x the design load6. Plan or drawing approved by Structural Engineer7. Avoid power lines8. Approval for multiple usage9. Ladders should have landing10.Use outrigger or outboard safety support11. Provide independent safety lines12. Be on a firm foundation with base plates13. Be plumb, square and adequately braced14. Have a fully planked work deck15. Have guardrails over 10 feet16. Be tied in over 4 Vert./1 Horiz. high17.Have an adequate means of access


SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIESJoanna Grace L. Enriquez

The use of mechanical equipment in the construction industry improves the quality and efficiency of work, but it can lead to situations which are potentially hazardous. The only way of using mechanical equipments is to have properly trained operators, running equipments that are well-maintained, and carrying out the work for which it is designed.

Being struck-by or caught in-between are two of the eading causes of injuries and fatalities in the construction site.Of all the accidents in the construction site regarding machineries, 22% are caused by struck-by and 18% are caught in-between machines.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: - Prevent workplace accidents - Prevent personal injuries between moving equipment and those workers who are on foot.

HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS Heavy Equipments commonly used in the construction site: 1. Front end loaders; rubber-tired and tracked 2. Crawler Tractors/ Bulldozers, skid steer bobcats 3. Wheel Tractor Scraper, elevating scrapers, tandem powered scrapers 4. Backhoes and hydraulic excavators 5. Haulage Vehicles 6. Asphalt Pavers and Pavement Rollers 7. Vibratory Rollers and compactors 8. Concrete Mixers and Pump trucks 9. Grinding Equipments 10. Pulverizing Equipments, Millers, Water Trucks 11. Cranes

PERSONS AT RISK DURING HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS 1. DIRECT PARTICIPANTS - such as Signal Persons, Flaggers, Grade Checkers, Dump Persons, Opera-tors, Teamsters, Laborers, Iron Workers, Carpenters, Foremen, Supervisors, Contractor Staff, Surveyors, Rod men, Lay-out Crew, Craftsmen. 2. PARTCIPANTS WHO NEED TO BE ON SITE - such as delivery truck drivers, service providers, concrete/pump truck drivers, crane rental operators, contracted service persons, trash removal personnel, government inspec-tors, client’s staff, owner of the project, guests/VIP, product installation specialists, engineering services providers, utility service providers. 3. NON-PARTICIPANTS - such as [edestrians, on-lookers, sidewalk superintendents, curious people, chil-dren, job seekers, bicycle riders, skate boarders, scavengers, wood collectors, private environmentalists, thieves, burglar, media.

MATERIALS HANDLING OPERATIONS - refers to any method for moving materials by people or by using machines

MECHANICAL HANDLING OPERATIONS

1. Transportation2. Mechanical; Powered3. Lifting ; Hoist and Lift, and Crane

HAZARDS IN CRANE OPERATIONS :1. Structural Failure and overloading2. Instability3. Materials Fallign or slipping4. Electrical hazards5. Other hazards like being struck by crane/ caught in between cranes

CRANE SAFETY LIES WITHIN THE FOLLOWING : 1. Structural Soundness of crane and its components2. Proper Crane Operation3. Proper rigging operation4. Proper assembly and dismantling procedures

CRANE LOAD CAPACITY MEASUREE :1. Structure2. Hook - Must have a safety latch -Must have a hook opening -Hook Twisting -No Cracks3. Wire Rope -Breaking Strength -Rope Criteria

PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTING MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS1. Eliminate all unnecessary transport and handling operations.2. Remove human beings from transport and handling spaces3. Segregate transport operations from each other.4. Provide enough space for materials handling and transport operations5. Aim at continuous transport processes.6. Use standard elements in materials handling7. Know materials to be handled8. Keep loading under safe working-load capacity9. Set speed limits low.10. Avoid overhead lifting area where people are working underneath11. Avoid materials handling that requires climbing/ working at high levels12. Attach guards at danger points13. Transport and lift people only by equipments designed for that purpose14. Keep equipments and load stable.15. Provide good visibility.16. Eliminate manual lifting17. Provide and maintain effective communication18. Arrange human interfaces and manual handling according to ergonomic principles19. Provide adequate training and advice20. Provide people with a proper personal safety outfits21. Carry out proper maintenance and inspection22. Plan for changes of environmental conditions

RULES IN OPERATION OF LIFTING EQUIPMENTS:1. Don’t carry or use crane beyond rate load2. Never move/load over people3. Never allow personnel to ride on a load4.Center crane over the load before hoisting. No side pull5.Lift, move and lower loads smoothly6. Don’t stop the hoist under normal operations7. Don’t leave suspended load unattended8. Keep hook blocked more than 2m above floor when not in use9. Use tagline to stabilize and control loads10. Respond to signals from designed signal man

RULES IN OPERATING MACHINERIES IN SLOPES :1. Slew load horizontally to prevent overloading2. Don’t slew from low side to high side.


3. Slide load can cause sideways collapse

SAFETY IN OPERATING DUAL LIFTS:1. Keep load horizontal2. Use the same type of cranes3. Load 80% of max. loading of each crane4. Only one signal man

STABILITY - Make sure an outrigger is in place

SAFETY IN ELECTRICITY :1. Maintain a safe distance2. Use nylon guy wire3. In case of live wire contact, operator should jump immediately

SAFETY IN RIGGING :Must be done only by designated rigger: - Familiarity with rated capacity of the crane. - Familiarity with different types of sling, implements and capacity. - Familiarity with load calculation - Sling protection(Corner Padding) - Principle of the center of Gravity

SPECIFIC RULES WHEN OPERATING EQUIPMENTS: - The most dangerous movement is backing. - Know where your blind spots are; always check your windows and side mirrors - Look for people on foot nearby - STOP! When signaled, waived at violently or when in doubt - Maintain safe operating speed - Take machine “Out of Service” if it is unsafe to operate - Be aware of other machines working in the area - Clean windows and adjust mirrors - Always inspect machine; Inform appropriate personnel of abnormal conditions, defects or changes in the Machine/Job Conditions

- Report unsafe/careless workers - Do not attempt repairs/ forcing equipments with defects during operation - Always have the presence of a signal man when moving - Clear all obstacles or path before operation.

BASIC SOLUTIONS APPLIED BY SITE OWNERS AND/ENGINEERS TO INSTIGATE CONSTRUCTION SAFETY:1. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT -Restrict entry on to site of non-essential personnel -Establish controlled entry points to site -Coordinate operations of various trades working in the same areas -Provide fundamental site rulesand training to all perosnnel at risk -Adequate Lay-down areas established

2. WORKERS’ INVOLVEMENT -All workers must receive proper basic indoctrination -Management must ddress problems with employess on a regular basis -Workers must always learn, follow, and obey established rules -Workers must realize they MUST SEE and MUST BE SEEN

3. PRE-CONSTRUCTION JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS -Identify know potential hazards -Determine the safetiness of job condition -Lay-down or Storage Areas -Risk by construction methods -Side effetcs of job schedule

4. HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROLS -Perimeter fencing, enclosure, signs -Spotterd for the in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipments -Poor planning forces workers to commit unsafe acts


-Be alert. Stay Clear. Hear warnings.

5. POOR EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE -Machine in proper working order -Back-up alarm, horns, lights, mirrors -Cab glass not cracked /broken -Machine windows, mirrors kept clean -Pre-operational inspection conducted by operators -Prompt repairs on any noted defeciences

6. WORKERS’ AWARENESS TRAINING -Does your job requires you to approach machines/equipments?If NO, stay away from the machines/equipments as much as possible. -Understand and know what every sign means. -Be alert on changing job conditions and your particular situation.

EQUIPMENT OPERATORS’ RESPONSIBILITY: -Know the safety features of the equipment -Know how they operate and use them properly -Have a systematic maintenance and repair for their machines -Acquire a proper training -Inform repair personnel in case of machine/equipment defects -Review manufacturer’s operating manual -report unsafe workers to the supervisor -Talk about safety safety with those who always work with you duringoperations -Do not attempt to repair your own machinery/ maintenance you don’t understand -Have a signalman present in you blindspot -make sure all obstacles in your line of movement is all cleared before starting the operation SPECIFIC REMINDERS: -The most dangerous movement is backing. -Kno whre your blindspots are -Always be on the look-out for people on foot moving around the machinery -STOP when signaled, when waived at violently, or if in doubt. -Maintain a safe operating speed. -Keep machine under control at all time. -Don’t use the machinery if unsafe to operate or malfunctioning -Be aware of other amchines working in the area. -Keep lights and back0up alarm in good operating conditions -Allow no one to ride outside the Cab for any reason -Clean windows and adjust mirrors.

HAND TOOLS AMD EQUIPMENT SAFETYJane Marie Velado and Kim Bladimher Hermonio

OBJECTIVES: •Recognizethehazardsassociatedwiththeuseofthedifferenttypesoftools•Learnthesafetyprecautionsnecessarytopreventinjuriesfromhandtools.•UnderstandthevariousPPEsneededwhenusinghandtools

HAZARD RECOGNITION :•Toolsaresuchacommonpartofourlivesthatwesometimesforgetthattheyposehazards.•Alltoolsaremanufacturedwithsafetyinmindbut,unfortunately,seriousaccidentsoftenoccurbeforemeasuresare taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.

HAND TOOLS - Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches.The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.

HAZARDS BY HAND TOOLS: – Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or other employees. – If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker – A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip. – Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads. The heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.

SAFETY IN USING HAND TOOLS: •Theemployerisresponsibleforthesafeconditionoftoolsandequipmentusedbyemployees. •Theemployeeshavetheresponsibilityforproperlyusingandmaintainingtools. •Employersshouldcautionemployeesthatsawblades,knives,orothertoolsbedirectedawayfromaisleareas and other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp. •Dulltoolscanbemorehazardousthansharpones. •Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment,e.g.,safetygoggles,gloves,etc.,shouldbewornduetohaz-ards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools. •Safetyrequiresthatfloorsbekeptascleananddryaspossibletopreventaccidentalslipswithorarounddangerous hand tools. •Aroundflammablesubstances,sparksproducedbyironandsteelhandtoolscanbeadangerousignitionsource. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for safety.

SOME NON-SPARKING TOOLS:

HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS :

1. Screwdrivers – It is essential that a screwdriver has the correct size to fit the slot of the screw. Screwdrivers should never be carried in the pockets of coveralls or other clothing. It can produce a serious wound.


2. Hammers – Hammers head should be secured to wooden handlers with proper wedges.

3. Chisels – Cutting edges should be kept sharp at all times, and the original shape and angle should be maintained.

4. Picks and Shovels – Shovel blades should not be allowed to become blunt, turned, split or jagged. They should be maintained in a serviceable condition at all times.

5. Spanners and Wrenches – Only wrenches of the right size should be used. When possible, use box-end rather than adjustable wrenches. For heavy works, a slugging wrench should be used.

6. Pipe Wrenches – Pipe wrenches must be large enough for the job, the jaw, teeth must be kept clean and sharp and the knurl, pin and spring should be kept from damage.

7. Pliers – Pliers should only be used when there are no other tools for the job. They are meant only for gripping and should not be used as a wrench.

8. Hacksaws – The correct size of blade should be selected, installed so that teeth are pointing in the forward direction with sufficient tension applied to the blade.

9. Handsaw – The teeth should be kept sharp, clean and properly set, and lightly oiled to avoid bending in the timber which caused the blade to buckle.

IN SUMMARY, THE CONTRACTOR SHOULD OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING:1. Quality – the contractor shall ensure that the finest quality tools shall be provided for all jobs where hand tools are used.

2. Cleanliness – The contractor shall ensure that hand tools are regularly cleaned and where necessary, lightly oiled as a protection against corrosion.

3. Repair and Storage – All hand tools shall be regularly inspected before and after use, and before storage. Proper racks and boxes shall be provided for the storage of hand tools.

4. Selection – Majority of accidents are caused by using an incorrect tool for the job. It is essential that the correct type, size and weight of tool should be decided upon before any work is carried out.

POWER TOOL PRECAUTIONS •Powertoolscanbehazardouswhenimproperlyused. •Thereareseveraltypesofpowertools,basedonthepowersourcetheyuse: electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated. •Employeesshouldbetrainedintheuseofalltools-notjustpowertools. •Weshouldunderstandthepotentialhazardsaswellasthesafetyprecautionstopreventthosehazards from occurring.

THE FOLLOWING GENERAL PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE OBSERVED BY POWER TOOL USERS: – Never carry a tool by the cord or hose. – Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle. – Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges. –Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits and cutters. – All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area. – Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool. –Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool. •Toolsshouldbemaintainedwithcare.Theyshouldbekeptsharpandcleanforthebestperformance. •Followinstructionsintheuser’smanualforlubricatingandchangingaccessories. •Besuretokeepgoodfootingandmaintaingoodbalance.

•Theproperapparelshouldbeworn.Looseclothing,ties,orjewelrycanbecomecaughtinmovingparts. •Allportableelectrictoolsthataredamagedshallberemovedfromuseandtagged“DoNotUse.”

CIRCULAR SAW CIRCULAR SAW GUARDS •Hazardousmovingpartsofapowertoolneedtobesafeguarded. For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, •Ormovingpartsofequipmentmustbeguardedifsuchpartsareexposedtocontactbyemployees. •Guards,asnecessary,shouldbeprovidedtoprotecttheoperatorandothersfromthefollowing: –point of operation –in-running nip points -rotating parts –And flying chips and sparks. •Safetyguardsmustneverberemovedwhen a tool is being used. For example: – Portable circular saws must be equipped with guards. – An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw. – A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes contact with the work material. – The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the work.

SAFETY SWITCHES •Thefollowinghand-heldpoweredtoolsmustbeequippedwithamomentarycontact“on-off”control switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger than 2 inches in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar tools. •Thesetoolsalsomaybeequippedwithalock-oncontrolprovidedthatasinglemotionofthesamefinger or fingers that turn it on can accomplish turn off. •Thefollowinghand-heldpoweredtoolsmaybeequippedwithonlyapositive“on-off”controlswitch: platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less in diameter; grinders with wheels 2 inches or less in diameter; routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws and jigsaws with blade shanks ¼-inch wide or less. •Otherhand-heldpoweredtoolssuchascircularsawshavingabladediametergreaterthan2inches, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released.

ELECTRIC TOOLS •Employeesusingelectrictoolsmustbeawareofseveraldangers; – The most serious is the possibility of electrocution.

•Amongthechiefhazardsofelectric-poweredtoolsareburnsandslightshocksthatcanleadtoinjuriesorevenheart failure.

•Undercertainconditions,evenasmallamountofcurrentcanresultinfibrillationoftheheartandeventualdeath.

•Ashockalsocancausetheusertofalloffaladderorotherelevatedworksurface.Toprotecttheuserfromshock, – tools must either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, be double insulated, – Or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer. •Three-wirecordscontaintwocurrent-carryingconductorsandagroundingconductor. –One end of the grounding conductor connects to the tool’s metal housing. – The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug. •Anytimeanadapterisusedtoaccommodateatwo-holereceptacle,theadapterwiremustbeattachedtoaknownground.


•Thethirdprongshouldneverberemovedfromtheplug.

•Doubleinsulationismoreconvenient.Theuserandthetoolsareprotectedintwoways:bynormalinsulationonthe wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction.

•Thesegeneralpracticesshouldbefollowedwhenusingelectrictools: – Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations. – Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools. – When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place. – Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations. – Work areas should be well lighted.

POWERED ABRASIVE WHEEL TOOLS •Poweredabrasivegrinding,cutting,polishing,andwirebuffingwheelscreatespecialsafetyproblemsbecausetheymay throw off flying fragments.

•Beforeanabrasivewheelismounted: – It should be inspected closely and sound - or ring-tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects. – To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light non-metallic instrument. – If they sound cracked or dead, they could fly apart in operation and so must not be used. – A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or “ring.”

•Topreventthewheelfromcracking, – The user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle. – The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place, without distorting the flange. – Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. – Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel specifications.

•Duetothepossibilityofawheeldisintegrating(exploding)duringstart-up,theemployeeshouldneverstanddirectlyin front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed.

•Portablegrindingtoolsneedtobeequippedwithsafetyguards: – to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface, – But also from flying fragments in case of breakage.

•Inaddition,whenusingapoweredgrinder: – Always use eye protection. – Turn off the power when not in use. – Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.

PNEUMATIC TOOLS •Pneumatictoolsarepoweredbycompressedairandincludechippers,drills,hammers,andsanders.

•Thereareseveraldangersencounteredintheuseofpneumatictools. – The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool’s attachments – By some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.

•Eyeprotectionisrequiredandfaceprotectionisrecommendedforemployeesworkingwithpneumatictools.

•Noiseisanotherhazard. – Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of hearing protection.

•Whenusingpneumatictools,employeesmustchecktoseethattheyarefastenedsecurelytothehosetopreventthem from becoming disconnected. – A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safeguard.

•Asafetycliporretainermustbeinstalledtopreventattachments,suchaschiselsonachippinghammer,from

being unintentionally shot from the barrel.

•Screensmustbesetuptoprotectnearbyworkersfrombeingstruckbyflyingfragmentsaroundchippers,rivetingguns, staplers, or air drills.

•Compressedairgunsshouldneverbepointedtowardanyone.Usersshouldnever“dead-end”itagainstthem-selves or anyone else.

POWDER-ACTUATED TOOLS •Powder-actuatedtoolsoperatelikealoadedgunandshouldbetreatedwiththesamerespectandprecautions.In fact, they are so dangerous that only specially trained employees must operate them.

•Useofthepowderactuatedtoolmustbecontrolledandaproceduremustbeinplace

•Safetyprecautionstorememberincludethefollowing: – These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere. – Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts oper-ate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions. – The tool should never be pointed at anybody. – The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded tool should not be left unat-tended, especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons.

•Handsshouldbekeptclearofthebarrelend.

•Topreventthetoolfromfiringaccidentally,twoseparatemotionsarerequiredforfiring: – One to bring the tool into position, and – Another to pull the trigger.

•Thetoolsmustnotbeabletooperateuntiltheyarepressedagainsttheworksurfacewithaforceofatleast5pounds greater than the total weight of the tool.

•Ifapowder-actuatedtoolmisfires, – The employee should wait at least 30 seconds, then try firing it again. – If it still will not fire, the user should wait another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge is less likely to explode, than carefully remove the load. – The bad cartridge should be put in water.

•Suitableeyeandfaceprotectionareessentialwhenusingapowder-actuatedtool.

•Themuzzleendofthetoolmusthaveaprotectiveshieldorguardcenteredperpendicularlyonthebarreltoconfineany flying fragments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired. – The tool must be designed so that it will not fire unless it has this kind of safety device.

•Allpowder-actuatedtoolsmustbedesignedforvaryingpowderchargessothattheusercanselectapowderlevelnecessary to do the work without excessive force.

•Ifthetooldevelopsadefectduringuseitshouldbetaggedandtakenoutofserviceimmediatelyuntilitisproperlyrepaired.

CARTRIDGE POWER TOOLS•Cartridgeoperatedtoolshaveagreatadvantagesinceitcanbeusedinalmostanysituationwithoutinconve-nience. However, its use shall conform to ANSI A10.3-1985 and the manufacturer’s specs.

1. STORAGE Safe and secured storage for cartridges and tools must be provided on the job site. Warning signs where cartridges are stored: DANGER – NO SMOKING” shall be posted. Only authorized personnel are allowed in the store.


2. SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PERSONNELNo person may operate, clean, maintain or repair any cartridge tool without possessing a Certificate of Competency issued by an accredited tool vendor that identifies the particular model he is qualified to handle. Personnel for training should be: a. Over 18 years of age b. Physically fit and have full use of both hands and both eyes c. Ideally be a plumber, mason, electrician, etc. d. Store men if they are required to clean and maintain the tools

3. ISSUES AND RETURNS a) Contractors shall ensure that register of the serial number of each tool is kept up-to-date. b) A log inventory system of issuing and returning cartridges and tools against signatures must be initiated and maintained. c) Only personnel in possession of a user Certificate will be allowed to withdraw tools and cartridges from the store. d) Only a minimum number of cartridges required for a shift’s operation should be issued at any one time. e) Cartridges must not be left on site at lunch break or at end of shift. It must be returned to the store for safekeeping. f) Any loss of tools or cartridges must be reported at once.

FASTENERS •Whenusingpowder-actuatedtoolstoapplyfasteners,therearesomeprecautionstoconsider. – Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to the other side. – The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3 inches to an edge or corner. – In steel, the fastener must not come any closer than one-half inch from a corner or edge. – Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials which might chip or splatter, or make the fastener ricochet. – An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole. – A fastener must not be driven into a spoiled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening.

HYDRAULIC POWER TOOLS •Thefluidusedinhydraulicpowertoolsmustbeanapprovedfire-resistantfluidandmustretainitsoperatingchar-acteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed.

•Themanufacturer’srecommendedsafeoperatingpressureforhoses,valves,pipes,filters,andotherfittingsmustnot be exceeded.

JACKS •Alljacks-leverandratchetjacks,screwjacks,andhydraulicjacks-musthaveadevicethatstopsthemfromjacking up too high. •Also,themanufacturer’sloadlimitmustbepermanentlymarkedinaprominentplaceonthejackandshouldnotbe exceeded. •Ajackshouldneverbeusedtosupportaliftedload.Oncetheloadhasbeenlifted,itmustimmediatelybeblockedup. – Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure. – If the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage. •Tosetupajack,makecertainofthefollowing: – the base rests on a firm level surface, – the jack is correctly centered, – the jack head bears against a level surface, and – the lift force is applied evenly.•ProperMaintenanceofjacksisessentialforsafety.•Alljacksmustbeinspectedbeforeeachuseandlubricatedregularly.•Ifajackissubjectedtoanabnormalloadorshock,itshouldbethoroughlyexaminedtomakesureithasnotbeen damaged.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, STORAGE AND HANDLINGNathaniel Macabbabad and Sara Jean Gatdula

OBJECTIVES: The objective in control of hazardous materials is to prevent or minimize exposure of worker to harmful environmental hazards which could lead to serious occupational illness and diseases and even death.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALSHazardous Materials are the substances in solid, liquid or gaseous forms know to constitute poison, fire, explosion or health hazard. Hazardous materials in construction and demolition waste must be properly managed to avoid fines or environmental liability, proper management includes identification, accumulation, and disposal. All contractors who will handle or accumulate hazardous materials shall be able to document that their staff has had appropriate training to identify, manage, and safely handle the hazardous materials. Hazardous materials should never be disposed of down the drain or in regular trash receptacles. They should be put into proper and compatible containers that can be securely sealed. But asbestos is officially banned this generation because they found out that it causes carcinogenic.

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL AND ITS USES IN CONSTRUCTION:

1. ASBESTOS is a fibrous fireproof rock found naturally in the earth’s crust. It was microscopic; when bundled to-gether become useful in a variety of products. It has been called the “magic mineral” because of its wide variety of desirable physical properties including; heat resistance, electrical resistance, chemical resistance, good tensile strength, flexibility, thermal and acoustic insulation, and naturally occurring.

2. LEAD is a chemical element in carbon group; it is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal and poor metal. It is used in building construction including; painting, sheeting for acoustic insulation, radiation shield-ing, lead pipe and solder, and glazes and ceramics. Lead is poisonous to animals, including humans. It damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders. Lead exposures can cause; heart attack and strokes, kidney failure, central nervous system damage, reproductive and fertility problems.

3. PAINT is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.

4. LACQUER THINNER is used to dissolve a number of resins or plastics.

5. PAINT THINNER is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use.

6. STEEL CORROSION including steel rebar is a common used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and re-inforced masonry structures. Some steel bars are corrosive that may harmful to human.

7. CRYSTALLINE SILICA is found in concrete, and other cementations products, bricks and ceramic tile. It does not become aerosolized unless cut crushed or ground. The seriousness of the health hazards associated with silica exposure is demonstrated by the fatalities and disabling Illnesses that continue to occur in sandblasters and rock drill-ers. Crystalline silica has been classifieds a human lung carcinogen. Additionally, breathing crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis which in severe cases can be disabling, or even fatal. The respirable silica dust enters the lungs and causes the formation of scar tissue, thus reducing the lungs’ ability to take in oxygen. There is no cure for silicosis. Since silicosis affects lung function, it makes one more susceptible to lung infections like tuberculosis.

8. LAMPS AND HID LIGHT BULB including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) bulbs which may contain mercury. Mercury is highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation of the dust. It can cause both chronic and acute poisoning.

IMPORTANCE OF HOW TO STORE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :1. Follow all the storage instructions on the product label.2. Be sure to store all volatile products in well-ventilated areas.3. Make certain you store flammable products in the recommended temperature range.4. Use the original container to store the hazardous material.


5. Reduce the amount of hazardous materials you keep in storage.6. Do periodic maintenance storage areas.7. Inspect all hazardous material containers, make sure you can clearly see each label.

RULES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :1. Follow all established procedures and perform job duties as you’ve been trained.2. Be cautious and plan ahead. Think about what could go wrong and pay close attention to what you’re doing while you work.3. Always use required PPE—and inspect it carefully before each use to make sure it’s safe to use.4. Make sure all containers are properly labeled and that the material is contained in an appropriate container.5. Read labels and the material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using any material.6. Use all materials solely for their intended purpose.7. Never eat or drink while handling any materials.8. Store all materials properly, separate incompatibles, and store in ventilated, dry, cool areas.9. Keep you and your work area clean.10. Learn about emergency procedures and equipment.

IMPORTANCE OF HOW TO DISPOSE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS :Waste asbestos can only go to a secure landfill if; there’s a permit or an approval has been issued under the Act to operate the landfill, the asbestos must placed in two 6 mil plastic bags.

All products containing lead, paint, and thinner should be sealed before it disposes to landfill.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMErickson Reginio

OBJECTIVES: All companies management must understand and establish the regulation and guidelines in the implementation of Complete Occupational Health program/s in all their work places.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICESA. PERSONNEL:

1. MEDICAL DOCTOR OR PHYSICIAN -must be Licensed Medical Doctor-must be a graduate of Basic Training Course in Occupational Medicine from the College of Public Health of the University of the Philippines-must have at least 5 years experience in the field of occupational health practices

2. NURSE-must be Licensed Registered Nurse-must passed at least 50 hours Basic Training in Occupational Nursing Course

3. FIRST-AIDER-must be at least a graduate of complete first-aid training conducted by the Philippine National Red Cross or any organization accredited by the same

4. DENTIST-must be a Licensed Dentist-must be a graduate of Basic Training Course in Occupational Dentistry at the Bureau of Dental Health Services of the Department of Health

HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES

Number of employees Medical Service Requirements

1 - 50 1 Certified First-Aider

51 - 99 1 Part Time Nurse(4 hours a day; 6 days a week work)

100 - 199 1 Full Time nurse 1 Part Time Physician and 1 Part Time Dentist (4 hours a day; 3 days a week)

200 - 600 1 Fulltime Nurse 1 Part Time physician and 1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hours a day; 6 days a week)

610 - 2000 1 Full Time Nurse 1 Full Time Physician 1 Full Time Dentist


FOR NON HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES MEDICAL SERVICES REQUIRMENT

1 - 99 1 Certified First-Aider

100 - 299 1 Part Time Nurse ( 4 hours a day; 6 days a week)

200 - 600 1 Full Time Nurse 1 Part Time Physician 1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hours a day; 4 days a week)

610 - 2000 1 Full Time Nurse 1 Part Time Physician 1 Part Time Dentist ( 4 hoursr a day; 6 days a week)

NOTE: For both hazardous and non-hazardous workplaces, Employer must in case of emergency a Dental Clinic and Medi-cal Hospital located not more than 5 kilometers distance or 25 minutes from the workplace.

Medical Facilities1. Emergency Medical Clinic2. Emergency Treatment Room3. Complete First-Aid Accessories4. Emergency Medical Hospital

Medicines and Facilitiesa. First-Aid Accessories-1 Bottle - Betadine, 60ml -1 Bottle – Eye Wash, 7.5ml-1 Bottle- Hydrogen Peroxide, 250ml-1 Bottle-Rubbing Alcohol-1 Tube- Burn Ointment-1 Pack- Cotton Balls-1 Pack- Cotton Pads-1 Pack- Band-Aid Strip-3 Packs- Gauge Pad-3 Packs- Gauge Bandage-3 Rolls- Micropore Tape-3 Rolls- Elastic Bandage, 6’’-1 Pc- First-Aid Box

. Medical Equipment and Accessories-1 Pc- Folding Type Stretcher-1 Pc- Stethoscope-1 Pc- Ambo Bag-1 Pc- Treatment Table-1 Pc- Hot and Cold Water Bag-2 Pcs- Straight Scissor -2 Pcs- Forcep 10’’-2 Pcs- Tourniquet-9 Pcs- Triangular Cloth-12 Pcs- Split Board-1 Unit- PVC type Neck Band-2 Units- Thermometer-1 Box- Surgical Gloves

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARD

HAZARDS- anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property ortheir combination.

HAZARD MANAGEMENT - A simple way of describing the hazard management process is the SAFER approach:S ee it (identify hazards)A ssess it (risk assessment)F ix it (risk control)E valuate (evaluation)R eview it (review)

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES OR HAZARDS-Chemical Hazards-Physical Hazards-Biological Hazards-Ergonomic Hazards

CHEMICAL HAZARDS-Arise from excessive airborne concentration of mists, vapors, gases or solids that are in the form of dust fumes.-The hazard of inhalation-Skin Irritants-Toxic by absorption through the skin

AIRBORNE HAZARDSAirborne contaminants can occur in the gaseous form or as aerosol, which includes airborne dusts, sprays, mists, smokes, and fumes.

DUSTS- with very fine particles resulting from chemical reactions in the air, or with air pollution outside the workplace.GASES- formless fluids that disperse to occupy spaceFUMES- very fine solid airborne particles condensed from the vapors of materials or formed as a result of chem-ical reaction.SMOKE- extremely small particles of carbon that result from incomplete combustion of materials.MISTS- airborne liquid droplets generated when a liquid is broken up by atomizing, splashing or foaming.

ROUTES OF ENTRY-Inhalation-Ingestion-Dermal Contact-Injection-Action of Toxic Substance-Acute toxicity- short term exposure to a high concentration with an immediate effect.-Chronic toxic

CLASSIFICATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS-LocalWhen a certain chemical harms only the part of the body it becomes in contact with.-SystemicWhen a certain chemical harms other related organs operating as a system.

SPECIFIC ORGAN TOXICITY-Skin-Liver-Respiratory tract-Nervous System -Kidneys-Blood


PHYSICAL HAZARDS-Sound -Noise-Extremes of Temperature -Vibration-Radiation

SOUND- is any pressure vibration (in air, water or some other medium) that the human ear can detect.-Decibels (db)- used to express the sound level associated with noise measurements.-Normal hearing 20 hz – 20,000 hz

LOUDNESS- depends primarily on sound pressure and frequency.

NOISE- is an unwanted sound because it is unpleasant.

OCCUPATIONAL NOISE :-Noise is a common problem found in many workplaces.-Losing your hearing is a gradual process, and is less noticeable than other types of workplace.-It is however, a permanent handicap for those who are affected.

NOISE STANDARDS•Philippine OSHA - 90 dB•US OSHA - 90 dB•US NIOSH - 85 dB

Permissible Noise Exposure (without need of hearing protection)

DURATION/day,hours SOUNDS LEVELS, dBa 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 11/2 102 1 105 1/2 110 1/4 115

EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE

COLDNESS- a condition suffered by workers exposed to extremely cold temperature.

HEAT STRESS- it is combination of physiological environmental forces or loads, which exert a strain upon the hu-man body as our systems try to compensate.

THERMAL COMFORT- A comfortable environment resulting from the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, and air distribution within the workers vicinity.

VARIABLES AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT-Season of the year•Dry&wetbulbtemperatures•Culturalpracticesandhabits

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAT STRESS-Prevention of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms from working efficiency.•Excessiveheatgainswithinthebody

•Preventionofthebody’sheat-regulatingmechanismsfromworkingefficiency.•Excessiveheatgainswithinthebody

MECHANISM INVOLVED IN HEAT TRANSFER :

CONDUCTION- the transfer of heat from one point to another within the body or from one body to another when both bodies are in physical contact.

CONVECTION- this involves the transfer of heat from one place to another by moving gases or liquids.

RADIATION- the process by which energy electromagnetic is transmitted through a space without the presence or movement of matter in or through this space.

TWO SOURCES OF HEAT :

METABOLIC HEAT- is a by-product of the chemical processes that occur within cells, tissues and organs.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT- influences the rate at which body heat can be exchanged with the environment and consequently, the ease with which the body can regulate and maintain a normal temperature.-A temperature reading called WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE (WBGT) INDEX should be obtained.-The WBGT Index is used as a parameter to adjust work practices according to the prevailing environmental condi-tions.

TYPES OF RADIATION :•IonizingRadiation•Non-IonizingRadiation•IonizingRadiation•ParticleRadiation -Fast electrons -Alpha particles -Beta particles•WavelikeRadiation -X-rays -Gamma rays•Non-IonizingRadiation -Radio wave -Microwave -Infrared waves -Visible light -Ultraviolet light

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS : •Asthenameimplies,arethehazardsfromlivingthings.•Theseincludeinsects,molds,fungi,virus,andbacterialcontamination.•Biologicalhazardsmayexistsaspartoftheenvironment,ortheymaybeassociatedwithspecificoperations.

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS :•Theseincludeimproperdesignedtoolsorworkareas.•Improperliftingorreaching,poorvisualconditionsorrepeatedmotionsinanawkwardposition


ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETYHonel Umali and Sara Amor Caparas

OBJECTI VE:To protect the health and well being of employees by eliminating or reducing health hazards that arises from the workplace environment.

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF INDUSTIAL HYGIENE :

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DEFINED - That science and art devoted to the ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALU-TION and CONTROL of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sick-ness, impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community.

BASIC CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE :1. Recognize – to identify potential or actual workplace health hazards or stresses.

2. Evaluate – to determine the magnitude or environmental factors and stresses arising in the workplace through quantitative measurement.

3. Control – to apply corrective measures by either reducing or eliminating the exposure.

WHO ARE THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS?•Industrialhygienistsarepersonshavingadegreeordegreesinengineering,chemistry,physics,medicineandotherrelated sciences and by virtue of experience, special training or further studies have the competence, to: – Recognize the environment factors and stresses and understand their effects on humans and their well-being; – Evaluate, on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative measurement techniques, the mag-nitude of these stresses in terms of ability to impair health and well-being; and – Prescribe methods to eliminate, control or reduce such stresses.

RECOGNITION OF ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AND STRESSES/HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS:

•CHEMICAL HAZARDS - Any chemical that has been classified as hazardous or for which relevant information exists to indicate it is hazardous; Arise from excessive airborne concentration of chemicals in the form of gases, vapours, mists, dust and fumes. a. Gas – a substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, which is in the gaseous state at room temperature and pressure. b. Vapour – the gaseous form of a liquid at room temperature and pressure. A liquid emits vapours, the quantity depending on their volatility. Substances with low boiling point are more volatile than those with a higher one. c. Mists – the dispersion of liquid particles in air. Mists are normally generated in processes such as elec-troplating and spraying where liquids are sprayed, splashed or foamed into fine particles. d. Dust – refers to the suspension of solid particles in the air. These dust particles are generated by han-dling, grinding, drilling and crushing operations where solid materials are broken down. e. Fumes – solid particles formed from condensation of substances from the vapour state. Fumes are nor-mally associated with molten metal’s where the vapours from the metal are condensed into solid particles in the space above the molten metal.

•PHYSICAL HAZARDS - Problem relating to such thing as noise, vibration, temperature, extremes, radiation, il-lumination and pressure extremes. a. Noise – any unwanted sound. b. Vibration – an oscillation motion about an equilibrium position produced by a disturbing force. c. Temperature Extremes – low or high temperatures.

d. Radiation – Ionizing radiation and Non- Ionizing radiation e. Illumination – is the measure of stream of light falling on a surface. f. Pressure extremes – below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure.

•BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS – Any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or any living organism that can cause a disease in human beings. They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain occupations.

•ERGONOMICS HAZARDS – Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between man and his total working environment plus stresses related to such environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light and sound as well as all tools and equipment in the workplace. – Example : MSD, RSI

ERGONOMICS HAZARDS INCLUDE : a. Improperly designed tools or work areas b. Improper lifting c. Poor visual condition d. Repeated motions in awkward positions

RECOGNITION OF THE DIFFERENT HAZARDS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY:– Walk-through Survey/Ocular Inspection– Reviewing Processes Involved– Knowing the raw materials used, products and by- products– Gathering of Worker’s Complaints– Chemical Safety Data Sheet

CHEMICAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (CSDS) - is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological informa-tion on the chemical or the mixture ingredients.– Identification – Name of the substance or preparation– Name, address and telephone number of the company/supplier– Composition and information on ingredients– Hazards identification– First-aid measures

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)– Fire-fighting measures– Accidental release measures– Handling and storage– Exposure controls and personal protection– Physical and chemical properties– Stability and reactivity– Toxicological information– Ecological information– Disposal consideration– Transport information– National regulations and references– Other information

EVALUATION:

A. Determine the magnitude or level of hazards with the use of industrial hygiene equipment.

Work Environment Measurement refers to the determination of environmental stresses and their hazardous effects on worker’s health through direct measurement of hazards using IH equipment.Purposes: – Determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents; – Physically check the environment through measurement; – Predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and working methods;


– Monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances; – Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to improved the workplace; and – Maintain favorable environment condition

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING :– Personal Monitoring– Area/Environmental Sampling– Biological Monitoring

A. EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT USED IN CONDUCTING WEM:

INSTRUMENT HAZARD

Luxmeter Poor Illumination Sound level meter Excessive Noise Anemometer Air Velocity Globe, Welt-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Thermometers Extreme heat Gas Detector different gases Low Volume Sampler dust and fumes High Volume Sampler total suspended particles

B. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES

ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT TYPE OF SAMPLE

Gas Chromatograph organic solvent High Performance Liquid Chromatograph inorganic chemicals Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer heavy metals X-ray Diffractometer mineral dust, asbestos fibers UV-Vis Spectrophotometer acids and other chemicals

C. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT WITH STANDARDS•THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV) are exposure guidelines that have been established for airborne concentration of many chemical compounds.

•TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TLV-TWA) - is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hour work-day or 40 hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effect

•SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT (STEL) - TLV-STEL is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following : a. Irritation b. Chronic or irreversible tissue damage c. Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair d. Self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency •CEILING (TLV-C) - is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environment factors or stresses would depend on the following: - Nature of the material or energy involved - Intensity of exposure - Duration of exposure - Individual susceptibility

CONTROL MEASURESA. Administrative Control - Reduction of work periods - Adjusting work schedules

- Job rotation - Education of supervisors - Emergency response training and education - Employee information and training - Housekeeping and maintenance

B. Engineering Control - It is the primary and most effective control measure recommended for the minimization of hazards which includes: 1. Replacement of Materials Used/ Substitution 2. Modification in the process and/or Equipment 3. Isolation 4. Wet Methods 5. Industrial Ventilation

C. Personal Protective Equipment - The use of personal protective equipment is a control direct to the re-ceiver. This control is considered as the last resort and is temporarily used while pertinent engineering control is ongoing or in not yet implemented. Examples are: 1. Dust/Gas Respirators 2. Safety Goggles/Spectators 3. Face Shield 4. Gloves 5. Aprons 6. Safety Shoes


SAFETY IN DEMOLITION OPERTIONS IN CONSTRUCTIONArjel Alvarez and Lea Mariz Que

ABSTRACT Demolition of a building means tearing down or falling down of a building with the help of equipment or explosives. This seminar report deals with how a demolition work is to be performed safely and also elaborates dif-ferent steps involved before and during the execution of a demolition process. The various steps involved before the demolition process includes surveying, removal of hazardous materials, and preparation of demolition plan, stability report and the precautionary safety measures to be taken. The main equipment used for these demolition activities are sledge hammer, excavators, bulldozers, wrecking balls etc. and main explosives used are dynamites and RDX. When explosive are used for the demolition, it is known as Implosion. 1. INTRODUCTION We know every structure is designed for a life period. The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .The building act usually contains provisions that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition. A notice of conditions is issued that require certain works to be undertaken to achieve these aims. Where demolition of a building takes place, the owner must inform the council. Greenhouses, conservatories, prefabricated garages and sheds do not require permission to be demolished. Usually if the building to be demolished has a volume of less than 1750 cubic feet (49.56 cubic meters), then permission is not required to knock it down.

2. DEMOLITION Demolition is the process of tearing down or falling down of a building after its life period with the help of some equipment or any other method. When explosives are used for this then the demolition process are called as an implosion. Every civil engineering structure is designed for a life period. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. There are different steps involved before and during the time of a demolition activity. They are described as follows.

3. STEPS BEFORE DEMOLITIONThe different steps before the execution of a demolition process are:1. Surveying2. Removal of hazardous materials3. Preparation of plan4. Stability report5. Safety measures

3.1 SURVEYING Surveying means study of different parameters of the structure and its surroundings. There are two types of surveying are mainly conducted. They are A. Building surveying B. Structural surveying

A. BUILDING SURVEYINGIt includes: a. RECORD DRAWINGS - Prior to the Building Survey, the existing record plan, including layout plan show-ing adjoining properties, pedestrian walkway, roads and street, etc. shall be retrieved.

b. SURVEY ITEMS - The Building Survey shall cover the following: 1. The construction materials; 2. The existing use and, if possible, the past uses of the building prior to demolition; 3. The presence of wastewater, hazardous materials, matters arising from toxic chemicals, flammable or explosiand radioactive materials, etc. and possible presence of materials which can contribute to air pollution and soil contamination; 4. Potential dangerous areas, e.g., abnormal layouts, presence of enclosed voids, and non- ventilated light

wells which may trap obnoxious gas at the bottom; 5. Adjoining properties and site conditions, such as the existence of slope and retaining wall, wall support-ing ground, illegal structures, bridges, underground railway and its above ground structures, including entrances, vent shafts, distribution substations, traction substations, plant rooms, overhead railway structures, surface track sections, overhead cables or guy wires, and other utility Service connections; 6. Drainage conditions and possible problems on water pollution, flooding and erosion, especially on slop-ing sites and water receiving bodies; 7. Shared facilities with adjoining building, including common staircases, party walls, and possible effect on it, such as self-enclosed walls to the adjoining buildings, during demolition; 8. Hoarding and covered walkway requirements; 9. Adjoining pedestrian and vehicular traffic conditions; 10. Available headroom, clear spaces and distance of building from lot boundary which may affect the load-ing operation and transportation of building debris during demolition; 11. The sensitivity of neighborhood with respect to noise, dust, vibration and traffic impact. 12. Available site area to allow on-site sorting of building debris; and 13. Street furniture such as fire hydrant, parking space/meters, street light, street sign and hawkers’ stalls which could be affected by the demolition project.

c. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 1. Unless the Building Survey reviews that no obvious hazardous material is present in the building, the Authorized Person shall cause proper sampling and testing for the hazardous materials; 2. In the case when hazardous materials e.g., asbestos containing materials, or petroleum, are present, they shall be removed and cleaned/disposed of according to thestatutory requirements administered by the Environmental Protection Department, Fire Services Department, Labor Department and any other Government Departments. 3. In the case when the site has previously been used to store chemicals, and other dangerous goods, soil contamination assessment shall be required at pre-demolition stage and/or post-demolition stage; and 4. In the case when the site has previously been used to store explosives, special procedures to ensure no explosives remain on site will be required.

B. STRUCTURAL SURVEYING a. RECORD DRAWINGS Prior to the Structural Survey, the existing record layout, structural framing plans and structural details shall be studied. The Registered Structural Engineer shall check the presence of unusual detailing that may cause ab-normal structural behavior during demolition, e.g., upward anchor of tensile reinforcement in cantilevered structures. If existing record plans are available, these plans shall be used as reference and preferably be brought along with the Structural Survey.

b. SURVEY ITEMS - The Structural Survey shall cover the following: 1. The structural materials used; 2. The original structural system employed in the design; 3. The method of construction; 4. Any dilapidation and degree of deterioration on any structural elements; 5. The structural conditions of adjoining structures and its shoring which may be affected by the proposed demolition work; 6. The presence of continuous structures that may be truncated by the demolition; 7. The structural system and structural conditions of basements, underground tanks or underground vaults; 8. The presence of exposed bracing or possible presence of covered bracing; 9. The nature of walls, whether it is block wall, reinforced concrete walls, load bearing walls or partition walls; 10. Cantilevered structures such as canopies, balconies, or other forms of architectural features; and 11. Any fixtures to the building such as signboard, sun-shading devices.

c. SPECIAL STRUCTURES - The Structural Survey shall review the following: 1. The correctness of structural information available; 2. The presence of any unconventional structural elements which may require special attention and well-defined modification procedures;


3. The possibilities of structural modification to enable efficient demolition traffic during demolition; and 4. Any limitation on shoring and other temporary supports.

d. INVESTIGATION AND TESTING In the case when no structural details are available, the structural survey shall include on site measurement and retrieve any structural framing as much as practicable, performing tests and exposing some key structural elements to facilitate checking on existing structure. This will allow the development of procedures that ensure the stability of the building at all stages during demolition.

3.2 REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS If hazardous materials, such as asbestos containing materials, petroleum contamination and radioactive contamination, exist in the building, further investigation and removal of such hazardous material or contamination by specialist shall be referenced.

ASBESTOS CONTAINING MATERIAL Specialists shall be employed to take samples and cause such samples to be tested for asbestos contain-ing material. In the case when asbestos containing material are discovered, specialist contractor shall be employed to remove such asbestos containing material. The asbestos waste should be handled, stored and disposed of as chemical waste in accordance with the Waste Disposal Ordinance and Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) (General) Regulation.

SOIL CONTAMINATION MATERIAL In the case when possible soil contamination material is present, specialist shall be employed to prepare soil contamination test proposal and submit such proposal to the Environmental Protection Department for comment. Upon agreement by the Environmental Protection Department, and completion of the tests, a Soil Contamination Assessment shall be submitted to the Environmental Protection Department for acceptance. In the case when re-medial works are required, the remedial proposal shall be submitted to the Environmental Protection Department for approval prior to implementation of such remedial works.

3.3 PREPARATION OF PLAN

A Demolition Plan shall include the following:

1. A plan showing: a. The location of the building to be demolished; b. A detailed topography of the site and its surrounds together with ground level contours and sections of the slopes and ground supported by the building where appropriate; c. Details of ground removal and/or backfilling; and d. The distances from the building to be demolished to its adjacent buildings, streets, structures and sig-nificant street furniture.

2. A layout plan of all floors of the building to be demolished, with adequate sections, showing: a. The occupancy usage of the floors; b. The structural support systems; c. Principal materials of construction; d. The condition of the building e.g. the degree of deterioration; and e. The relationship of the building to be demolished with neighboring properties affected by the demolition, which include all adjoining buildings and unauthorized structures, shared staircases, party walls, truncating continu-ous frames, slopes, retaining wall, overhead cables, guy wires and underground utility services.

3. A plan showing the structural arrangement and construction of all unconventional structural elements, such as pre-stressed concrete structures, precast concrete members, stressed skin structures, steel framed structures, hangers, hanging ties, trusses or Vierendeel girders, deep beams, long span beams (greater than 10m), arches, transfer plates, transfer girders, earth retaining or basement structures, buildings which also act as earth-retaining structures supporting adjacent ground, flat slabs, hollow block ribbed slabs and large cantilevered structures;

4. A plan showing the procedure for the demolition of the building; detailed sequence of demolishing particular

structural members; and the method of demolition to be adopted including the restrictions on the use of any par-ticular type of equipment;

5. In the case when powered mechanical plants and equipment are used, a plan showing the route of movement of powered mechanical plants and equipment including the method of lifting mechanical plant, where necessary, onto the top floors of the structure; any structural alterations required to suit the demolition, e.g. temporary strengthening to suit early removal of any ground floor/or cockloft structure to facilitate vehicular movement at ground floor, or strengthening of deteriorated key structural members; and any shoring, temporary supports and/or floor propping required;

6. A plan showing all precautionary measures for the protection of the public including hoardings, covered walkways, catch platforms, catch fans, scaffolding, protective screens and safety nets;

7. A plan showing the proposed shoring and precautionary measures for all affected adjacent buildings, slopes, retaining structures and services at each stage of the demolition works;

8. A plan showing the proposed shoring and temporary support to be provided to the building to be demolished;

9. A plan or descriptive notes on the proposed methods for handling and disposal of debris including a. The permissible temporary accumulation of building debris at upper floors and at ground floor; b. Method of handling demolished building debris; c. The routing and movement of debris from each floor to on grade holding area prior to leaving the site; d. Means of transportation of debris off the site; e. Time and frequency of debris disposal off site; f. Record scheme on the tonnage of each truck load, truck license plate, driver’s name, trip tickets and location of dump site; g. The site supervisory personnel responsible for the debris management system; and h. A temporary parking layout for mobile machines and trucks, if necessary;

3.4 STABILITY REPORT According to Building (Administration) Regulation, the Demolition Plan must be accompanied by a Stability Report with supporting calculations. The Stability Report shall include the following parts:

1. A report on the stability of the building to be demolished during all stages of demolition;

2. In the case when powered mechanical plants or equipment are used, a report on the stability of the building with supporting calculations to demonstrate that the use of the plants and equipment will not render inadequate the margin of safety of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services;

3. In the case when powered mechanical plants or equipment are used, structural calculations for all temporary supports and bracings;

4. A report on the stability of neighboring buildings, adjoining properties.

5. In the case when temporary or permanent supports are required to these neighboring buildings, adjoining proper-ties, and party walls, structural calculations for these temporary and permanent supports; and

6. A report with calculations demonstrating that the demolition work will not render inadequate the margin of safety of, or cause damage to any building, structure, street, land and services.

3.5 SAFETY MEASURES

TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION Demolition workers, including plant or equipment operators, shall go through proper job safety training and be informed of the potential hazards by attending training sessions as well as on-the-job training. At present, the Construction Industry Training Authority has organized relevant training courses for site supervisors/foremen and plant or equipment operators.


EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE All equipment shall be tested and examined before use. They shall be properly stored and maintained. The equipment shall be inspected daily and results of the inspection shall be recorded accordingly. A detailed safety instruction shall be provided to cater for specific situations of the project, if necessary.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY A properly connected power source from a local electric utility supplier or a mobile electricity generator shall be utilized in demolition sites. The safety requirements given in the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Electricity) Regulations shall be adhered to.Fire All flammable goods shall be removed from site unless they are necessary for the works involved. Any remaining flammable goods shall be stored in proper storage facilities. All furniture, timber, doors, etc. shall be removed before any welding work is performed. Firefighting appliances shall be provided and maintained in working conditions. The Construction Site (Safety) Regulations require the contractor to maintain in good condition and free from defects all fire fighting appliances provided in such construction site.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH The health of workers on site shall be properly protected in accordance with the relevant subsidiary regula-tions of the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance and the Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance with particular attention to the following areas: A. Exposure to Dust; B. Chemical Exposure; C. Heat Stress and Ventilation; D. Noise Exposure; E. Medical and First Aid Facilities; F. Sanitation; and G. Occupational Diseases.

EMERGENCY EXIT REQUIREMENTS IN DEMOLITION SITES Emergency exits shall be provided during building demolition. In case of any emergency evacuations, the emergency exit will serve as a lifeline for transportation of injured workers. A minimum of one exit route shall be maintained and designated as the emergency exit at all times during the demolition. Adequate lighting and fire extin-guishing equipment shall be provided. Emergency exit shall be properly protected, free of obstruction, and properly marked with exit signs or other indications to clearly show the route. All workers shall be informed about the exit route.

VIBRATION Demolition work will cause vibration to neighboring buildings or structures to various extents, depending on the method of demolition. The most serious vibration is caused by implosion. The effect of vibration caused by implosion is categorized as follows:- 1. Permanent ground distortion produced by blast-induced gas pressures; 2. Vibratory settlement of foundation materials; 3. Projectile impact (i.e. blast fly rock); and 4. Vibratory cracking from ground vibration or air blast. These effects will have to be dealt with specifically in the method statement for implosion. For other mechanical demolition methods, the vibration effect is usually less than some other construction processes, such as percussive piling and blasting. In some cases, the traffic vibration caused by heavy duty tractors is more significant than that caused by mechanical demolition. In order to identify the actual cause and effect of vibration, Registered Specialist Contractors (Demolition) are advised to carry out vibration monitoring during demolition. As a general guideline, the peak particle velocities at any adjoining structure shall not exceed 15mm/sec for prolonged vibration caused by mechanical demolition.

ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS The general requirements to minimize environmental impacts from construction sites can also be applied to demolition processes. The following sections contain some of the procedures to be adopted:a. AIR POLLUTION Concrete breaking, handling of debris and hauling process are main sources of dust from building demolition. Dust mitigation measures complying with the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust). Regulations shall

be adopted to minimize dust emissions. Burning of waste shall not be allowed. Diesel fumes generated by mechani-cal plant or equipment shall be subject to the control of the Air Pollution Control (Smoke) Regulations.

b. NOISE Noise pollution arising from the demolition works including, but not limited to, the use of specified powered mechanical equipment (SPME), powered mechanical equipment (PME), such as pneumatic breakers, excavators and generators, etc., scaffolding, erection of temporary works, loading and transportation of debris, etc. affects the work-ers, and the sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the demolition site. Silent type PME shall be used to reduce noise impact as much as practicable. Demolition activity shall not be performed within the restricted hours as established by EPD. Currently under the Noise Control Ordinance, noise from the use of SPME and PME within restricted hours is governed by a Construction Noise Permit (CNP) system.

c. WATER The discharge of wastewater from demolition sites requires a valid discharge license from the EPD and the application of such a license shall be made under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance (WPCO). Effluent shall be treated to the standards as stipulated in the license before discharge.

d. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS If removal of asbestos containing material is needed, an Asbestos Investigation Report (AIR) shall be sub-mitted to EPD. An Asbestos Abatement Plan (AAP) shall be submitted at least 28 days before the asbestos abate-ment work commences. The asbestos abatement works shall be carried out in accordance with the Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO) and the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Asbestos) Regulations before demolition. Other materials such as LPG cylinders in domestic flats, toxic and corrosive chemicals for industrial undertakings, and any other hazardous materials have to be identified and properly handled and removed prior to the commence-ment of the demolition of the building. The management of waste must fully comply with the Waste Disposal Ordi-nance. Additionally, management of waste which is classifiable as a chemical waste must also comply with the Waste Disposal.

4. METHODS OF DEMOLITIONThere are two types of demolition 1. Non explosive demolition 2. Explosive demolition.

4.1 NON EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION It means the demolition of a structure done with some equipment without the use of any explosive. Different equipments used for the demolition activity are

a. SLEDGE HAMMER A sledge hammer, equipment used for removing a stone wall or a single column. It consists of a long stem with a metallic head. It is used to give impacts on the surfaces and that cause the demolition of structure. It cannot be used for removal of large buildings.

Fig 1. Sledge hammer


b. EXCAVATORS AND BULLDOZERS

Fig 2. Excavator Hydraulic excavators may be used to topple one-or two-story buildings by an undermining process. The undermining process means, erode the base or foundation, i.e., dig or excavate beneath the foundation so as to make it collapse. The strategy of excavation is to undermine the building while controlling the manner and direction in which it falls. The demolition project manager will determine where under mining is necessary so that the building is pulled into the desired manner and direction. Safety and cleanup considerations are also taken into account in determining how the building is undermined and ultimately demolished.

Fig 3. Bulldozer

Loaders or bulldozers may also be used to demolish a building. They are typically equipped with “rakes” (thick pieces of steel that could be an I-beam or tube) that are used to ram building wall. Skid loaders and Loaders will also be used to take material out and sort steel.

c. WRECKING BALLS

Fig 4. Crane with wrecking ball

In case of buildings have greater heights (5 to 6 story) normal excavators and bulldozers are not sufficient. In such cases crane with wrecking balls are used to perform the demolition activity. The wrecking balls are steel balls hanging from a steel rope which is attached to the crane. This method is more effective only for high rise masonry structures because of the uncontrolled backward movement of steel ball after the impact on the wall surface. Now this method not commonly used because of this uncontrolled behavior of wrecking balls.

d. HIGH REACH EXCAVATORS

Fig 5. High reach excavator

High reach demolition excavators are more often used for tall buildings where explosive demolition is not appropriate or not possible. These excavators are used to demolish up to a height of 300 feet. These excavators with some attachments are also provided for some specific purposes. For example excavators with shear attach-ments are typically used to dismantle steel structural elements. Hydraulic hammers are often used for concrete structures and concrete processing attachments are used to crush concrete to a manageable size, and to removing reinforcing steel.

4.2. EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION The basic idea of explosive demolition is quite simple. If we remove the support structure of a building at a certain point, the section of the building above the point will fall down on the part of the building below that point. If this upper section is heavy enough, it will collide with the lower part with sufficient force to cause significant damage. The explosives are just trigger for the demolition. It’s gravity that brings the building down.

Demolition blasters or blasting expert (“Blasting expert” means a person who is the holder of a valid mine blasting certificate.) load explosives on several different levels of the building so that the building structure falls down on itself at multiple points. When everything is planned and executed correctly, the total damage of the explosives and falling building material is sufficient to collapse the structure entirely, so cleanup crews are left with only a pile of rubble.

The main challenge in bringing a building down is controlling which way if falls. There are mainly two ways to im-plode a building, 1. falling like a tree 2. falling into its own footprint felling like a tree

1. FALLING LIKE A TREE In this the blasting crew will be able to tumble the building over on one side, into a parking lot other open area. This sort of blast is the easiest to execute, and it is generally the safest way to go. Tipping a building over is something like felling a tree. For example to topple the building to the north, the blasters detonate explosives on the north side of the building first , in the same way you would chop into a tree from the north side if you wanted it to fall in that direction . Blasters may also secure steel cables to support columns in the building, so that they are


pulled a certain way as they crumble.

2. FALLING INTO ITS OWN FOOTPRINT Sometimes, though, a building is surrounded by structures that must be preserved. In this case, the blast-ers proceed with a true implosion, demolishing the building so that it collapses straight down into its own footprints (that means the total area of building is removed into the base of the building). This feat requires such skill that only a handful of demolition companies in the world will attempt it.

Fig 6. Demolition of a chimney in Germany (falling into footprint)

Blasters approach each project a little differently, but the basic idea is to think of the building as a collection of separate towers. The blasters set the explosives so that each “tower” falls toward the center of the building, in roughly the same way that they would set the explosives to topple a single structure to the side. When the explo-sives are detonated in the right order, the toppling towers crash against each other, and all of the rubbles collect at the center of the building. Another option is to detonate the columns at the center of the building before the other columns so that the building’s sides fall inward.

5. CONCLUSION Type of demolition method depends upon various factors such as site condition, type of structures, age of building, height of building and economy. Anyway controlled demolition of building is necessary to ensure safety. Explosive demolition is the preferred method for safely and efficiently demolishing the larger structures. Almost all major building implosions in the world are handled by 20 well-established companies, blasting is passed on from generation to generation.

6. REFERENCES1. Code of practice for demolition of buildings by Building Departments of Hong Kong in 2004.2. Prof. Chimay Anumba, Dr. Barbara Marino, Prof. Arie Gottfried, Health and safety in refurbishment involving and structural instability .(Research 204)3. Tom Harris, An article on How Building Implosions work.

EXPLOSIVESJudith Moncada and Louie Aldrich Quetulio

HISTORY Though early thermal weapons, such as Greek fire, have existed since ancient times, the first widely used explosive in warfare and mining was black powder, invented in 9th century China ( the history of gunpowder). This material was sensitive to water, and evolved lots of dark smoke. The first useful explosive stronger than black pow-der was nitroglycerin, developed in 1847. As nitroglycerin was unstable, it was replaced by nitrocellulose, smokeless powder, dynamite and gelignite (the two latter invented by Alfred Nobel). World War I saw the introduction of trini-trotoluene in naval shells. World War II saw an extensive use of new explosives (see explosives used during World War II). In turn, these have largely been replaced by modern explosives such as C-4.

EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL - also called explosives, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if release suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. This potential energy stored in an explosive material may be: 1.Detonate- explode faster than the speed of sound) are said to be “high explosives”. 2.Deflagrate- are said to be “low explosives”.

Categorized by: 1. Sensitivity- materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are primary explosives 2. Insensitivity- secondary or tertiary explosives

EXPLOSION - is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the genera-tion of high temperature and the release of gases. Safety fuse- William Bickford Nitroglycerin- Scanio Sobrero(Italian) Nitrocellulose-Christian Schonbien Trinitrotoluene (TNT)- Joseph Wilbrand (German) Blasting Cap- Albert Nobel Dynamite- Albert Nobel Smokeless Powder- Albert Nobel

APPLICATIONS1. Military2. Civilians3. Safety

US AIRFORCE - Similarly safety functions are found at major command headquarters, intermediate command head-quarters and at unit level as the weapons safety office.

US ARMY - The United States Army counterpart to the DDESB is the U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety (USATCES).

FRAGMENTS - An important consideration in the analysis of the hazards associated with an explosion is the effect of any fragments produced.

THERMAL HAZARDS - Generally, thermal hazards from explosives events are of less concern than blast and frag-ment hazards.

EXPLOSIVES SAFETY SPECIALIST -This is a highly trained and skilled civilian professional usually a Safety Specialist that has been trained to evaluate risk and hazards involved with conventional, guided missiles and toxic chemical ammunition operations.


PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALSTo determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use.Important characteristics of properties 1. availability and cost 2. sensitivity a.impact b. friction c. heat 3.sensitivity to initiation 4.velocity of denotation 5.stability a. chemical constitution b. temperature of storage c. exposure of sunlight d. electrical discharge

CHARACTERISTICS 1. Power, performance, and strength - The term power or performance as applied to an explosive refers to its ability to do work. 2 .Brisance - In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is their shattering effect or brisance (from the French meaning to “break”), which is distinguished and separate from their total work capacity. 3. Density - Density of loading refers to the mass of an explosive per unit volume. 4. Volatility - Volatility is the readiness with which a substance vaporizes. 5. Hygroscopicity and water resistance - Hygroscopicity is used as a measure of a material’s moisture-absorbing tendencies. 6. Toxicity - There are many types of explosives which are toxic to some extent 7. Explosive train - Explosive material may be incorporated in the explosive train of a device or system. 8. Volume of products of explosion - The most widely used explosives are condensed liquids or solids converted to gaseous products by explosive chemical reactions and the energy released by those reactions. 9. Oxygen balance - is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. 10. Chemical composition - A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound. 11. chemically pure compound -Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation.

CHEMICALLY PURE COMPOUND

NITROGLYCERIN - A highly unstable and sensitive liquid.ACETONE PEROXIDE - A very unstable white organic peroxide.TNT - Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast without detonation.NITROCELLULOSE - A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low explosive depending on nitration level and conditions.RDX, PETN, HMX - Very powerful explosives which can be used pure or in plastic explosives.

MIXTURE OF OXIDIZER AND FUELOXIDIZER - is a pure substance (molecule) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the fuel component of the explosive burns. a. black powder b. flash powder c. ammonal d. Armstrong’s mixture e. Armstrong’s mixture e.1 ANFO: Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. e.2 Cheddites: Chlorates or perchlorates and oil. e.3 Oxyliquits: Mixtures of organic materials and liquid oxygen. e.4 Panclastites: Mixtures of organic materials and dinitrogen tetroxide.

BLACK POWDER

FLASH POWDER

AMMONAL

ARMSTRONG’S MIXTURE

SPRENGEL EXPLOSIVES

CHEDDITES PANCLASTITES


OXYLIQUITS ANFO

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

BY SENSITIVITY1. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE - A primary explosive is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as impact, friction, heat, static electricity, or electromagnetic radiation.Examples of primary high explosives are:Acetone peroxide Alkali metal ozonidesAmmonium permanganate Ammonium chlorateAzidotetrazolates Azo-clathratesBenzoyl PeroxideBenzvalene Chlorine azideChlorine oxides Copper(I) acetylideCopper(II) azide Cumene hydroperoxideCyanogen azide Diacetyl peroxideDiazodinitrophenol DiazomethaneDiethyl ether peroxide

2. SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE - A secondary explosive is less sensitive than a primary explosive and require sub-stantially more energy to be initiated.

3. TERTIARY EXPLOSIVE - Tertiary explosives, also called blasting agents, are so insensitive to shock that they cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of primary explosive, and instead require an intermediate explo-sive booster of secondary explosive.

BY VELOCITY1. LOW EXPLOSIVES - are compounds where the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the speed of sound.2. HIGH EXPLOSIVES - are explosive materials that detonate, meaning that the explosive shock front passes through the material at a supersonic speed

SAFETY IN STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES-must be kept in a magazine that have been constructed, approved and licensed in accordance with state, federal and local regulations.-only authorized persons must have access to the storage-maintain accurate records of the explosive-assure that the stock are being used properly,the oldest stock should be used first.-area must be kept clean-flame producing devices are prohibited within 20m of the storage

SAFETY IN TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES-vehicles used for transporting explosives must be in good mechanical condition

-only authorized personnel are permitted as passenger

-must be equipped with 2 fire extinguishers

-speed should be kept within the prescribe limit

-as far as possible, filling up fuel is to be avoided

-as far as possible, avoid entering crowded areas

-before explosives are transported, the employer must establish suitable written Emergency Procedures

MINING - The largest commercial application of explosives is mining.

SAFE USE OF EXPLOSIVES IN CONSTRUCTION - This guide has been developed to provide general information to site management on issues dealing with safe use of explosives on construction site.

EXPLOSIVES SUPERVISOR - The explosives supervisor must be appointed in writing by the contractor. The ex-plosives supervisor is required to carry out key duties such as : 1. Preparing a written blast specification which includes; a. Minimising the risk of flyrock being projected outside the declared danger zone. b. Minimising the risk of misfires. c. Determining the location of misfired shots. 2. Communication with the appointed shotfirer. 3. Supervision. 4. Amending the blast specification where necessary e.g. to suit local.

SHOTFIRER - All shotfirers must possess sufficient practical and theoretical knowledge and experience to perform their full range of duties.Shotfiring Operations may include; -Priming Cartridges -Charging & Stemming Holes -Linking and Connecting Shots -Withdrawal & Sheltering of Persons -Inspection & Testing of a Shot firing Circuit Firing a Shot -Checking for Misfires -Destroying Surplus Explosives

SHOTFIRING RULES - must be drafted and implemented on site wherever blasting is planned to be carried out by the contractor.

PLANNING/BLAST SPECIFICATIONThe purpose of the blasting specification is to minimize the risk associated with the firing of shots.The specification should be designed to achieve the following goals: -Minimize the risk of fly rock being projected outside of the declared danger zone; -Minimize the risk of misfires; -Enable the location of any misfired shots to be accurately determined.

SITE SPECIFIC RISK ASSESTMENT

WHAT IS A RISK ASSESSMENT?A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm to people as a result of a workactivity. It allows you to take the necessary precautions to prevent harm occurring.

HOW DO I DO A RISK ASSESSMENT?There are five steps to a risk assessment: 1. Look at the hazards. 2. Decide who might be harmed and how. 3. Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or whether more should be done. 4. Record your findings. 5. Review your assessment.


ROLES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEERRose Marie Boiser and Gerold Insigne

OBJECTIVE - To know the qualifications and skills of a construction safety engineer - To determine the different roles/duties/responsibilities of a construction safety engineer

INTRODUCTION - The scope of a safety engineer is to perform their professional functions. - Safety engineering professionals must have education, training and experience in a common body of knowledge

Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.

Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering.

The field of safety engineering is broad. Safety engineers often specialize in a specific industry or discipline such as industrial, product, systems, health, occupational or environmental safety.

LICENSURE, REGISTRATION, OR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS Generally licensure is required for engineers or a licensed professional engineer must supervise unlicensed engineer positions in state government Licensure and certification enhances professional development and career progression.

THE HEALTH AND SAFETY ENGINEER OCCUPATION CHARACTERISTICS - Investigative - Enterprising - Conventional - Realistic - Social

SKILLS/QUALIFICATION OF A CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEER :1. Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times2. Using mathematics to solve problems. 3. Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents. 4. Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience. 5. Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making. 6. Adjusting actions in relation to others’ actions.7. Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction 8. Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology 9. Ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.10. Ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing. 11. Ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense12. Ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ENGINEER :1. Execute safety programs for locations and minimize company safety losses. 2. Develop a culture to anticipate and prevent health hazardous conditions.

- Drive behaviors preventing illnesses in work place by engaging management commitment. - Interpret legal requirements and standards by monitoring R&D projects. - Deploy Automation and Controls Solutions Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems program. - Investigate incidents, determine root cause and develop corrective actions. - Support HSE inspections, audits and self-assessments. - Manage reports and present summaries to management with suggested solutions. - Execute environmental management processes such as chemicals and waste management and pollution preven-tion. - Handle industrial hygiene, equipment protection, machine guarding and other health and safety programs. -Handle safety assessments and deploy corrective measures to minimize hazard risk profile. -Report to Metals Recycling Business Health and Safety Director with dotted line to operations. - Administer MRB safety policies and develop uniform safety practices as per long term company safety goals. - Offer quality product safely and effectively and decrease errors and accidents and increase profits. - Achieve health and safety management excellence. - Examines plans specifications for new machinery or equipment to define if all safety precautions have been in-cluded - Determines amount of weight that can be safely placed on plant floor - Tours plant to inspect fire as well as safety equipment, machinery, and also facilities to identify plus correct po-tential hazards ensure compliance with safety regulations - Determines requirements for safety clothing devices, and also designs, builds, and also installs, or directs instal-lation of safety devices on machinery - Conducts or coordinates safety first aid training to educate workers about safety policies, laws, and also practices - May conduct air quality tests for presence of harmful gases vapors. - Interview employers and employees to obtain information about work environments and workplace incidents. - Compile, analyze, and interpret statistical data related to occupational illnesses and accidents.


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTSKristoff Hendrick Amata and Rachelle yap

Hazards exist in every workplace in many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemi-cals, noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury.

Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or work-place conditions, OSHA recommends the use of engineering or work practice controls to manage or eliminate haz-ards to the greatest extent possible. For example, building a barrier between the hazard and the employees is an engineering control; changing the way in which employees perform their work is a work practice control.

When engineering, work practice and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use. Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as “PPE”, is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a vari-ety of hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, foot and eye protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs) hard hats, respirators and full body suits.

This guide will help both employers and employees do the following: - Understand the types of PPE. - Know the basics of conducting a “hazard assessment” of the workplace. - Select appropriate PPE for a variety of circumstances. - Understand what kind of training is needed in the proper use and care of PPE.

The information in this guide is general in nature and does not address all workplace hazards or PPE re-quirements. The information, methods and procedures in this guide are based on the OSHA requirements for PPE as set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 29 CFR 1910.132 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1910.133 (Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1910.135 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1910.136 (Foot protection); 29 CFR 1910. 137 (Electrical protective equipment); 29 CFR 1910.138 (Hand protection); and regulations that cover the construction industry, at 29 CFR 1926.95 (Criteria for personal protective equipment); 29 CFR 1926.96 (Occupational foot protec-tion); 29 CFR 1926.100 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1926.101 (Hearing protection); and 29 CFR 1926.102 (Eye and face protection); and for the maritime industry at 29 CFR 1915.152 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1915.153 (Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1915.155 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1915.156 (Foot protection); and 29 CFR 1915.157 (Hand and body protection).

This guide does not address PPE requirements related to respiratory protection (29 CFR 1910.134) as this information is covered in detail in OSHA Publication 3079, “Respiratory Protection”. There is a brief discussion of hearing protection in this publication but users should refer to OSHA Publication 3074, “Hearing Conservation” for more detailed information on the requirements to protect employees’ hearing in the workplace.

THE REQUIREMENT FOR PPE:To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment.

IN GENERAL, EMPLOYERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR: - Performing a “hazard assessment” of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards.

- Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.

- Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.

- Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.

- Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.

IN GENERAL, EMPLOYEES SHOULD: - Properly wear PPE,

- Attend training sessions on PPE,

- Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and

- Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.

Specific requirements for PPE are presented in many different OSHA standards, published in 29 CFR. Some standards require that employers provide PPE at no cost to the employee while others simply state that the employer must provide PPE. Appendix A at page 40 lists those standards that require the employer to provide PPE and those that require the employer to provide PPE at no cost to the employee.

The Hazard Assessment A first critical step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program is to identify physical and health hazards in the workplace. This process is known as a “hazard assessment.” Potential hazards may be physical or health-related and a comprehensive hazard assessment should identify hazards in both categories. Examples of physical hazards include moving objects, fluctuating temperatures, high intensity lighting, rolling or pinching objects, electrical connections and sharp edges. Examples of health hazards include overexposure to harmful dusts, chemicals or radiation.

THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT SHOULD BEGIN WITH A WALK-THROUGH SURVEY OF THE FACILITY TO DEVELOP A LIST OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN THE FOLLOWING BASIC HAZARD CATEGORIES: - Impact, - Penetration, - Compression (roll-over), - Chemical, - Heat/cold, - Harmful dust, - Light (optical) radiation, and - Biologic.

In addition to noting the basic layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational illnesses or injuries, things to look for during the walk-through survey include: - Sources of electricity.

- Sources of motion such as machines or processes where movement may exist that could result in an impact between personnel and equipment.

- Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injuries or fire.

- Types of chemicals used in the workplace.

- Sources of harmful dusts.

- Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.

- The potential for falling or dropping objects.

- Sharp objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture.

- Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.

When the walk-through is complete, the employer should organize and analyze the data so that it may be efficiently used in determining the proper types of PPE required at the worksite. The employer should become aware of the different types of PPE available and the levels of protection offered. It is definitely a good idea to select PPE that will provide a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect employees from hazards.


The workplace should be periodically reassessed for any changes in conditions, equipment or operating procedures that could affect occupational hazards. This periodic reassessment should also include a review of injury and illness records to spot any trends or areas of concern and taking appropriate corrective action. The suitability of existing PPE, including an evaluation of its condition and age, should be included in the reassessment.

DOCUMENTATION OF THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IS REQUIRED THROUGH A WRITTEN CERTIFICATION THAT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

- Identification of the workplace evaluated;

- Name of the person conducting the assessment;

- Date of the assessment; and

- Identification of the document certifying completion of the hazard assessment.

SELECTING PPE All PPE clothing and equipment should be of safe design and construction, and should be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. Employers should take the fit and comfort of PPE into consideration when selecting appropriate items for their workplace. PPE that fits well and is comfortable to wear will encourage employee use of PPE. Most protective devices are available in multiple sizes and care should be taken to select the proper size for each employee. If several different types of PPE are worn together, make sure they are compatible. If PPE does not fit properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. It may not provide the level of protection desired and may discourage employee use.

OSHA requires that many categories of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI has been preparing safety standards since the 1920s, when the first safety standard was approved to protect the heads and eyes of industrial workers.

Employers who need to provide PPE in the categories listed below must make certain that any new equip-ment procured meets the cited ANSI standard. Existing PPE stocks must meet the ANSI standard in effect at the time of its manufacture or provide protection equivalent to PPE manufactured to the ANSI criteria.

Employers should inform employees who provide their own PPE of the employer’s selection decisions and ensure that any employee-owned PPE used in the workplace conforms to the employer’s criteria, based on the hazard assessment, OSHA requirements and ANSI standards.

OSHA REQUIRES PPE TO MEET THE FOLLOWING ANSI STANDARDS: - Eye and Face Protection: ANSI Z87.1-1989 (USA Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection).

- Head Protection: ANSI Z89.1-1986.

- Foot Protection: ANSI Z41.1-1991.

For hand protection, there is no ANSI standard for gloves but OSHA recommends that selection be based upon the tasks to be performed and the performance and construction characteristics of the glove material. For protection against chemicals, glove selection must be based on the chemicals encountered, the chemical resistance and the physical properties of the glove material.

TRAINING EMPLOYEES IN THE PROPER USE OF PPE Employers are required to train each employee who must use PPE. Employees must be trained to know at least the following: - When PPE is necessary.

- What PPE is necessary.

- How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.

- The limitations of the PPE.

- Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.

Employers should make sure that each employee demonstrates an understanding of the PPE training as well as the ability to properly wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform work requiring the use of the PPE. If an employer believes that a previously trained employee is not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill level in the use of PPE, that employee should receive retraining. Other situations that require additional or retrain-ing of employees include the following circumstances: changes in the workplace or in the type of required PPE that make prior training obsolete.

The employer must document the training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by preparing a certification containing the name of each employee trained, the date of training and a clear identification of the subject of the certification.

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. OSHA requires employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation.

Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others result from wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that their employees wear appropri-ate eye and face protection and that the selected form of protection is appropriate to the work being performed and properly fits each worker exposed to the hazard.

PRESCRIPTION LENSES Everyday use of prescription corrective lenses will not provide adequate protection against most occupational eye and face hazards, so employers must make sure that employees with corrective lenses either wear eye protec-tion that incorporates the prescription into the design or wear additional eye protection over their prescription lenses. It is important to ensure that the protective eyewear does not disturb the proper positioning of the prescription lenses so that the employee’s vision will not be inhibited or limited. Also, employees who wear contact lenses must wear eye or face PPE when working in hazardous conditions.

EYE PROTECTION FOR EXPOSED WORKERS OSHA suggests that eye protection be routinely considered for use by carpenters, electricians, machinists, mechanics, millwrights, plumbers and pipefitters, sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths, assemblers, sanders, grinding machine operators, sawyers, welders, laborers, chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and logging workers. Employers of workers in other job categories should decide whether there is a need for eye and face PPE through a hazard assessment.

EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL EYE OR FACE INJURIES INCLUDE:- Dust, dirt, metal or wood chips entering the eye from activities such as chipping, grinding, sawing, hammering, the use of power tools or even strong wind forces.

- Chemical splashes from corrosive substances, hot liquids, solvents or other hazardous solutions.

- Objects swinging into the eye or face, such as tree limbs, chains, tools or ropes.

- Radiant energy from welding, harmful rays from the use of lasers or other radiant light (as well as heat, glare, sparks, splash and flying particles).


TYPES OF EYE PROTECTIONSelecting the most suitable eye and face protection for employees should take into consideration the following ele-ments: - Ability to protect against specific workplace hazards.

- Should fit properly and be reasonably comfortable to wear.

- Should provide unrestricted vision and movement.

- Should be durable and cleanable.

-Should allow unrestricted functioning of any other required PPE.

The eye and face protection selected for employee use must clearly identify the manufacturer. Any new eye and face protective devices must comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989 or be at least as effective as this standard requires. Any equipment purchased before this requirement took effect on July 5, 1994, must comply with the earlier ANSI Standard (ANSI Z87.1-1968) or be shown to be equally effective.

An employer may choose to provide one pair of protective eyewear for each position rather than individual eyewear for each employee. If this is done, the employer must make sure that employees disinfect shared protective eyewear after each use. Protective eyewear with corrective lenses may only be used by the employee for whom the corrective prescription was issued and may not be shared among employees.

SOME OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF EYE AND FACE PROTECTION INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: - Safety spectacles. These protective eyeglasses have safety frames constructed of metal or plastic and impact-resistant lenses. Side shields are available on some models.

- Goggles. These are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles will fit over corrective lenses.

- Welding shields. Constructed of vulcanized fiber or fiberglass and fitted with a filtered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light; they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. OSHA requires filter lenses to have a shade number appropriate to protect against the specific hazards of the work being performed in order to protect against harmful light radiation.

- Laser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense concentrations of light produced by lasers. The type of laser safety goggles an employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in the workplace.

- Face shields. These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the employee’s head. Some are polarized for glare protection. Face shields protect against nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids but will not provide adequate protection against im-pact hazards. Face shields used in combination with goggles or safety spectacles will provide additional protection against impact hazards.

Each type of protective eyewear is designed to protect against specific hazards. Employers can identify the specific workplace hazards that threaten employees’ eyes and faces by completing a hazard assessment as outlined in the earlier section.

WELDING OPERATIONS

The intense light associated with welding operations can cause serious and sometimes permanent eye damage if operators do not wear proper eye protection. The intensity of light or radiant energy produced by weld-ing, cutting or brazing operations varies according to a number of factors including the task producing the light, the

electrode size and the arc current. The following table shows the minimum protective shades for a variety of welding, cutting and brazing operations in general industry and in the shipbuilding industry.

* As a rule of thumb, start with a shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the (spectrum) operation.

** These values apply where the actual arc is clearly seen. Experience has shown that lighter filters may be used when the arc is hidden by the workpiece.

The construction industry has separate requirements for filter lens protective levels for specific types of welding op-erations, as indicated in the table below:


LASER OPERATIONS

Laser light radiation can be extremely dangerous to the unprotected eye and direct or reflected beams can cause permanent eye damage. Laser retinal burns can be painless, so it is essential that all personnel in or around laser operations wear appropriate eye protection.

Laser safety goggles should protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and must be of sufficient optical density for the energy involved. Safety goggles intended for use with laser beams must be labeled with the laser wavelengths for which they are intended to be used, the optical density of those wavelengths and the visible light transmission.

The table below lists maximum power or energy densities and appropriate protection levels for optical densities 5 through 8.

HEAD PROTECTION Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect an employee’s head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.

Employers must ensure that their employees wear head protection if any of the following apply: - Objects might fall from above and strike them on the head; - They might bump their heads against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams; or

- There is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

Some examples of occupations in which employees should be required to wear head protection include construction workers, carpenters, electricians, linemen, plumbers and pipefitters, timber and log cutters, welders, among many others. Whenever there is a danger of objects falling from above, such as working below others who are using tools or working under a conveyor belt, head protection must be worn. Hard hats must be worn with the bill forward to protect employees properly.

IN GENERAL, PROTECTIVE HELMETS OR HARD HATS SHOULD DO THE FOLLOWING: - Resist penetration by objects.

- Absorb the shock of a blow.

- Be water-resistant and slow burning.

- Have clear instructions explaining proper adjustment and replacement of the suspension and headband.

Hard hats must have a hard outer shell and a shock-absorbing lining that incorporates a headband and straps that suspend the shell from 1 to 1 1/4 inches (2.54 cm to 3.18 cm) away from the head. This type of design provides shock absorption during an impact and ventilation during normal wear.

Protective headgear must meet ANSI Standard Z89.1-1986 (Protective Headgear for Industrial Workers) or provide an equivalent level of protection. Helmets purchased before July 5, 1994 must comply with the earlier ANSI Standard (Z89.1-1969) or provide equivalent protection.

TYPES OF HARD HATS There are many types of hard hats available in the marketplace today. In addition to selecting protective headgear that meets ANSI standard requirements, employers should ensure that employees wear hard hats that provide appropriate protection against potential workplace hazards. It is important for employers to understand all potential hazards when making this selection, including electrical hazards. This can be done through a comprehen-sive hazard analysis and an awareness of the different types of protective headgear available.

HARD HATS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE INDUSTRIAL CLASSES:

- CLASS A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts).

- CLASS B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects.

- CLASS C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical haz-ards.

Another class of protective headgear on the market is called a “bump hat,” designed for use in areas with low head clearance. They are recommended for areas where protection is needed from head bumps and lacera-tions. These are not designed to protect against falling or flying objects and are not ANSI approved. It is essential to check the type of hard hat employees are using to ensure that the equipment provides appropriate protection. Each hat should bear a label inside the shell that lists the manufacturer, the ANSI designation and the class of the hat.

SIZE AND CARE CONSIDERATIONS Head protection that is either too large or too small is inappropriate for use, even if it meets all other re-quirements. Protective headgear must fit appropriately on the body and for the head size of each individual. Most protective headgear comes in a variety of sizes with adjustable headbands to ensure a proper fit (many adjust in 1/8-inch increments). A proper fit should allow sufficient clearance between the shell and the suspension system for ventilation and distribution of an impact. The hat should not bind, slip, fall off or irritate the skin.


Some protective headgear allows for the use of various accessories to help employees deal with changing environmental conditions, such as slots for earmuffs, safety glasses, face shields and mounted lights. Optional brims may provide additional protection from the sun and some hats have channels that guide rainwater away from the face. Protective headgear accessories must not compromise the safety elements of the equipment.

Periodic cleaning and inspection will extend the useful life of protective headgear. A daily inspection of the hard hat shell, suspension system and other accessories for holes, cracks, tears or other damage that might com-promise the protective value of the hat is essential. Paints, paint thinners and some cleaning agents can weaken the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Consult the helmet manufacturer for information on the effects of paint and cleaning materials on their hard hats. Never drill holes, paint or apply labels to protective headgear as this may reduce the integrity of the protection. Do not store protective headgear in direct sunlight, such as on the rear window shelf of a car, since sunlight and extreme heat can damage them.

HARD HATS WITH ANY OF THE FOLLOWING DEFECTS SHOULD BE REMOVED FROM SERVICE AND RE-PLACED: - Perforation, cracking, or deformity of the brim or shell;

- Indication of exposure of the brim or shell to heat, chemicals or ultraviolet light and other radiation (in addition to a loss of surface gloss, such signs include chalking or flaking).

Always replace a hard hat if it sustains an impact, even if damage is not noticeable. Suspension systems are offered as replacement parts and should be replaced when damaged or when excessive wear is noticed. It is not necessary to replace the entire hard hat when deterioration or tears of the suspension systems are noticed.Foot and Leg Protection

Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrat-ing materials should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves exposure to hot substances or corrosive or poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover exposed body parts, including legs and feet. If an employee’s feet may be exposed to electrical hazards, non-conductive footwear should be worn. On the other hand, workplace exposure to static electricity may necessitate the use of conductive footwear.

EXAMPLES OF SITUATIONS IN WHICH AN EMPLOYEE SHOULD WEAR FOOT AND/OR LEG PROTECTION INCLUDE: - When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll onto or fall on the employee’s feet;

- Working with sharp objects such as nails or spikes that could pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes;

- Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs;

- Working on or around hot, wet or slippery surfaces; and

- Working when electrical hazards are present.

Safety footwear must meet ANSI minimum compression and impact performance standards in ANSI Z41-1991 (American National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear) or provide equivalent protection. Footwear purchased before July 5, 1994, must meet or provide equivalent protection to the earlier ANSI Standard (ANSI Z41.1-1967). All ANSI approved footwear has a protective toe and offers impact and compression protection. But the type and amount of protection is not always the same. Different footwear protects in different ways. Check the product’s labeling or consult the manufacturer to make sure the footwear will protect the user from the hazards they face.

FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION CHOICES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

- Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps allow leggings to be removed quickly.

- Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards may be strapped to the outside of shoes.

- Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from impact and compression hazards. They may be made of steel, aluminum or plastic.

- Combination foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet, and may be used in combination with toe guards when greater protection is needed.

- Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work sur-faces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards.

SPECIAL PURPOSE SHOES

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SHOES provide protection against the buildup of static electricity. Employees work-ing in explosive and hazardous locations such as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear conductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup on the body that could produce a spark and cause an explosion or fire. Foot powder should not be used in conjunction with protective conductive footwear because it provides insulation, reducing the conductive ability of the shoes. Silk, wool and nylon socks can produce static electricity and should not be worn with conductive footwear. Conductive shoes must be removed when the task requiring their use is completed. Note: Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear conductive shoes.

ELECTRICAL HAZARD, SAFETY-TOE SHOES are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers’ feet from completing an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions and should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions to reduce the risk of a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy. The insulating protection of electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes may be compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn through, metal particles become embed-ded in the sole or heel, or workers touch conductive, grounded items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or hazardous locations.

FOUNDRY SHOES - In addition to insulating the feet from the extreme heat of molten metal, foundry shoes keep hot metal from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues or other shoe parts. These snug-fitting leather or leather-substitute shoes have leather or rubber soles and rubber heels. All foundry shoes must have built-in safety toes.

CARE OF PROTECTIVE FOOTWEAR As with all protective equipment, safety footwear should be inspected prior to each use. Shoes and leggings should be checked for wear and tear at reasonable intervals. This includes looking for cracks or holes, separation of materials, broken buckles or laces. The soles of shoes should be checked for pieces of metal or other embedded items that could present electrical or tripping hazards. Employees should follow the manufacturers’ recommendations for cleaning and maintenance of protective footwear.

HAND AND ARM PROTECTION If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that cannot be eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that employees wear appropriate protection. Potential hazards include skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and amputations. Protective equipment includes gloves, finger guards and arm coverings or elbow-length gloves.

Employers should explore all possible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate hazards and use PPE to provide additional protection against hazards that cannot be completely eliminated through other means. For example, machine guards may eliminate a hazard. Installing a barrier to prevent workers from placing their hands at the point of contact between a table saw blade and the item being cut is another method.


TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES

There are many types of gloves available today to protect against a wide variety of hazards. The nature of the hazard and the operation involved will affect the selection of gloves. The variety of potential occupational hand injuries makes selecting the right pair of gloves challenging. It is essential that employees use gloves specifically designed for the hazards and tasks found in their workplace because gloves designed for one function may not protect against a different function even though they may appear to be an appropriate protective device.

THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF SOME FACTORS THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF PROTEC-TIVE GLOVES FOR A WORKPLACE: - Type of chemicals handled.

- Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).

- Duration of contact.

- Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).

- Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).

- Thermal protection.

- Size and comfort.

- Abrasion/resistance requirements.

- Gloves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards.

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF GLOVES:

1. STURDY GLOVES made from metal mesh, leather or canvas provide protection against cuts and burns. Leather or canvass gloves also protect against sustained heat.

- LEATHER GLOVES protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects.

- ALUMINIZED GLOVES provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and require an insert made of synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold.

- ARAMID FIBER GLOVES protect against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resistant and wear well.

- SYNTHETIC GLOVES of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resis-tant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents.

2. FABRIC AND COATED FABRIC GLOVES - Fabric and coated fabric gloves are made of cotton or other fabric to provide varying degrees of protection.

- FABRIC GLOVES protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. They do not provide sufficient protection for use with rough, sharp or heavy materials. Adding a plastic coating will strengthen some fabric gloves.

- COATED FABRIC GLOVES are normally made from cotton flannel with napping on one side. By coating the un-napped side with plastic, fabric gloves are transformed into general-purpose hand protection offering slip-resistant qualities. These gloves are used for tasks ranging from handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers. When selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure hazards, always check with the manufacturer or review the manufacturer’s product literature to determine the gloves’ effectiveness against specific workplace chemicals and conditions.

3. CHEMICAL - AND LIQUID - RESISTANT GLOVES - Chemical-resistant gloves are made with different kinds of

rubber: natural, butyl, neoprene, nitrile and fluorocarbon (viton); or various kinds of plastic: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene. These materials can be blended or laminated for better performance. As a gen-eral rule, the thicker the glove material, the greater the chemical resistance but thick gloves may impair grip and dexterity, having a negative impact on safety.

SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL-RESISTANT GLOVES INCLUDE:

- BUTYL GLOVES are made of a synthetic rubber and protect against a wide variety of chemicals, such as perox-ide, rocket fuels, highly corrosive acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and red-fuming nitric acid), strong bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and nitrocompounds. Butyl gloves also resist oxidation, ozone corrosion and abrasion, and remain flexible at low temperatures. Butyl rubber does not perform well with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated solvents.

- NATURAL (LATEX) RUBBER GLOVES are comfortable to wear, which makes them a popular general-purpose glove. They feature outstanding tensile strength, elasticity and temperature resistance. In addition to resisting abra-sions caused by grinding and polishing, these gloves protect workers’ hands from most water solutions of acids, al-kalis, salts and ketones. Latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals and may not be appropriate for all employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for workers who are allergic to latex gloves.

- NEOPRENE GLOVES are made of synthetic rubber and offer good pliability, finger dexterity, high density and tear resistance. They protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids and alkalis. They generally have chemical and wear resistance properties superior to those made of natural rubber.

- NITRILE GLOVES are made of a copolymer and provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroeth-ylene and perchloroethylene. Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate. They offer protection when working with oils, greases, acids, caustics and alcohols but are generally not recommended for use with strong oxidizing agents, aromatic solvents, ketones and acetates.Care of Protective Gloves

4. INSULATING RUBBER GLOVES ( See 29 CFR 1910.137 and the following section on electrical protective equipment for detailed requirements on the selection, use and care of insulating rubber gloves).

Protective gloves should be inspected before each use to ensure that they are not torn, punctured or made ineffective in any way. A visual inspection will help detect cuts or tears but a more thorough inspection by filling the gloves with water and tightly rolling the cuff towards the fingers will help reveal any pinhole leaks. Gloves that are discolored or stiff may also indicate deficiencies caused by excessive use or degradation from chemical exposure.

Any gloves with impaired protective ability should be discarded and replaced. Reuse of chemical-resistant gloves should be evaluated carefully, taking into consideration the absorptive qualities of the gloves. A decision to reuse chemically-exposed gloves should take into consideration the toxicity of the chemicals involved and factors such as duration of exposure, storage and temperature.

BODY PROTECTION Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls, must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury:

- Temperature extremes;

- Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;

- Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;

- Hazardous chemicals.


There are many varieties of protective clothing available for specific hazards. Employers are required to ensure that their employees wear personal protective equipment only for the parts of the body exposed to possible injury. Examples of body protection include laboratory coats, coveralls, vests, jackets, aprons, surgical gowns and full body suits.

If a hazard assessment indicates a need for full body protection against toxic substances or harmful physi-cal agents, the clothing should be carefully inspected before each use, it must fit each worker properly and it must function properly and for the purpose for which it is intended.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING COMES IN A VARIETY OF MATERIALS, EACH EFFECTIVE AGAINST PARTICULAR HAZARDS, SUCH AS: - Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes.

- Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces.

- Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough materials.

- Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.

-Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.

HEARING PROTECTIONDetermining the need to provide hearing protection for employees can be challenging. Employee exposure to exces-sive noise depends upon a number of factors, including:

- The loudness of the noise as measured in decibels (dB).

- The duration of each employee’s exposure to the noise.

-Whether employees move between work areas with different noise levels.

-Whether noise is generated from one or multiple sources.

Generally, the louder the noise, the shorter the exposure time before hearing protection is required. For instance, employees may be exposed to a noise level of 90 dB for 8 hours per day (unless they experience a Standard Threshold Shift) before hearing protection is required. On the other hand, if the noise level reaches 115 dB hearing protection is required if the anticipated exposure exceeds 15 minutes.

For a more detailed discussion of the requirements for a comprehensive hearing conservation program, see OSHA Publication 3074 (2002), “Hearing Conservation” or refer to the OSHA standard at 29 CFR 1910.95, Oc-cupational Noise Exposure, section (c).

Table 5, below, shows the permissible noise exposures that require hearing protection for employees ex-posed to occupational noise at specific decibel levels for specific time periods. Noises are considered continuous if the interval between occurrences of the maximum noise level is one second or less. Noises not meeting this defi-nition are considered impact or impulse noises (loud momentary explosions of sound) and exposures to this type of noise must not exceed 140 dB. Examples of situations or tools that may result in impact or impulse noises are powder-actuated nail guns, a punch press or drop hammers.

*When measured on the A scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response.Source: 29 CFR 1910.95,Table G-16.

If engineering and work practice controls do not lower employee exposure to workplace noise to acceptable levels, employees must wear appropriate hearing protection. It is important to understand that hearing protectors reduce only the amount of noise that gets through to the ears. The amount of this reduction is referred to as attenu-ation, which differs according to the type of hearing protection used and how well it fits. Hearing protectors worn by employees must reduce an employee’s noise exposure to within the acceptable limits noted in Table 5. Refer to Appendix B of 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure, for detailed information on methods to estimate the attenuation effectiveness of hearing protectors based on the device’s noise reduction rating (NRR). Manufacturers of hearing protection devices must display the device’s NRR on the product packaging. If employees are exposed to occupational noise at or above 85 dB averaged over an eight-hour period, the employer is required to institute a hearing conservation program that includes regular testing of employees’ hearing by qualified professionals. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.95(c) for a description of the requirements for a hearing conservation program.

SOME TYPES OF HEARING PROTECTION INCLUDE:

- Single-use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicone rubber or fiberglass wool. They are self-forming and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded earplugs.

- Pre-formed or molded earplugs must be individually fitted by a professional and can be disposable or reusable. Reusable plugs should be cleaned after each use.

- Earmuffs require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial movements such as chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.


JOB HAZARD RECOGNITION, EVALUATION AND CONTROLNiptaly Mendinueta and Joyce Dianne Rementina

EVALUATION -Determine the magnitude or environmental factors & stresses arising in the workplace through quali-tative and quantitative measurement.

CONTROL -To Apply corrective measures by either reducing or eliminating the exposure.

KINDS OF HAZARD:1. CHEMICAL HAZARD - Gas - Vapour - Mists - Dust - Fumes CHEMICAL ROUTE OF ENTRY: - Inhalation - Ingestion - Dermal Contact

2. PHYSICAL HAZARD: - Noise - Vibration - Temperature Extremes - Radiation - Illumination 3. BIOLOGICAL4. ERGONOMICS

CONTROL OF HAZARDS :1. ENGINEERING CONTROL •Replacementofmaterialsused/substitution •Modificationsintheprocessandequipment •Isolation •WetMethod •IndustrialVentilation

2.ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL •Reductionofworkperiods •Adjustingworkschedules •JobRotation •Educationofsupervisors •Housekeeping

3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT •SafetHelmet •Respirators •SafetyGoggles •SafetyShoes •Gloves •EarPlug •Cover-allSuit •Etc.

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IN CONSTRUCTIONPaolo Apas and Norissa Namoca

OVERVIEW: - Purpose of Investigation - Managing the Accident Scene - Steps in Conducting Investigation

INVESTIGATIONS ARE CONDUCTED TO: - Prevent recurrence - Comply with policies and regulatory requirements - Improve supervisory management approach - Maintain employee awareness

ACCIDENTS ARE THE RESULT OF: : - Unsafe Acts - Unsafe Conditions UNLESS THE UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITIONS ARE: - LTI - Non-LTI - Near Miss - Chemical Spill - Property Damage - Fire and Explosion

Accident Investigations are usually considered a Supervisor’s responsibility.

ADVANTAGES OF SUPERVISORS OVER OTHER INVESTIGATORS: - More familiar with the people involved - Better understanding of the operations - Personal interest in investigations

TEAM EFFORT - All employees should understand :

WHAT TO REPORT : - LTI - Non-LTI - Near Misses -Property Damage - Chemical Spill - Fire or Explosion

WHOM TO REPORT TO: - Medical - Safety - Environmental Control - Management - Managing the Accident Scene

TWO PRIORITIES: - Care & treatment of the injured - Elimination or control of remaining hazards

CARE & TREATMENT OF INJURED - Training in First Aid - Drills under normal and abnormal conditions - Liaison with hospitals

CONTROLLING REMAINING HAZARDS - Notify necessary personnel - Provide PPE to potentially exposed - Refer to MSDS


ISOLATE THE SITE : - To protect people from further injury -To preserve evidence and valuable clues

SUCCESSFUL INVESTIGATION IS DONE : - Immediately - Completely - Thoroughly

INVESTIGATE IMMEDIATELY BECAUSE: - Operations are disrupted - Memories fade - Employees are at risk

CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION : - Gather information - Analyze the facts - Make recommendations

GATHERING INFORMATION : - NOI, POI, DOI, TOI - personnel involved - property damage - environmental harm

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION EQUIPMENT : - Report form - Notebook or pad of paper - Tape recorder - Camera (instant or digital) - Measuring equipment

SOURCES OF INFORMATION : - Witnesses - Physical evidence at the scene - Existing records

WITNESSES : - Victim and onlookers - Those who heard what happened - Saw area prior to incident - Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances

INTERVIEWING WITNESSES :1. Reassure the witness2. Let the witness tell the story3. Begin with open-ended questions4. Don’t ask leading questions5. Summarize6. Ask for recommendations7. Get written statements8. Close on a positive note

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - Provides information about an accident that witnesses may overlook or take for granted

SKETCHES - To record important details at the accident site for later studyInclude everything that could be important: - Floor plan from overhead view - Location of involved man, machine, tool - Size and location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)

PHOTOGRAPHS - detail - color differences - complex shapes difficult to recall - General area - Detailed shots - Show scale on small objects - Indicate reference point -Better to take too many than too few

MACHINES & TOOLS - check if machine and tools are: -in good physical condition -has the right position of switches/levers -has the proper reading of gauges -has its safeguards -has warning devices

MATERIAL - check if materiall jave been : - Misuse - Abuse - Disuse - Improper handling - Damage

CHEMICAL - If chemicals are involved, one should check the following: - correct item used - correct concentration - expired - contaminated - MSDS availability

IF ITEMS HAVE TO BE REMOVED FROM THE SCENE FOR DETAILED EXAMINATION: - Log and label - Secure storage & transport - Avoid contamination - Guard against tampering and loss - Appropriate HSE warnings

ENVIRONMENT (WORK) - one must consider the following: - Weather condition - Illumination - Noise - Housekeeping

EXISTING RECORDS : - Employee records - Equipment records - Job or Task records - Previous Accident Investigation reports

ANALYZING THE FACTS: - Cause Analysis (root) - Change analysis

IMMEDIATE AND BASIC CAUSES: - Look beyond the direct causes of the accident - Find out what can be done to eliminate the underlying reason for the hazardous behaviors and conditions that led to the mishap

RECOMMENDING CORRECTIVE ACTIONSFollow-up - It’s the best way to ensure that recommendations are carried out.

REPORT FORMS REQUIRE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INFORMATION : - General information - A Summary - An Analysis - Recommendations

REPORTS SHOULD BE : - Clear - Detailed - Neat - Legible

MANAGEMENT APPROACH: - Training - Inspections - Hazard analysis

SAFETY MEETINGS - Not just for incidents involving serious injury, its for ANY occurrence that has the POTENTIAL of causing harm


ROUTINE CONSTRUCTION SITE INSPECTIONDonna Blesszel Marjes and Jomari Daep

GOAL:•conductingsafetyaudits/inspection•providingfeedback•trackingresults•implementingcorrectiveactionstomaintainaninjuryfreeworkplace

SAFETY/AUDIT INSPECTION

AUDIT - A regular and critical examination of records and management performance to program standards.

INSPECTION - The careful examination of man, machine, material and the mother nature (4M’s), the close and critical scrutiny for comparison with standards.

WORKPLACE INSPECTION:•addressestheworkprocess•considersaspectsofthework•comparewithasetofstandards•mustlookattherelationshipsbetweenpeople,equipment,proceduresindeterminingifstandardsarebeingmetand maintained.

REASONS:•IdentificationofHazards •Assesthepotentialfromthesehazards•Monitortheeffectivenessofcontrolmeasures •Reviewcompliancewithestablishedstandards.•Selectcontrolmeasurestoeliminateorreducehazards

IMPORTANCE :•Locatingpotentialcausesofaccidents•Promotesbetterpublicandemployeerelations•Canbevaluableinpointingoutareas,operationsormethods.•Helpsellthesafetyprogramtoemployees.

HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS:•BiophysicalHazards •MechanicalHazards•ElectricalHazards •ChemicalHazards

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:•GuardingandProtectionDevice •StructuralDefectsandHazardousConditions•FunctionalDefects •WorkEnvironment•MaterialStorageandPersonnelExposure•PracticeandProcedure

RECOMMENDED SAFETY COURSES:•HAZCOM •BasicElectricalSafety•Ergonomics •OfficeSafety•ConstructiveConfrontation •ControlofHazardousEnergies•AdvancedChemicalSafety

CLASSIFICATIONS: - Planned - General Inspection - Critical Part Inspection - Unplanned

ADVANTAGES •Preventoverlookinghazardsduringaninspection•Ensureconsistencyofeveryinspection•Allowdifferentpeopletoconductequallythoroughinspections•Providewrittendocumentationthataninspectionwasdoneandwhichhazardswerediscovered.

CREATING CHECKLIST1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area.2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.3. Examine the work area itself to see if yo overlooked any conditions that need to be checked, and note the loca-tions of the hazards already listed.4. Have employees review you list to make sure you have included all the hazards .

SCHEDULING1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection2. Inspect as often as possible. •Daily •Weekly •Bi-weekly •Monthly3. Make sure each inspection is thorough which includes the inspection of existing records such as: •Previousinspectionreports •JHA •Maintenancerecords •MSDS •Accidentinvestigationreports •Workenvironmentmonitoring4. If conditions do not improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase the frequency.5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections. 6. Stick to the schedule.

INVOLVING EMPLOYEES:•Increasestotalmanpower•Increasesthechancethatthehazardsarecorrectedquickly.•IncreasestheamountofattentiontoSHEconditionsinthearea.

CONDUCTING THE INSPECTION:• Stayonthetask• Takenotes–Fillupyourchecklist• Completeandspecificremarks• Makeyourinspectioneffortsusefulinthefutureasahealthandsafetyresource.

RECOMMENDING CORRECTIVE ACTIONS:• Aimedtowardreducingoreliminatingthehazard• Priority-based

HAZARD CLASSIFICATION:• Class“A”Hazard-permanentdisability,lossoflifeorbodypartorextensivelossofstructure• Class“B”Hazard-seriousinjuryorillness(resultingintemporarydisability)• Class“C”Hazard-minorinjuryorillness


STEPS FOR CONDUCTING AN AUDIT:•Observethearea,thepeopleandtheiractivities•Interviewemployees;makeauditinteractive•Completethechecklistforms•Completethefollow-upprocedures

FOR SAFE ACTS AND CONDITIONS:•Praisethesafeactsandconditionsyouobservedandcomplimenttheemployee.•Engagetheemployeeinaconversationaboutthejobanditssafetyaspects,includinganysafetyconcerns.

FOR SAFE ACTS AND CONDITIONS:•Bespecific,consistent,matchrecognitiontotheaccomplishment.•Listentoreactions.•Thankorrewardtheemployeeforhis/hercommitmenttoworkingsafely•Personalizethefeedback

FOR UNSAFE CONDITIONS:•Askquestionstoexploreorqualifywhatyouobserve•Discussthepossibleconsequencesoftheunsafecondition•Identifysaferwaystoimproveorrepairthecondition•CallActionlinetohaveitfixedimmediately

FOR UNSAFE ACTS:•Whenitissafetodoso,stoptheworkimmediately.Giveitone-on-one.•Identifytheobservedatriskbehaviour(s)•Askquestionstoexploreorclarifywhatyouhaveobserved•Discussthepossibleconsequences•Identifysafebehaviour

REVIEW THE FORM:•Thedate,time,areaobserved,andtheparticipants.•Safeacts,unsafeacts,andconditionsobserved.•Correctiveactionsrequired,ownersandestimatedcompletiondates.•Atallyofobservationsanddeviationsfromtheexpected.

THE INSPECTION REPORT:•Writeclearlyor,whenpossible,havethereporttypewritten.•Codingofitemisofbenefit.•Additionalcontactsfrequentlyhelp.•Simplyfollow-upreports.•Filereportproperly.

Keys to effective Inspection:•Createchecklists•Scheduleinspections•Focusononehazardatatime•Modifychecklistsasneeded•Follow-upcorrectiveactions•CommunicateandInvolveEmployees•Acknowledgeparticipation

TOOLBOX MEETINGJerome De Castro

TOOLBOX MEETING :A toolbox talk is a short safety talk, normally delivered at the workplace (not a training room) and on a specific subject matter. And it’s a meeting that companies hold to discuss issues that primarily focus on safety topics, It should be short (5 – 10 minutes) and to the point with a specific safety message.

OBJECTIVE:The objective is to raise awareness of a particular aspect of the work but to do it on a regular basis so that the good safety message is reinforced. Attendance should be recorded.

TYPES OF SAFETY MEETINGS:

A. EXECUTIVE MEETING Team Members:•OperatingExecutives•Supervisors

Nature of Discussion & Purpose:•Strategictoformulatepolicies•Initiatesafetyprogram•Planspecialactivities

Frequency and Duration:•Periodic(every2months,quarterly)•1to2hoursorperstaffagreement

B. DEPARTMENTAL MEETING Team Members •DepartmentHead•Supervisors

Discussion Nature & Purpose•SemiStrategictotactical•Discussspecialproblems•Plancampaigns•Analyseaccident

Frequency & Duration•Monthly•1hour

C. MASS MEETING Team member •Topexecutiveandallstaff•Allemployees

Discussion Nature & Purpose •Festive&PerOccasionsprogram

Frequency & Duration •Occasional•HalfdaytowholedayAffair


C. SMALL GROUP MEETINGTeam Member •TeamLeader(manager,supervisor,foreman)

Discussion Nature & Purpose •Tactical,Daytodayitemanddetail•Discussspecificsafetytopic(accidentcauses,safetyproblems,tactics.)

Frequency & Duration •Regular•Between10to30minutes

THE TOOLBOX MEETING (TBM):•Toolboxmeeting–etymology•Classification–SmallGroupmeeting•Commonuse–constructionjob•NatureofDiscussion–tactical•Conducted–10min.Beforeworkstart•Interval–dependingonthejobhazard,accidentfrequencyand/orsafetyproblems,

EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX MEETING :The TBM requires effective skill of communication:•Chooseonly1to2topicsfordiscussion•Basetopicselectiononcurrentneeds•Keepdiscussionfocusonchosentopic•Encouragequestionandgivestraighttothepointanswerstoendupintime•Varyapproacheverymeetingtomaintainworkersinterest

SUGGESTED TBM TOPICS: •Previousormostrecentaccidentinvestigationresult&conclusion•Safetyprecautionforworktobedoneduringtheworkperiodorshift•Safetyproblemsrecentlyencounteredtoemphasizedresolution/precaution

REMEMBER: •A10to15minutesTBMcangoalongtheawaytoemphasizedsafetymeasureandhelpimprovesafetyawareness•NevertakeTBMforgranted•NeverassumethatworkersalreadyknowwhatwillbediscussedinyourTBM•KeepingTBMaliveaswellaslivelyasyourchallenge

SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMING IN CONSTRUCTION SITEKaren Joy Sanquilos and Ryan Valeza

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH•Specificallydealswiththeintricaterequirementsonhowtosetupanorganization’sSafety&HealthProgram.•Itdiscussestheelementsofawellplanned,aswellas,wellmanagedhealth&safetyprogramandonhowthevarious program elements interacts to promote health & safety in the workplace.

OBJECTIVES:•Todiscussthedetailsofhealth&safetyprogramming•Todiscusstheinvolvementofallgroupsintheplanningandimplementingthehealth&safetyprogram•Todiscussthefundamentalelementsofthehealth&safetyprogram•Toexplaintheapplicationofcontinuousimprovementmodelinhealth&safetyprogramming

IMPORTANT TERMS:

HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM - is a plan or outline of activities conducted to promote consciousness among management and workers in workplaces in order to eliminate or minimize accidents and/or illnesses to the lowest reducible level.

Health & Safety Program Organization-is the method employed by management to assign responsibility for ac-cident prevention and to ensure performances under that responsibility.

HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS:

1. Company Management - Has overall responsibilities for the company’s safety program and regularly reaffirms for loss control activities. - Ensures that all employees are informed of top management commitment on safety and the abidance of all federal, state, and local regulations. - Establish company safety rules and programs and provides supervision with the backing, training and funds for these program.

2. Supervisors - Responsible for the safety of their employees and oversees the compliance with the safety program. - Arranges for prompt medical attention in case of an injury and provides a through written investigative report with recommendations to prevent reoccurrence.

3. Safety Director - Responsible for implementation and monitoring the safety program. - Implements and monitor safety training programs and provide safety materials as needed. - Assist site supervision on accident investigation and recommend controls to prevent reoccurrence. - Assures proper notification in the event of the accident.


4.Employees - Responsible for learning and abiding by the rules and regulations which are applicable for their assigned tasks. - Report all accidents and near-misses. - Perform their functions in the safest possible manner and encourage co-workers to do likewise.

5. Unions - Promote employees interest and cooperation.

ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAMMING•Aneffectivehealth&safetyprogrampermitsacompanytohaveaworkingenvironmentinwhichoperationsareconducted economically, efficiently and safely.

•Onlythetopmanagementhastheauthoritytoimplementcontrolsoftheworkingenvironmentandofworker’sac-tions.

SEVEN (7) BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM

1. MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP – (assumption of responsibility, declaration of policy)

a) There is a need for the management to make a written statement of its attitude toward safety in the workplace. These can be set forth in a policy, which must be brief and clearly defined management attitude. - Enforce safe practices and conditions - Comply with company policy. - Follow safe instructions. - Obtain good preventive maintenance of equipment or selection of proper equipment when purchased.

b) A safety policy should basically state that: - The safety of employees, the public and the company operations are paramount, - Safety will take precedence over expediency or short cuts, - Every attempt will be made to reduce the possibility of accident occurrence, and - The company intends to comply with all safety laws and ordinances

2. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY – (to operating officials, safety directors, supervisors, and health & safety committees)

a) When a safety policy has been set, the management delegates the everyday task of carrying out said policy to the supervisors, foremen, foreladies, and/or safety and health committee.

b) The head of the operating unit can set the example for placing health and safety in equal emphasis and weight in matters of production, cost and quality by actively supporting the company’s health and safety policy. He/she can do these by seeing to it that:

1. Each of her/his employees (workers) understand the chemical and physical properties of the materials stored, handled or used by him/her.

2. The necessary precautions are observed when using equipment, including the use of proper safeguards and PPE.

c) The establishment of a health and safety committee is another excellent means of developing, implementing and maintaining safety and accident prevention measures in the workplace.

3. MAINTENANCE OF SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS –(inspectors, engineering revisions, purchasing and supervi-sors)

a) Some protective measures to maintain safe working conditions within the plant are: 1. Operational methods (revision) to eliminate risks 2. Mechanical guarding

3. Isolation of operation or storage 4. Use of PPE 5. Proper Ventilation 6. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment 7. Sufficient and proper lighting 8. Sanitation 9. Fire control measures

b) The plant’s health & safety conditions can be appraised by keeping tract of the following: 1. Regular routine inspection 2. Special inspection 3. Follow ups, to see if recommendations for health and safety maintenance are met or carried out.

4. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY TRAINING

a) Conduct of training course should be both for supervisors and employees. The following are the different training courses: 1. For new employees – to orient and/or familiarize newly hired personnel 2. On-the-Job training – for those already under the service of the company for some time 3. Refresher service to re-acquaint “old” personnel 4. Supervisory training 5. Participation in safety works 6. Off-the-job 7. Conferences 8. Workshops

b) Six (6) MUSTS in conducting safety training: 1. Tell the employee “WHAT” the safety program is. 2. Encourage them to learn, teach and practice safety every “WHERE” in the plant and off the job. 3. Answer questions so they will know “WHY” safety pays. 4. Teach “WHEN” you know they need training. 5. Make them conscious of “WHO” benefits all the way. 6. Show them “HOW” to do things the safe way.

5. AN ACCIDENT RECORD SYSTEM – (accident analysis reports on injuries & measurement of records)

a) Records are written account of accidents: 1. They provide the safety director with the means for an objective evaluation of his program. 2. They identify high injury rate to plants and departments. 3. They provide information on the causes of accidents, which contribute to high injury rates.

b) RULE 1050 of the Occupational Safety & Health Standards states that establishments are required to submit reports of work accidents and occupational illness, which resulted in disabling injuries. 1. The form DOLE/BWC/OSHD (Employer’s Report of Accident/Illness) should be accomplished and submitted to the Regional Labor Office, copy furnished the bureau of Working Conditions. 2. The form is a comprehensive tool covering pertinent data in recording and reporting occupational accident/ illnesses.

6. MEDICAL & FIRST AID SYSTEM – (placement examinations, treatment of injuries, first aid services and periodic health examinations)a) The medical department of a company is tasked with the following pertinent activities: 1. Conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and proper placement of workers. 2. Conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful toxic substances. 3. Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know exposures are determined to health that may be present. 4. Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in spite of their


condition.

7. ACCEPTANCE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYEE – (training and maintenance of interest)

a) Employee too must have obligations for a Safety Program to succeed: 1. They must observe safe practices and procedures. 2. Have regard at all times to safety of fellow employees. 3. Use knowledge and influence to prevent accidents. 4. Report to proper authorities any unsafe conditions that may call attention. 5. Contribute ideas, suggestions, and recommendations for the improvement of working conditions to achieve maximum safety.

b) Aside from training, the management has means at its disposal to maintain a high interest in safety. Such pro-motional methods include:

1. Safety meetings of which there are four types: -Executive and supervisor’s meeting to formulate policies, initiate safety programs or plan special safety activities. - Mass meeting for special purposes. - Departmental meeting to discuss special problems, and plan campaigns or analyze accidents. - Small group meeting to plan the day’s work so that it is done safely.

2. Safety contests: - Injury rate contest. (develop the culture of honesty) - Inter-departmental contest. - Inter-group contest - Intra-plant - Non-injury rate contest – safety slogan/poster, housekeeping, community contest. - Use posters, bulletin boards, display or publicize safety. - Others like safety campaigns, safety courses & demonstrations, public address systems, publications & suggestion systems.

HOW TO START A SAFETY PROGRAM - Management Initiative and Leadership - Top management assumes responsibility for health and safety and takes the lead in starting a health and safety program. - Setting-up the Staff - Top management writes the company health and safety policy and declares it through a meeting among the su-pervisory staff or through letters, bulletins, and announcements. - A health and safety policy should be brief but should clearly define management attitude and desires. - Answers to the following must be clearly explained: a) What does management want? b) Does the policy pertain to on-the-job health & safety, off-the-job health & safety, property damage, fire, and/or product safety? c) Who is to be responsible for what? d) Where and how is it fixed? e) How does it fit into the organization? f) What will the committee do? g) Who has the right to correct and determine courses of action? h) What rules will the company live by? - Policy Statement - An organization’s health and safety policy should be a clear statement of principles, which serves as a guide to action. - Senior management must be committed to ensuring that the policy is carried out with NO exception. - Health and safety policy must be and be seen to be, on PAR with all other organizational policies. - The policy statement can be brief, but should mention: a) The objectives of the program

b) The organization’s basic health and safety philosophy c) The general responsibilities of all employees d) The ways employees can participate in health and safety activities e) Stated in clear and concise terms f) Signed be the incumbent Chief Executive Officer g) Kept up to date h) Communicated to each employee i) Adhered to in all work activities - Involvement of the Different Departments – (in the case of large establishments) - Medical Department a) Conducts pre-employment physical examination: - For proper physical check-up of workers, and - For proper placement of workers b) Conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful or toxic substances. c) Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are detrimental to health that may be present. d) Establish a system assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in spite of their condition. - Personnel Department a) Keep records of lost time, accidents and sickness arising from work; collaborates with medical and safety department relative to the placement of the employees on the job b) Arranges necessary cooperation and assistance in rehabilitation of injured employees; and c) Establishes cross-file controls to prevent unfit employees to work on job not approved for them. - Engineering Department a) Expedites safety work request, particularly referring to correction of critical hazards. b) Consults with the safety department before any new operation is started or new installations or changes to existing buildings, processes, operations of equipment are put up. - Purchasing Department a) Coordinates with the safety department on all purchases of equipment, tools, materials, and personal protective equipments (PPE). b) Requisitions for hazardous substances and materials should be referred to safety department for proper investigation and clearance.

WRITING OBJECTIVES (PROGRAM ACTIVITIES):Well-written objectives (program activities) should be:•(S)–Simple/Specific•(M)–Measurable•(A)–Attainable•(R)–Relevant•(T)–Timebounded

COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM:

1. LEADERSHIP & ADMINISTRATION - To demonstrate Management’s leadership and commitment to safety & health and to the control of accident.

Requirements: A. General Policy B. Program Coordinator C. Senior Management Participation D. Established Program Standards E. Presentation at Management Meetings F. Management Reference Manual G. Individual Responsibility for Safety & Health or Loss Control H. Establishment of Annual Safety & Health or Loss Control Objectives I. Joint Safety & Health Committees and/or Safety & Health Representative J. Refusal to Work on Grounds of Safety & Health Hazards K. Reference Library


2. MANAGEMENT TRAINING - To prescribe the training program needed by management personnel and employees to ensure that the desired results of the safety program can be achieved

Requirements: A. Senior Management Orientation Program B. Formal Initial Training of Senior Management Personnel C. Formal Initial Training of Supervisory Through Middle Management Personnel D. Formal Review Training of Supervisory Through Middle Management Personnel E. Formal Training of Program Coordinator

3. PLANNED INSPECTIONS - To identify conditions and hazardous exposures before they cause accidents and losses

Requirements: A. General Inspection B. Follow up Procedures C. Critical Parts/Items D. Preventive Maintenance E. Equipment Check-Outs

4. JOB/TASK ANALYSIS & PROCEDURES - To establish JHA in order to identify & eliminate/control hazards as-sociated with critical jobs

Requirements: A. Management Directive B. Critical Task Inventory C. Safety & Health Hazards in Task Analyses and Procedures

5. ACCIDENT / INCIDENT INVESTIGATION - To establish a systematic procedure for conducting an accident inves-tigation, whether involving personal injury or property loss, or both, in order to have an effective tool for controlling accidents and losses.

Requirements: A. Accident/Incident Investigation Procedure B. Scope of Accident/Incident Investigation C. Remedial Follow-up and Action D. Senior Management Participation E. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness

6. PLANNED JOB/TASK OBSERVATIONS - To know the importance of Job/Task Observation in the Occupational Safety & Health Program and the process of conducting this activity

Requirements: A. Management Directive B. Complete Task Observation Objectives

7. Emergency Preparedness - To develop a comprehensive emergency preparedness that provides management guidelines for actions to be taken for all types of emergency conditions likely to occur at an operation

Requirements: A. Leadership & Administration B. Emergency Plan C. Emergency Lighting & Power D. Source of Energy Controls E. Protective & Rescue Equipment F. Emergency Team G. Emergency Communication

8. ORGANIZATIONAL RULES AND REGULATIONS - To establish rules and practices that can serve as guide to behavior and at the same time, a tool for the control of accidents and losses

Requirements: A. General Safety & Health Rules B. Established Trade or Craft Rules C. Rules Education & Review Program D. Rules Compliance Effort E. Use of Educational Signs & Color Codes

9. ACCIDENT / INCIDENT ANALYSIS - To describe the method of analyzing accident - To provide information which can guide management in their effort to control injuries and property losses

Requirements: A. Performance Statistics Computed & Used B. Occupational Injury & Illnesses Analysis C. Property & Equipment Damage Analysis

10. EMPLOYEE TRAINING - To prescribe the training program, based on training need analysis, needed by employ-ees to ensure that the desired results of the safety program can be achieved

Requirements: A. Training Inventory B. Employee Training Program C. Evaluation of Employee Training Program Effectiveness

11. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - To develop guidelines in establishing a program on Personal Protective Equipment

Requirements: A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Record-keeping C. Generally Accepted International Requirements D. Enforcement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standards 12. HEALTH CONTROL SERVICES - To establish procedure for the recognition, evaluation & control of occupational health hazards - To establish first aid & medical services program

Requirements: A. Health Control 1. Health Hazards Identification 2. Health Hazards Control 3. Information, Training & Education: 4. Monitoring 5. Evaluation 6. Health Maintenance Program

B. First Aid 1. Established Procedure for Emergencies 2. Supervisory Training on First Aid 3. First Aid Facilities & Equipment 4. Qualified First Aid Attendants 5. Communications 6. Records


13. MEASUREMENT AUDIT SYSTEM (Program Evaluation System) - To define the process & scope of a tracking system that can be used to determine the level of safety performance the plant has attained.

Requirements: A. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Program Standards B. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Standards for General Physical Conditions C. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Fire Prevention and Control Standards D. Evaluation of Management Compliance with Occupational Health Standards

14. PURCHASING & ENGINEERING CONTROLS - To establish systems and procedures to identify & control loss exposures from goods and services obtained by the facility prior to delivery on site. - To establish procedures for identifying changes in engineering design & projects and processes. - And, to implement necessary controls to prevent accidents because of these changes

Requirements: A. Organizational Purchasing Considerations B. Design Engineering Considerations

15. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS - To provide supervisors with an understanding of the significant value of training on personal communications in safety.

Requirements: A. Training in Personal Communication Techniques B. Job Orientation C. Job/Task Instruction D. Planned Personal Contacts E. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness

16. GROUP MEETINGS - To emphasize the importance of group meetings in ensuring effective management-employee communications

Requirements: A. Group Meetings B. Record-keeping C. Management Involvement D. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness

17. GENERAL PROMOTION - To prescribe techniques for modifying and maintaining employees’ safety attitude and be-havior in the workplace through safety promotions.

Requirements: A. Safety Bulletin Board Program B. Use of Program Statistics & Facts C. Critical Topic Program D. The Use of Awards & Recognition E. Group Performance Promotions F. Housekeeping Promotions

18. HIRING & PLACEMENT - To stress the importance of placing people on jobs that they are physically and mentally capable of doing.

Requirements: A. Physical Capability Requirements B. Physical Examination C. Orientation Program D. Pre-Employment or Pre-Placement Qualification Check

19. RECORDS & REPORTS - To come out with a record of reports needed to implement program elements of Safety & Health Program

Requirements: A. Accident/Incident Report Maintenance B. Planned Inspection Report Maintenance C. Occupational Health Monitoring D. Accident Statistics & Analysis 20. OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY - To establish a program for controlling employees, hazardous exposures outside the work environment.

Requirements: A. Problem Identification and Analysis B. Off-the-Job Safety Education

PHASE 1 : MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT & INVOLVEMENT (VISION AND LEADERSHIP) - Communicates a vision - Attend meetings and read reports - Set performance standards - Define roles and responsibilities - Be an activist

PHASE 2 : ESTABLISH A BASELINE (“AS IS”) - Select a team - Team selects issues using the basic elements - Identify key measurements - Conduct research - Analyze results - Communicate findings

PHASE 3 : SET GOALS (“WHERE WE SHOULD BE”) - Add team members, as necessary - Set goals - Communicate goals

PHASE 4 : IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES (CLOSE GAP BETWEEN “AS IS” AND “WHERE WE SHOULD BE”) - Develop plans and actions - Carry out plans - Monitor results - Acknowledge successes

PHASE 5 : REVIEW AND ADJUST (REACH FOR WHERE WE COULD BE) - Build on successes - Re-examine failures - Repeat the process - Communicate the process


RE-ENTRY PLAN AS A CONTRUCTION AND SAFETY OFFICERChristian Tejoso and Jessa Mae Igdalino

SCOPES: - Plans for Implementation of Learning Experience - Improving Safety and Health within Construction Projects - Integrating Safety and Health Project Implementation

RE-ENTRY PLANS - Set of modified procedures or instructions to be implemented in order to prevent recurrence of accidents on construction site.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER - A management position in a construction company that ensures that all construction workers follow safety rules and regulation.

Construction Safety and Health Officer Duties: - Knowing Safety Standards - Field Oversight - Site Inspection - Creating Safety Documentation - Implementation - Identification - Administration - Communication - Worker’s Compensation - Teaching

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

ACCIDENT can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, and that may (or may not) include injury or property damage.

INCIDENT usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage this time but had the potential. “Near miss” or “dangerous occurrence” are also terms for an event that could have caused harm but did not.Investigation are conducted to: - Prevent recurrence - Comply with policies - Improve supervisory management approach - Maintain employee awareness

CONDUCTING THE INVESTIGATION: - Gather information - Analyze the facts - Make recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS: WHY SHOULD RECOMMENDATIONS BE MADE? The most important final step is to come up with a set of well-considered recommendations designed to prevent recurrences of similar accidents. Once you are knowledgeable about the work processes involved and the overall situation in your organization, it should not be too difficult to come up with realistic recommendations. Recommendations should: - Be Specific - Be Constructive - Get at Root Causes - Identify Contributing Factors

Resist the temptation to make only general recommendations to save time and effort. For example: You have determined that a blind corner contributed to an accident.

Rather than just recommending “eliminate blind corners” it would be better to suggest: •installmirrorsatthenorthwestcornerofbuildingX(specifictothisaccident)

•installmirrorsatblindcornerswhererequiredthroughouttheworksite(general)

Never make recommendations about disciplining a person or persons who may have been at fault. This would not only be counter to the real purpose of the investigation, but it would jeopardize the chances for a free flow of information in future accident investigations.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IF THE INVESTIGATION REVEALS HUMAN ERROR:

A difficulty that has bothered many investigators is the idea that one does not want to lay blame. However, when a thorough worksite accident investigation reveals that some person or persons among management, supervi-sor, and the workers were apparently at fault, then this fact should be pointed out. The intention here is to remedy the situation, not to discipline an individual.

Failing to point out human failings that contributed to an accident will not only downgrade the quality of the investigation. Furthermore, it will also allow future accidents to happen from similar causes because they have not been addressed.

However never make recommendations about disciplining anyone who may be at fault. Any disciplinary steps should be done within the normal personnel procedures.

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (General Process Flow)

HOW SHOULD FOLLOW-UP BE HANDLED? Management is responsible for acting on the recommendations in the accident investigation report. The health and safety committee, if you have one, can monitor the progress of these actions.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS INCLUDE: - Respond to the recommendations. - Develop a timetable for corrective actions. - Monitor that the scheduled actions have been completed. - Check the condition of injured worker(s). - Inform and train other workers at risk. - Re-orient worker(s) on their return to work.

STEPS IN IMPROVING HEALTH AND SAFETY: 1. Create a plan to control /eliminate workplace hazards. 2. Inspect your workplace.3. Train your employees.4. Talk regularly with your employees.5. Investigate incidents.6. Maintain records.7. Make safety a key part of your business.


SAFETY ENGINEERING IN SURVEYINGEvelyn Dela Torre and Darwin Doctolero

INTRODUCTION: Engineering as we all know it’s about construction, mathematics, designs, concretes, still, etc. But wait a second have we forgotten Surveying in the list? So in our topic we discussed about the great safety in Surveying. PPE, always this one comes first in every safety you own and self-protection at work. Goggles, gloves high leather boots, helmets and reflector vests are the basic but important safety that you could have. In surveying we really got focused in highways and rail roads, so do our safety focus on it. Warning signs and Devices are great pro-active safety that we can use when we are having a survey in highways.

WARNING SIGNS - shall be installed prior to the start of all survey work that is on pavement and within 15 feet of the edge of the traveled way. They shall be used all the time you are working in traffic. Since surveyors are con-stantly moving on the highway, it is important that warning signs be moved as the work progresses. When you are through for the day, or at any time work ceases, these devices shall be turned, removed or covered. This simple procedure will prevent a host of potential problems for surveyors as well as motorists. Whenever the activities are changed such that a particular sign or other warning device is no longer appropriate, the sign or device shall be turned, removed or covered, and replaced if necessary with the appropriate device.

There are four signs used most frequently: - WORKERS AHEAD - SURVEY CREW - FLAGGERS AHEAD - STAY IN YOUR

CHANNELIZING DEVICESThere are five types of channelization devices available: - Cones - Vertical panels - Plastic drums - Type I - Type II barricades

VERTICAL PANELS AND CONES They are to be used only when a portable device is needed for lane closure operation that will last only one day or when the more durable Type I or Type II barricades are not available. Cones are orange in color and shall meet Department requirements. For the most part, cones are used to channel traffic through and around a work area. Occasionally, the need arises for the surveyor to close off or separate traffic. Cones are used to accomplish this.

If it is necessary to place an instrument or other tripod within the traveled way or within 15 feet of the trav-eled way, the tripod will be protected by cones according to field conditions.

For horizontal control surveys between active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones shall be used to protect tripods at 50 feet intervals for at least 200 feet towards the flow of traffic.

For Elevation Surveys between active traffic lanes or within shared left turn lanes, cones may be used at the discretion of the party chief to protect prism holder and flagger(s) at up to 50 feet intervals along the break line throughout the work zone.

These cone placements for surveying between active traffic lanes or shared left turn lanes apply to main roadway traffic control work zones. When the survey work zone includes intersections, cones shall be adjusted by the party chief to fit roadway and traffic conditions.

TYPE I & II BARRICADES They should be used whenever appropriate. They are, however, difficult to carry and stack.Plastic drums should be used only when other types of devices are not available. Drums are not practical on a daily basis because of their size. Generally, they should be used only during heavy construction and maintenance operations.

COMMON SAFETY RULES WHILE WORKING IN TRAFFIC:

1. Always face traffic when working on the traveled way of a divided road or on shoulders of highways. If you can not do this yourself, have a co-worker act as a lookout. When working in a zone between two-way traffic stand parallel to the traveled way and again use a lookout.

2. Do not make sudden movements that might confuse a motorist and cause him or her to take evasive action that could result in injury to the motorist as well as to surveyors.

3. Avoid interrupting traffic as much as possible. There are several ways to do this. One of the best ways is to use offset lines as much as possible. This procedure should keep you and your crew safe from oncoming traffic. Minimize the cross-ing of traffic lanes on highspeed heavily traveled highways. Do not try to walk or run across traffic lanes. On highways with wide shoulders and medians the best way to cross is with your vehicle. If necessary go around by way of a ramp or service road to assure a safe crossing. If traffic lanes must be crossed on foot, wait for a natural break in traffic. A break in traffic in this instance is defined as all lanes being clear.

4. Protect your crew with the use of an approved barrier to shield them from traffic. Whenever possible place a truck mounted attenuator between your workers and traffic.

5. Proper equipment carrying procedures: When working near a heavily traveled highway, or when working parallel to traffic, be careful to keep level rods, range poles, etc., from extending into a lane of traffic.

6. Wet Pavement: avoid working on wet pavement in an active traffic area, except for the emergency survey of a danger area which poses grave hazards to the public. This would probably involve the declaration of an emergency by the ap-propriate government agency and the presence of law enforcement for the safety of surveyors and the public.

RAILROADS SAFETY GUIDELINES are to be used when working within an “operating right-of-way” and are for the safety of the surveyor and the railroad.

1. Always notify railroad company or authority of survey work to be done within the railroad right-of-way. 2. Always be alert around railroads. Railroad equipment is not always heard, especially if there is other noise. If a railroad car or locomotive is coasting, or if a train is moving slowly, hearing alone might not provide adequate protection. When necessary, use a lookout. 3. Never crawl under stopped cars and do not cross tracks between closely-spaced cars, they might be bumped at any time (the engineer and brakemen work only one side of the train). 4. Do not leave protruding stakes or any holes within 10 feet of the centerline of the tracks. 5. Do not park vehicle within 10 feet of the tracks; train crews need this area for their operations. 6. When taping across railroad tracks, support steel tapes above the rails at all times. The contact of both rails simulta neously by a steel tape can activate signals even when laid parallel to the rails. Therefore, only nonmetallic tapes should be grounded.

FENCE CROSSINGS SAFETY MEASURE:1. Use gates when possible and avoid crossings.2. Use portable chain link fence climber steps or a trestle ladder.3. Do not attempt to carry anything when climbing on or over obstacles.4. Cross barbed wire fences at the center of a span and have a co-worker hold the wire(s) for you.5. When stepping over a barbed wire fence, lay a piece of heavy canvas, such as an empty material bag, over the top strand

SAFET IN ANIMAL HAZARDS:\1. Assume that all animals are potentially dangerous.


2. Have owners secure hostile-acting animals before entering enclosures containing such animals.

3. Do not enter an enclosure with high fences if a hazardous animal is within.

4. Carry a pointed lath or a range pole to ward off an attacking animal. Retreat is usually advisable but do not turn your back and run unless you can reach a haven before the animal reaches you.

5. Do not approach, attempt to capture or kill, or attempt to pet either domesticated or wild creatures (this includes snakes and other reptiles).

6. Be especially wary of sick-appearing animals, animals with young, stallions, bulls and guard dogs. Do not handle dead or seemingly dead animals, fowl or reptiles.

Snakebites of surveyors are quite rare, yet the dreaded hazard of rattlesnakes abounds through Florida. Even if preventive measures fail, current knowledge and treatment offer the best prognosis ever for snakebite victims.

Though seemingly rare, poisonous snakes annually bite 6,500 to 7,000 Americans.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON SNAKES:1. Always assume snakes are active. Do not relax your vigil on sunny winter days.

2. Do not make “solo” trips across snake country which is remote from habitations and frequently used roads.

3. When traversing brush or grassy terrain, use a “decoy” such as a level rod or a lath, alongside your legs. Walk heavily to create vibrations that can be felt by snakes (a snake does not hear).

4. Walk away from the shaded side of clumps and bushes when the weather is hot and sunny.

5. Step atop logs and large rocks, instead of stepping over them and into unseen areas. The safest policy is to walk around such obstacles.

6. Do not jump down from overhangs onto areas where snakes might be hidden from view.

7. Avoid steep climbs if possible where a snake, uphill from you, could strike the upper portions of your body. Bites on the torso, the neck, and the head are much more damaging and more difficult to treat than those on the limbs.

8. Never climb vertical or near vertical faces where handholds on unseen areas above your head are required.

9. Do not attempt, under any circumstances, to capture snakes!!

10. Do not try to kill a snake unless it is a positive threat to safety.

11. Avoid likely snake areas such as small rodent trails, pack rats’ nests or gopher tortoise dens.

12. When necessary to move low-lying logs, large rocks and boards, use a pry bar, not your hands.

13. Double your precautions at night, especially in warm weather.

14. Keep vehicles near your work area for rapid transport if a snakebite should

15. If at all possible, maintain radio contact with isolated employee.

16. Know the location of the nearest medical facility where antivenin is available and the quickest route there.

17. Do not collect rattles. A fine and highly abrasive dust often accumulates inside the rattles and can cause lasting damage to the eyes.

18. Wear high leather boots or snake-leggings in high-hazard areas.

19. Remember that rattlesnakes do not always signal their presence by rattling.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON POISONOUS PLANTS:Poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac can cause skin irritation. Learn to recognize these plants so thatyou can avoid them. Furthermore, if you know when you have touched them, you can start first aid beforesymptoms appear. The sooner first aid is given for exposure; the milder the effects will be.

•POISON IVY - is a creeper plant having three leaves on each stem. The leaves are shiny and pointed and haveprominent veins. Poison ivy grows along fences and stone walls and in wooded areas.

• POISON OAK - is a vine similar to poison ivy in appearance, except that the edges of the leaves are more deeply notched. The leaves are arranged in characteristic groups of three.

•POISON SUMAC - is a shrub or small tree. Clusters of white berries identify the poison sumac from the-nonpoisonous sumac.

FISRT AID WHEN EXPPOSED TO A POISONUS PLANT:If exposed to a poisonous plant; wash the affected area of your body promptly and thoroughly with waterand soap. The rash starts with redness and intense itching. Later, little blisters appear. If a rash had already developed, do not wash it. Avoid scratching. Get medical attention.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN AROUND POWER LINES:Regard all power lines as dangerous.1. Avoid actual contact with or possible arcing to any equipment from electrical lines. In damp conditions, double your precautions.

2. Do not tape across terrain where a tape might possibly be pulled up, into, or lowered atopa power line. Use an E.D.M. or another form of tachymetry instead of taping.

3. Power line elevations - do not make a “direct” measurement of the height of a power line, even with a fiberglass rod. Triangulate these vertical distances.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON ELECTRICAL STORMS:If an electrical storm approaches while you are working, discontinue working and seek shelter.Do not use any metal objects, such as chains, transits, E.D.M.’s, levels, range poles or Philadelphia rods during an electrical storm.The best thing to do is to get into your truck or building and wait out the storm.

CONFINED SPACE ENTRYDefinition of Terms:

A CONFINED SPACE is an enclosed space that: 1. is large enough for an employee to enter; 2. Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit (for example, tanks, vaults, wells, tunnels,pits, manholes, catch basins); 3. is not designed for continuous human occupancy.

A PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE is a confined space that: 1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; 2. contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant; 3. Has an inside configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls, or a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; 4. Contains any other recognized serious hazards.

ENTRY is the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space.


An ENTRY PERMIT is the written or printed document that is provided to allow and control entry into a permitspace.Engulfment is the surrounding, capturing, or both, of an entrant by divided particulate matter or liquid.

A HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE is one that may expose employees to risk of death or incapacitation, injury orillness by reason of oxygen deficiency or enrichment ( less than 19.5% or greater than 23% oxygen by volume), flammability, explosivity, or toxicity.

A NON-PERMIT CONFINED SPACE is a space which, by configuration meets the definition of a confined spacebut which after evaluation is found not to contain or with respect to atmospheric hazards, does not havethe potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:CONFINED SPACE IDENTIFICATION/CLASSIFICATIONUnit managers and office heads shall ensure that the following are conducted: 1. confined space awareness training; 2. A survey of their respective areas of responsibility to identify all potential permit-requiredconfined spaces (PRCS); 3. An evaluation of the potential PRCS to identify hazards for each confined space; 4. an evaluation of the hazards, considering the scope of hazard exposure; magnitude ofhazard; likelihood and consequences of hazard occurrence; changing conditions/activities;impact on the need for emergency response; 5. Based on the evaluation of hazards, classify and list confined spaces as either permit required or non- permit confined spaces.

PERIODIC EVALUATION OF HAZARDS Periodic re-evaluation of the hazards based on possible changes in activities in the confined space or otherphysical or environmental conditions which could affect the space adversely, shall be conducted.A space that is identified but has not been classified and listed as a confined space shall be evaluated onan individual basis.

MARKING OF CONFINED SPACES Signs shall be posted or other warnings shall be used to alert employees of the danger of the particular-confined space. “Danger. Permit-Required Confined Space. Do Not Enter” signs or barriers or othermeans to keep unauthorized persons out of the permit space may be used.There are occasions when DOT employees are required to enter manholes, cable vaults, sewers, tunnelsor pits to accomplish their assigned work.

ENTRY INTO CONFINED SPACES NOTE: Except under certain conditions, no department employee will be allowed to enter a PRCS.

Effective measures such as those mentioned above in “MARKING OFCONFINED SPACES”, shall be taken to prevent employees from entering the permit spaces.If the unit manager/office head has determined that the only hazard in the identified confined space isatmospheric and ventilation alone can control the hazard, entry into the confined space may be authorized.In such a case, the requirements for alternative protection procedures under 29 CFR 1910.146© (5) shall be followed.

CONSULTANTS Consultants working on Department projects, or on or in a Department facility shall in all cases adhere toall the procedures above for confined space entry.Prior to opening a manhole or inlet, the atmosphere shall be checked for hazards. While working in aconfined space the atmosphere shall be continuously monitored.Proper traffic control, warning devices and guards will be set in accordance with Roadway and TrafficDesign Standards (Index Series 600) and other Safety Standards which may be adopted by theDepartment to warn the public and private sector passing through the areas, and to protect the surveyors.No open flame, torch or lighted smoking material shall be brought near an open manhole, cable vault, orsewer nor taken into any of the named areas, even though tests indicate the atmosphere inside is free ofcombustible gases, vapors, or fumes. No employee will enter these even momentarily, until it has beentested properly with detecting devices for explosive gases, oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulphide.

SAFETY REMINDERS IN THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS, SAFETY HARNESS AND LIFE LINES - DOT employees who are required to enter manholes, cable vaults, sewers or pits shall wear a safetybelt/safety

harness and a life line.

- Hard hats shall be worn in all such structures that are over four feet deep

- Two responsible persons will remain outside the entrance to tend the line and provide emergency assistanceif needed during the entire time anyone is inside the underground facility. Those persons tending the life linewill have immediately available, rescue breathing apparatus, fitted safety belts or harnesses and life line foruse in the event they must enter the underground facility to effect a rescue. These persons attending the lifeline shall be trained in the use of all the above-mentioned equipment.

- Some manholes, etc., have steel steps that are rusted to the point that they are hazardous. Use another ladder and do not use the steps at all.

MANHOLE COVERS AND GRATES

In some of the details that follow, the term “cover” also means “grate”.1. EQUIPMENT TO USE - two tools may be used for unseating and moving covers and grates.They were devised specifically for these operations. A. Manhole cover hook - 28” long, four pounds, made of 5/8” octagonal, plated toolsteel and hardened to prevent bending. B. Manhole cover lifter - 42 ½” L-shaped lever with handle, foot and swing-out hookwith the same details as that of the “cover hook”.

The instructions that follow are written for removal and replacement with these tools.2. FREEING - When a cover or grate is stuck in its frame, remove any encrustation with a cold chisel. Then, place ablock of wood on the cover near the rim, and hit the block with a heavy hammer. Do this at different pointsuntil the cover is loosened. Try to avoid causing sparks by any of your activities. Use a railroad pick tocomplete the freeing operation.

3. UNSEATING A. Lift with a tool that provides adequate handhold and a positive hold on the cover. B. On a round manhole cover, engage the circumferential bib before lifting. C. Unseat the grate or cover about four inches by pulling and lifting with the leg andarm muscles. D. NEVER place the fingers or hands under a cover. Spider bites or mashing canresult.

4. REMOVING A. Use a helper when available. B. Clear the area of any hazards to footing. C. With your feet spread and footing secure, pull the cover, clear of the frame andkeep pulling until the cover or grate is in a nonhazardous location. Pull with the armand leg muscles. Pull parallel to any traffic so you do not tumble into the path ofa vehicle if your hook slips. Also, do not pull toward precipices (steep slopes) orother hazards that are near the manhole.

5. REPLACING A ROUND COVER OR GRATE A. Stand parallel to the desired direction of travel with the toes in the clear. B. Place the point of the hook under the edge of the cover nearest you. Lift slightlyand swing the cover toward the structure. C. Move to the opposite side and repeat the lifting and swinging. D. Continue this alternate lifting and swinging until the cover is partially over thestructure’s opening. E. With the hook, lift the edge that is farthest from the opening. Lift until the cover orgrate slips into the frame of the structure. F. If a helper is available with another hook, stand on opposite sides of the cover andparallel to the direc-tion of travel, securely hook under the cover and slide it to theframe.

6. RECTANGULAR COVERS AND GRATES A. Follow items A through D above. B. Use a helper. Single grates weigh up to 326 pounds.


C. When pulling the cover clear of the frame, be sure you pull in line with the frameso the cover cannot fall into the opening. D. When replacing, be sure you pull straight into the frame so the cover or gratecannot fall into the open-ing.SAFETY MEASURE WHILE WORKING IN WATER:

A. BOATING OPERATIONS - Technically, a boat is classified as a vessel, but for Department purposes they will also be classifiedas vehicles. 1. Smoking in boats is prohibited.

2. Employees shall not be authorized to use a boat (with the exception of john boats used inculverts or streams) unless they have successfully completed an approved safety course.

3. All personnel in boats shall wear U.S. Coast Guard approved life vests.

4. All boats except john boats shall be required to carry visual distress signals for use duringdaylight and night operations.

5. Because certain navigational rules require sound signals, a whistle, horn or bell shall becarried on board all boats, except john boats used in coastal waters.

6. For diving operations, the red and white divers’ flag shall be displayed.

7. A first aid kit should be carried in the boat.

8. Standing in small utility boats while afloat should be avoided.

9. Unless anchoring both fore and aft, boats shall not be anchored by the stern.

10. All equipment in the boat shall be secured before getting underway.

11. Remove portable fuel tanks from the boat before fueling. Wipe off all spilled fuel and oilimmediately.

12. All gas or diesel powered boats shall have at least one Type B-1 hand portable fireextinguisher on board.

B. WADING 1. Do not wade barefoot; wear rubber boots to protect against cuts, cold and water

2. Work with a buddy

3. Wear a life jacket 4. in still waters:

5. Limit wading to waist-deep water. Chest-waders are recommended. When wearing chest waders a chest belt shall be worn to prevent the waders from fillingif you slip. A life jacket shall be worn with chest waders.

6. Probe with a pole for holes and soft ground before proceeding

7. Wading in moving water - Do not wade if: - The water is more than mid-thigh high. - The product of stream velocity in f.p.s. and stream depth in feet equals tenor more. - Footing is difficult to retain because of any combination of stream velocity, stream roughness or slipperiness, unless a tautly stretched lifeline is usedas a hand rail.

8. Do not wear a backpack while crossing a stream. Use a wading staff.

C . ALONG SHORELINES, TRENCHES AND FILLS1. Ocean shores a) Wear boots even if you are working only along the edges of thesurf. b) Schedule work at low tides c) Do not work in the surf unless you are adept at ocean shoreswimming and have on a life jacket d) Do not work in heavy surf

2. Inland shores - wear rubber or leather boots for snake protection - Do not walk on floating debris, in reservoirs or debris basins - Be cautious of recently puddled trenches and dredging fills

PROPER LIFTING PROCEDURESIf there is a machine or piece of equipment designed to do the job of lifting or moving the material, use it.Don’t ex-pose yourself unnecessarily to accident or injury by trying to do a machine job.If you are going to lift something by hand and the load is compact enough to pass between your knees, usethe following steps:

1) Your feet should be apart, with one foot alongside the object to be lifted and one footbehind. Spreading your feet like this gives you greater stability and your rear foot wills bein a position for upward thrust of your lift. It also gives your body better positioning overthe object you are lifting.

2)Use the sit-down position and keep your back straight, but remember that straight doesnot mean vertical. The trick is to keep the spine, back muscles and body organs in correctalignment.

3) Tuck in your chin. Not down on your breastbone, but tucked in so that your head andneck continues the straight back line. This helps to keep the spine straight and firm.

4) Use the palms of your hands. Gripping with the palm is one of the most important elementsof correct lifting. The fingers and palm should be extended around the object you aregoing to lift. Use the FULL PALM! Your fingers alone have very little power. Thestrength of your entire hand is needed if you are going to lift correctly.

5) Keep your arms and elbows close to your body. Tip the object away from you and drawit close in with your arms and elbows tucked in so the weight is close to the spinal axis.Begin the lift with a thrust of the rear foot.

6) When you set down the load, reverse the entire procedure. Remember to set it downclose to your body and then slide or move it back. Do not “reach out” to set the loaddown.If you are going to lift something by hand and the load is too large or bulky to pass between your knees, use the following lifting procedures: a. Use a “stooped back” posture for lifting. You can get the load closer to the body. b. Next, bend over the load slightly, not bending the knee, but keeping yourself in as closeto the load as possible. c. Grab the load using the full palm and pull it toward your abdomen; then carry it. d.When you set the load down, reverse this procedure, making sure that you set it downclose to your body.Do not twist your body while holding the load. If you have to turn with a load, shift your feet and turn thewhole body. e. If you have to lift higher than your waist, do not do it all at once. First, set the load on a bench or table,then change grips for higher lifting. f. If you have to hand a load to a fellow employee, make sure that he/she has a good grip before you let go.Work together.

7) For any load that you carry, make sure that your path is clear and you can see over or around the load.Do not carry a “lazy man’s load” - that is trying to make it all in one trip.In any material handling situation, if you need help, ask for it and get it.


SAFETY ENGINEERING IN HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTIONElyda Marie Ormilla and Enrico Mariscotes

COMMON HAZARDS IN HORIZONTAL CONSTRUCTION - Getting hit by construction equipment and passing motor vehicles - Struck by object - Falls or slips - Overexertion - Transportation incident - Exposure to harmful environment

COMMON CAUSES OF HAZARDS - Poor workplace design - Signalling systems (manual, mechanical, electronic) malfunction - Misuse (not used as designed) - Poor maintenance (breaks or emits noxious gases)

OTHER HAZARDS - Loads fall from vehicles - Crushing due to impact of moving or toppling plant and equipment - Falling from plant and equipment - Falling from plant and equipment - Falls caused by swinging loads, plant and equipment - Limbs or bodies caught in machinery - Stress caused by poor environment (noise, heat, poor ventilation, chemicals, noxious gases) - Signaling systems (manual, mechanical, electronic) malfunction - Loads insecurely attached - Poor maintenance (breaks or emits noxious gases)

TRAFFIC CONTROL AROUND THE WORK ZONEA TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN helps moves motorist traffic safely through or around roadway zones to protect the public and workers.It makes use of: - Traffic control devices - Standard signage - Buffer and transition zones

TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN In the Temporary Control zone, construction vehicles and equipment moving inside create a risk to workers on foot requiring additional protection planning and policies to minimize backing-up maneuvers in the “activity area”

SAFETY WITHIN THE WORK ZONE: TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN - Restrict personnel access points into work areas and define/designate “no backing zones” and “pedestrian-free zones”

- Design into the Temporary Traffic Control Plan flow paths for equipment and vehicle traffic to minimize backing maneuvers where possible as well as buffer spaces to protect pedestrian workers from straying traffic vehicles and/or work zone equipment.

- Establish procedures from entering and exiting work zone.

- Train all employees on the Temporary Traffic Control Plan and its precautionary measures.

SITE TRANSPORT The underlying cause of most site traffic incidents is the failure to plan a safe system of work and to train

workers how to follow it.

COMMON CAUSES OF TRAFFIC SITE INCIDENTS - Bad driving techniques which include reversing blind - Carelessness or ignorance of special hazards -Site congestion - Poor traffic layout

SIGNALS - Adequate signaling or other control arrangements or devices should be provided to guard against danger from the movement of vehicles and earth-moving or materials-handling equipment. Special safety precautions should be taken for vehicles and equipment when maneuvering backwards.

- The assistance of a trained and authorized signaler should be available when the view of the driver or operator is restricted. The signaling code should be understood by all involved. ELECTRICAL POWER LINES When earth-moving or materials-handling equipment is required to operate in dangerous proximity to live electrical conductors, adequate precautions should be taken, such as isolating the electrical supply or erecting over-head barriers of a safe height.

‘GOAL POST’ WARNING BARRIERS DOS AND DON’TS IN EXCAVATION : - Do–When excavating trenches, place the excavated material at least 600 mm clear of the edge, where there is no danger of it falling back into or collapsing the side of the trench.

- Do–Create a level area to operate from when working on a steep grade. If you cannot do this, avoid swinging your boom downhill any further than necessary and operate your machine slowly to maintain stability.

- Do–When excavating trenches, place the excavated material at least 600 mm clear of the edge, where there is no danger of it falling back into or collapsing the side of the trench.

- Do–Create a level area to operate from when working on a steep grade. If you cannot do this, avoid swinging your boom downhill any further than necessary and operate your machine slowly to maintain stability.

- Do–Take care at the point of balance on the peak of a steep slopes. Reduce speed and maintain stability until on level ground.

- Do–Avoid jerky swings or sudden braking. These can make the machine unstable and overload machine com-ponents.

- Do-Use boom to maximize stability and traction when going up or down hill.

- Don’t–Turn sharply while travelling up a steep slope, because the machine’s stability will be threatened.

- Do–prevent boom of excavators from accidentally swinging during operation or transport.

- Do–Prevent the bucket or grab of an excavator from accidentally dipping, tipping or swinging in operation.

- Don’t–Attempt to operate attachments while travelling as this may starve one of the track drive motors and result in an unintended turn.

BULLDOZERS-Before leaving a bulldozer the operator should: •Applythebrakes •Lowerthebladeandripper


•Puttheshiftleverinneutral - At the close of work bulldozers should be left on level ground. - When a bulldozer is moving uphill the blade should be kept low. - Bulldozer blades should not be used as brakes except in an emergency.

DO’S AND DONT IN THE USE OF A BULLDOZER:

- Do–Wherever possible avoid side-hill travel. Drive straight up and down slopes. If the machine starts to slide sideways when working across a slope, turn the machine downhill and drop the blade. Watch for falls of rocks and trees when slip clearing. - Do–If you have to drive down a steep slope, keep a good bladeful of spoil in front of the blade on the way down. If dirt is being lost, lowering the blade slightly may help, but lowering it too far brings the danger of overturning. - Do–When you are working on slip-clearing, proceed with caution and watch the slope. Further falls may occur. - Do–When clearing trees, watch out for dead branches in tree tops as abrupt contact with a butt may dislodge them. - Do–Avoid obstacles such as rocks or logs. If you are forced to cross them, use extreme caution and change to the lowest gear. Ease up to the break-over point and ease down to minimize the jolt on contact on the other side. - Do–Be careful when working near the edge of banks and ditches or under overhanging material. The vibration and weight of your machine may cause the edge to give way or overhanging material to fall. Scrapers and graders DOS & DON’TS -SCRAPERS:

- Do-Place warning signs when operating on roads. - Do–Face in the direction of travel. If you have to watch the operation of rear equipment, use your rear-vision mirror. - Do–When entering sharp turns, fill areas or downgrades, apply retarder and/or service brakes. Select the correct gear before travelling downhill. - Do–On long downgrades use the engine to assist braking. Avoid ‘fanning’ the air brake pedal. Repeated light ap-plication of the brake may exhaust air pressure faster than the system is able to replenish it, leading to brake failure. - Do–Drop the bowl in an emergency! - Don’t–Speed as a relief from boredom! -Don’t–Accelerate a tandem scraper’s rear engine when entering a sharp turn, or the machine may jack-knife.

DOS & DON’TS -GRADERS

- Do–When grading across a slope, avoid blade down-pressure and obstacles, as either can tip the machine. For maximum stability operate at low speed, lean the front tires towards the uphill side, and cast material to the downhill side of the machine. -Do–Operate on as level a surface as possible when cutting high banks. With the blade raised, the grader is less stable than normal. - Do–When working on existing roads, place warning signs and watch out for that unexpected vehicle Road Roller - Do–Take care not to overbalance over the edge of a road formation. Examine edges for soft spots before starting work. -Do–Avoid gear changes on steep sections. Remember that a missed gear change may result in loss of control and the roller overturning. Hand or parking brakes should not be relied on to maintain control. - Do–Park on the flat. If you must park on a slope, chock your wheels. - Don’t–Climb onto a moving roller

SAFETY ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORYPrincess Lyn De Guzman and Charlie Catu

OBJECTIVES : - It has been developed to provide information for assuring safety and maintaining the health of laboratory employ-ees - To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals, equipment, procedures, and testing methods are identified and in-formation concerning these hazards is transmitted to laboratory employees. - To serve as a guide in the formation of and adherence to safe work practices.

GENERAL SAFETY PRINCIPLESThe following are the most basic guidelines for employee safety and health in Materials Laboratories: - Every manager and supervisor is responsible for the safety and health of the employees he or she supervises. - All employees must take every reasonable precaution to prevent accidents and injury to themselves, other em-ployees, and to the public.

- Every employee shall receive the proper training required to safely operate any vehicle or equipment or to perform a task, before operating vehicles or equipment or performing the work.

- employees are personally responsible to use wear personal protective equipment as directed, or whenever they are involved in a work activity where they can reasonably be expected to be exposed to a hazard, or where a hazard may cause injury or illness

- When employees are issued equipment for the first time or when new devices are introduced, the supervisors will provide training as to how and why the equipment must be used

- Inspect all equipment before use.

- Every employee, prior to performing any test, shall review and familiarize themselves with the test’s Code of Safe Practices and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the materials used in that test.

- No eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing or application of cosmetics in chemical storage areas or areas des-ignated as laboratories.

- Wash hands thoroughly after working with chemicals and before eating, drinking, or smoking.

- Do not use laboratory ovens, microwaves, etc., to prepare or heat food.

- Wear closed shoes at all times in laboratory

SAFETY BULLETIN BOARD - Each laboratory shall have a Safety Bulletin Board installed in a conspicuous place in the lab area. This Bulletin Board shall contain all required Safety and Health Notices and information.

SAFE LABORATORY PRACTICES : - All cautious efforts shall be taken to minimize chemical exposures.

- limited use of materials, substitution of less hazardous materials, procurement controls, proper handling pro-cedures, appropriate training, etc.), and personal protective equipment (PPE) will be used to minimize employee exposure to all chemicals. Wear gloves, aprons, and face/eye protection when possible to prevent skin contact.

- Use the least toxic chemical that the task requires. The use of listed carcinogens or other highly toxic chemicals shall be avoided if at all possible.

- Test methods requiring these chemicals shall be reviewed to determine if a less toxic compound can be used.


- Solvents such as benzene, acetone, xylene, or trichloroethylene should not be used for routine cleaning purposes.

USE ADEQUATE VENTILATION - The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the working atmosphere by using hoods and other ventilation devices to capture the contaminants and remove them from the laboratory.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES : - Use the following procedures whenever working with chemicals or conducting materials testing:

- Read instruction manuals for equipment and test methods, and all applicable MSDSs before beginning a new procedure, test method or operation. Review manuals and MSDSs regularly if the procedure, test method, or opera-tion is familiar.

- Know the health and physical hazards and symptoms of exposure for chemicals before handling them.

- Have the necessary laboratory equipment, safety equipment, and personal protective equipment in place and in use before starting work.

- Know the location of the nearest emergency eyewashes and showers. Be sure they are accessible and opera-tional.

- Know how to handle spills and emergencies prior to beginning the procedure. Make sure proper decontamination and containment materials are readily available in the work area prior to chemical handling.

ACCIDENTS AND SPILLSNOTE: The following requirements are meant for general application to all chemical incidents. If they conflict with the applicable MSDS, follow the MSDS for the specific material involved.

- Eye contact: Promptly flush eyes with water for a prolonged period (at least 15 minutes) and seek medical at-tention.

- Ingestion: Follow the MSDS. Call Poison Control. Seek medical attention.

- Skin Contact: Promptly flush the affected area with water and remove any contaminated clothing. Wash the area with soap and water to remove contamination. If symptoms develop or persist after washing, seek medical attention

- Clean up: Follow the MSDS. Promptly clean up spills wearing appropriate protective apparel and equipment.

- Dispose of the waste properly.

WORK AREAS - Work areas shall be equipped with properly operating fume hoods, glove boxes, or equivalent containment de-vices.

LABORATORY FACILITY - Appropriate ventilation (i.e., fume hoods or other local ventilation devices.) - Appropriate chemical storage facilities. - Appropriate safety equipment including eyewash fountains (within 10 seconds), drench showers, and fire extin-guishers. - A nearby fire alarm and telephone for emergency use. - Appropriate personal protective equipment; gloves, safety glasses, aprons, etc.

SIGNS, LABELS, AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Whenever chemicals are being used in the workplace, it is the responsibility of every worker to: - Read labels before handling container and follow their warnings. - Make sure that every container of a chemical has a label. - Report missing, dirty, or illegible labels so they can be replaced.

- Put labels on transfer containers for all chemicals. - Ask the laboratory supervisor about any label information that is not understood.

SIGNS Prominent signs of the following types should be posted: - Emergency telephone numbers. - Location signs for safety showers, eyewash stations, other safety and first aid equipment, fire extinguishers, exits, and areas where food and beverage consumption and storage are permitted. - Warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual hazards exist. - Warnings that unauthorized personnel are not allowed in the laboratory and that safety equipment (safety glasses as necessary) are required in the laboratory.

LABELS - Each original container of chemicals in the workplace is to be labeled, tagged, or marked with information giving the identity of the chemical, the appropriate hazard warnings, and the name and address of the manufacturer - Hazard Codes and Labeling : Health = BLUE Fire = RED Reactivity = YELLOW Special = WHITE

EYE PROTECTION - Eye protection is very important in a testing laboratory. If a test is being conducted that could possibly result in a violent destructive failure, employees in the area of the test and the operator conducting the test must wear safety eyeglasses.

LIFTING, PUSHING AND PULLING - A major source of injuries in physical testing laboratories is lifting heavy objects incorrectly and/or without as-sistance. All employees that have to lift heavy objects should become familiar with proper lifting techniques - Know where the object will be placed. - Determine how to get the job done. - Make sure the route to be used will be free of obstructions. - Be sure there is enough space to maneuver. - Determine how much help will be needed. - The employee should know his limitations regarding lifting weights. - Wear the appropriate safety equipment such as back brace, gloves, and/or goggles.

GET THE PROPER GRIP - Look over the object and determine how to hold it. Mechanical lifting devices should move things that are not intended to be moved by hand.

USE THE PROPER MOTION - Get a good footing. - Place feet shoulder width apart with one foot slightly ahead of the other. - Bend at the knees and grasp the object to be lifted. Bring the object close to the body. - Keep the back straight, but at a comfortable angle. - Lift gradually by straightening the knees. Don’t jerk, twist or turn suddenly. - Use mechanical lifting devices whenever possible.

USE TEAMWORK WHEN NECESSARY - Share the load equally. - Coordinate movements so that everyone starts, turns, and finishes at the same time.

PLANT INSPECTION, SAMPLING AND TESTING - Materials employees provide assistance to construction by providing plant inspection and sampling and testing of the materials that are used in concrete or asphalt concrete products. - Employees should wear the hard hats, gloves, eye and ear protection, and safety shoes. -Loose clothing and long hair should be secured.


SOME LABORATORIES AND THEIR MAJOR OPERATIONS:

1. CHEMICAL LAB - Conduct fundamental gas and condensed phase molecular dynamics to sustainable fuel syn-thesis and use, solar energy conversion, and novel media for chemical separations.

2. LIQUID ASPHALT LAB - Coducts testing of paving asphalt materials including, binders, emulsions, adhesives, and sealants

3. BITUMINOUS MIXTURES LAB - Conducts testing of asphalt concrete mixtures and verification of HMA mix designs.

4. PHYSICAL TESTING LAB - Evaluates the quality of aggregate, concrete, cement, steel, and geotextiles used in the construction of city, county, and state roads and bridges.

5. SOILS LAB - Conducts compaction control and stiffnesstests

6. GEOTECHNICAL LAB - Provides full range of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology services re-quired to support the design, construction, and maintenance needs of the state’s transportation system.

7. ELECTRICAL AND SIGNING LAB - Conducts full suite of tests on each traffic controller assembly submitted to confirm quality and that the equipment meets the requirements of the WSDOT Standard Specification.

LABORATORIES (CIVIL ENGINEERING FIELD) :

1. SURVEYING LAB- including total station, precision theodolites, leveling equipments, and conventional equipments like plane table etc.

2. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB - testing mechanical properties of materials used in construction.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB - a state of the art, well-equipped laboratory that is able to perform most types of laboratory analyses related to environmental engineering. This lab is mainly intended for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the characteristics of water, waste water, air and other environmental pollutants.

4. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING LAB - for testing the properties of soil and conducting various tests on soils.

5. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LAB -All tests for highway construction like aggregates, subgrade and bitu-men can be tested here. The tests that can be done are Abrasion tests, Bitumen tests, Crushing and Impact tests on aggregates, CBR tests and other tests.

6. MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY -(Concrete laboratory)- Concrete lab provides facilities for testing various building construction materials, mortar, and concrete in fresh and hardened state. It includes test for compressive strength, flexural strength, fineness and mix design of concrete etc.

MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY TESTS:1. Tests on cement. a) Standard consistency, initial and final setting time. b) Compressive strength of mortar cubes. c) Specific gravity. d) Soundness. e) Fineness.

2. Tests on fresh concrete. a) Compaction factor test. b) Slump test. c) Vee-Bee test. d) Flow table test. e) Ball penetration test.

3. Tests on hardened concrete. a) Compressive strength of concrete cubes. b) Compressive strength of concrete cylinder. c) Splitting tensile strength. d) Modulus of elasticity. e) Flexural strength.

4. Tests on RC beam

5. Tests on aggregates. a) Aggregate crushing value for coarse aggregate. b) Specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregate. c) Bulking of fine aggregate. d) Bulk density and percentage voids of coarse aggregate. e) Grain size analysis of coarse and fine aggregate.

6. Tests on bricks. a) Compressive strength. b) Water absorption. c) Efflorescence. 7. Tests on roofing tiles. a) Transverse strength. b) Water absorption. 8. Tests on flooring tiles. a) Transverse strength. b) Water absorption. c) Abration tests. 9. Compression tests on Laterite blocks

10. Study of a) Strain measurements using electrical resistance- strain gauges. b) Nondestructive test on concrete. DESTRUCTIVE TESTING VS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING is carried out until the specimen’s failure. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield more information and are easier to interpret than non-destructive testing

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING is the type of testing that does not destroy the test object. It is vital when the mate-rial in question is still in service.

BASIC SAFE WORK PRACTICES - The basic or routine work practices and attitudes in the laboratory can significantly contribute to the level of safety, the prevention of accidents and incidents, and to limit risks to health and the environment.

- The correct attitude and practices in the laboratory incorporate the following:

- Know your capabilities and limitations - Everybody has a limitations to their skills, and there are some tasks that each person should realise they can’t do. Tasks should only be attempted by persons who possess the appropriate knowledge and skills. If in doubt, ask for help.

- Follow regulations - Regulations, instructions, Standard Operating Procedures, ‘red tape’ etc. exist for everyone’s protection. Although it might be tempting to cut corners or use shortcuts, these lead to accidents in many cases.

- Pace yourself - Rushing around or over-tiring yourself (e.g. by working very long hours) to complete tasks is risking an accident or injury. By working at a steady, comfortable pace, more will be completed in the long run. For example, just consider the time involved in cleaning up a chemical spill.

- Respect safety guards

- Equipment should only be used for its intended purpose - with any safety guards in place. Safety guards and interlocks are there to prevent accidents.


- Expect the unexpected - Stay alert. - Consider all of the equipment and items being utilised in the experiment or work you’re doing. If something looks like a potential hazard - minimise or eliminate it! If in doubt, ask for assistance.

SAFETY RULES 1. A clean and orderly work area and good housekeeping are fundamental to accident and fire prevention. 1.1 Assigned work areas and equipment are to be cleaned and placed in order by each user at the end of each work period. return tools to the cabinets so that other users do not have to search the lab to locate them. 1.2 If your work will generate dust, cover sensitive equipment before you start, and clean up the dust at the end of your work period. if weather permits. it may be advantageous to perform work that generates dust or fumes outside of the laboratory to expedite cleanup and avoid compromising other experiments and/or personnel.

1.3 Keep walkways (which are crosshatched with yellow paint markings) clear of all obstacles at all times. access to outside doors must be maintained at all times.

2. Horseplay of any kind is forbidden.

3. You are not to operate equipment for which you have not been cleared for use by the engineer in charge of the laboratory. the equipment includes the forklift, overhead crane, and hydraulic test equipment.

4. There must be at least two individuals present at all times within the laboratory when power tools are used or heavy equipment is moved with the crane or forklift.

5. All accidents, including minor injuries and all hazardous conditions are to be reported immediately to the engineer in charge of the lab or the laboratory director.

6. Eye protection (safety glasses or goggles) is to be worn at all times by all individuals while observing or operating power tools or for impact hand tools such as hammers.

7. Shoes with steel safety toes or steel toe caps are to be worn when moving heavy equipment.

8. Hard hats are to be worn when moving equipment with the overhead crane.

9. Jewelry, ties, and clothing, which, in the opinion of the engineer in charge of the lab, is hazardous, must not be worn while working with machinery in the laboratory. all users must wear full shoes (not sandals) and at least a shirt and full-length trousers. long hair must be held back securely with a head band or a net. medallions or jewelry hanging from the neck must not be worn.

10. Machine guards are to be in place and in use at all times when equipment is in operation.

11. Compressed air is not to be used to blow debris off equipment, clothing, or work areas.

12. Hand tools are only to be used for the purpose for which they were designed.

13. Defective tools must not be used, turn them in for replacement.

LABORATORY HYGIENE There are also lists of things to do and not do in order to maintain appropriate levels of hygiene in a labo-ratory. •Alwayswashyourhandsthoroughlyafterusinganychemical(andbeforeleavingthelaboratory)

•AlwaysusePersonalProtectiveEquipmentwhenrequired(eyeprotectionmustalwaysbewornwhenhazardouschemicals are being used)

•Wearanappropriatehairstyleorrestrain/tiebackhair

•Coveranywoundsintheskinwithawaterproofdressing

•Cleanupspillsimmediately

MATERIAL TESTING LAB MANAGER ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

•ObtainandkeepcurrentallASTM,CCRL,DSA,CaltransandothercertificationsrequiredforSalemEngineeringGroup, Inc. operations for the geotechnical/materials laboratory (soils, aggregate, asphalt, Portland cement con-crete, grout/mortar, etc.),•Responsibleforrenewalsofalllaboratorycertifications(e.g.Caltrans,DSA,AMRL,etc.),•Coordinatestaffingneeds,•Coordinatesupportstaffdailyworkschedules,•Prioritizationofworkloadsandjobset-ups,•Overseelaboratoryqualitycontrol,•Technicalreviewofalllaboratory-generateddata,•Preparefinallaboratoryreports•Oversee/coordinatealllaboratoryequipmentmaintenanceandcalibration,•Financialresponsibilityandkeepingprojectswithinbudget,•Communicateandinterfaceeffectivelywithclients,•CommunicatewithProjectManagersregardingjobprogress,•Communicatewithaccountingandresolveany/allinvoiceissues,•Computerdatareductioninputandanalysis,•Coordinatetheworkloadwiththesupervisors,•Attendallrequiredmeetings,•Scheduleandcoordinatelaboratorysafetymeetings,and•Followcompanypoliciesandprocedures,includingallsafetyprocedures.

LABORATORY AND SECTION/LAB SUPERVISORS ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

•Responsibleforthesafetyofallindividualsinthelaboratories•Monitoringprocurement,use,storage,recycling,anddisposalofchemicalsusedinthelaboratories•Determiningandprovidingtheappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentandthatalllaboratoryequipment(e.g.,fume hoods, ovens, etc.) are used in accordance with manufacturer recommendations •Seekingwaystoimprovesafetyandreducepotentialenvironmentalimpacts•EnsuringthatlaboratorypersonnelknowwheretoaccessMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS),andhowtousethem •Ensuringthatlaboratorypersonnelareappropriatelytrainedintheuseofapplicablechemicals,hazardouswastedisposal, and in “hazards communications – workers right to know” •EnsuringthattrainingforworkingwithhazardousmaterialshasbeenprovidedasrequiredinWAC296-62-400through -40027, and other substance-specific standards contained in WAC 296-62.

LABORATORY SAFETY COMMITTEE ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

•ProvideinputtotheSectionandLabSupervisorsandExecutive-levelManagementonissuesrelatedtochemicaland environmental safety, and implementation of the EMP. •Arbitratedisagreementsbetweenlaboratoryunitsregardinglaboratorypractices.

LABORATORY WORKER ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

•Performingwork inasafemanneraccordingtorespectivepre-activitysafetyplansandobservingestablishedsafety and hygiene practices at all times •Workingsafelyandprotectinghimself/herselfandotheremployeesfrompossiblehazardoussituations•Identifyingpotentiallyhazardousconditionsorchangesinproceduresthatmayconstitutehazardousconditionsandreport these conditions to the appropriate manager.


SAFETY ENGINEERING IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONDoren Aquino and Kennedy Queñano

INTRODUCTION Underground construction work includes excavation, cave in, tunnelling for roads, highways and railroads and laying pipelines for sewers, hot water, steam, electrical conduits, and telephone lines.

UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: REQUIREMENTS AND RELATED SAFETY PRACTICESUnderground construction has its own set of unique hazard.

THE PRINCIPAL HAZARDS IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION:•safetyinstruction •accessandegress•check-inandcheck-outprocedures•hazardousclassifications•gassyoperations•airmonitoring•ventilation•illumination•firecontrol•hotwork•emergencies

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS: Training must focus on •Airmonitoring•Ventilation•Communication•Floodcontrol•Equipment:mechanicalandpersonalprotective•Explosives:fireprevention,andfireprotection•Emergencyprocedures:check-in,check-out,andevacuationplans.

ACCESS AND EGRESS•Employersarerequiredtoprovidesafeaccessandegresstoundergroundconstructionsites.•Unauthorizedentrymustbebothprohibitedandprevented

CHECK –IN AND CHECK – OUT PROCEDURESEmployers must use an appropriate check-in and check-out procedure to keep track of employees who work un-derground.

GASSY OPERATIONSIn underground construction work there are potentially gassy operations and confirmed gassy operations.•Ventilation.•Prohibitingtheuseofdiesel•Equipment•Prohibitingsmokingorotherformsofignitioninorneartheworkarea.

AIR MONITORING A competent person must be assigned to conduct air-monitoring courses to ensure that the ventilation avail-able is sufficient and to record measurements of potentially hazardous gasses.

VENTILATION Contractors are required to provide an adequate supply of fresh air to all underground sites.

ILLUMINATION Contractors are required to provide proper illumination in all underground sites. When explosives are to be handled underground, a distance of 50 feet must be maintained between any heading and the lighting.

FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL Open flames and fires are prohibited in underground construction sites.

HOT WORK When performing hot work in underground, noncombustible barriers must be installed in or over a shaft.

EMERGENCIES Rescue teams or services must be provided at construction sites in which 25 or more employees work underground. A designated person must be available to call for emergency assistance and to maintain an accurate head count of those working underground.

UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: WORKING IN OPEN SPACES

A MAN-MADE CUT, CAVITY OR TRENCH in the ground made by removing earth. The most common form of ex-cavation in construction is the trench, which is a narrow excavation that is deeper than it is wide and is no wider than 15 feet.

A CAVE-IN is a collapse of a geologic formation, mine or structure.

EXCAVATION CAVE-INS are a major source of fatalities within the construction industry each year.

SUPPORT SYSTEMSOSHA requires that workers in excavations be protected by one of the following methods:

•Slopingandbenchingthesidesoftheexcavation;•Supportingthesidesoftheexcavation;•Placingashieldbetweenthesideoftheexcavationandtheworkareaintheexcavation.


Sloping of the sides of an excavation no less than 05 (horizontal) is to1 (Vertical) helps to ensure worker safety in excavation up to 20feet deep

Excavations dug in these configurations are called BENCHED.

UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: WORKING IN CONFINED SPACES

CONFINED SPACE - Is not designed for continuous human occupancy; Refers to an area which is enclosed with limited access which makes it dangerous. Hazards in a confined space often include suffocation by unbreathable gases which may be present but not visibleExamples of Confined Spaces: •Tanks •Manholes •Boilers •Furnaces •Sewers •Silos •Hoppers •Vaults •Pipes •Trenches •Tunnels •Ducts •Bins •Pits

POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACES•OxygenDeficiency<19.5%or>23.5%oxygenconcentration•Combustibles - Methane - Hydrogen - Acetylene - Propane - Gasoline fumes•ToxicMaterials - Carbon Monoxide - Hydrogen Sulfide - Welding fumes - Corrosives•Electricity•MechanicalHazards - Mixers - Crushers

REQUIREMENTS ON ENTERING CONFINED SPACE•Isolatethespace•Ventilatethespace•ConductTailboard•Completepermit•Testtheatmosphere•Enterthespace

ISOLATE THE SPACE FROM ALL HAZARDS - Empty the Space -Depressurize, vent & drain - Lockout/Tagout Equipment -Electrical sources - Rotating/reciprocating parts - Hazardous materials - Clean residue from the space

VENTILATE THE SPACE - Use mechanical ventilation - Fans

- Air horns - Ventilate at the rate of at least four (4) volumes per hour - Larger spaces require more ventilation - Make sure air supply is not contaminated - Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air uncontaminated with - flammables, toxins, etc.

TEST THE ATMOSPHERE

- Check for Oxygen Content: At least 19.5% and less than 23.5% - Check for Combustibles: Must be Less than 10% of the LEL - Check for Toxic Gasses: -Mostcommonlycarbonmonoxide(PEL<35ppm) -Any other hazardous materials as determined by the use of the space.

v

Confined Space Air Monitoring Devices

- Always test the air at various levels to be sure that the entire space is safe.
