Role of IT and communication networking in Sustainable Manufacturing

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ROLE OF IT & COMMUNICATION

NETWORKING IN SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING

Prepared by-

PRASHANT TRIPATHI

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CONTENTS

1. Sustainability..?

2. The field of Green IT

3. Defining Green ICT

4. ICT supporting Mitigation

5. ICT for public awareness and teaching

6. IT compresses time,space & complexity

7. Bridging by Green IT

8. Abatement in manufacturing sector

9. Smart manufacturing

10. Conclusion

July 22, 2012

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1. Sustainability..?• The concept of sustainability has evolved over the last few decades. • From being merely a regulatory necessity, it has gained strategic prominence today, especially in

the manufacturing sector. • Sustainable manufacturing requires simultaneous consideration of economic, environmental, and

social implications; associated with the extraction, production, and delivery of goods. • The classic definition of sustainability is,

‘Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’

• Today, sustainability is a growing theme across organizations . Traditionally encompassing only environmental, economic and social issues, the scope of sustainability has expanded today.

July 22, 2012

Footer text here4 July 22, 2012Figure : Why sustainability is becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing industry?

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2. The Field of Green IT• Over the last several years, the term “Green IT” has begun to be used to describe a field at the

juncture of two trends.

• The first trend involves the growing concern about environmental issues across many human communities. The second trend involves IT—the use of digital tools and techniques for manipulating information, and the social phenomena that surround these systems.

• Green IT brings together these two areas, environmental issues and IT, and explores the ways in which they connect to each other.

• In particular, it examines the opportunities for IT to address issues related to the global ecosystem.

July 22, 2012

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• It is important to note that not all facets of IT are environmentally favorable.

• IT sector emits CO2 at a rate approximately equivalent to that of the airline industry.

• This rate is growing rapidly, especially in the mobile computing area.

• Nevertheless, according to Smart 2020, a report by the Climate Group (2008) on behalf of the Global e-Sustainability Initiative, the potential positive environmental benefits enabled by IT are five times as great as the environmental footprint of IT itself.

July 22, 2012

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3. Defining “Green ICTs”

• Green ICTs are those that have positive impacts on environmental performance and ecosystems, either directly by reducing physical and energy inputs in their production, use, disposal and recycling, or indirectly through their wider application and use in other equipment and systems.

• ICTs and their applications can have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. • For example, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions associated with ICT applications to

improve energy efficiency in buildings, transport systems or electricity distribution must be balanced against increased emissions resulting from their development, production and operation and potential environmental degradation associated with their uncontrolled disposal.

July 22, 2012

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Fig: Framework For Green Ict Impacts

July 22, 2012

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3.1 Direct impacts

• Direct impacts of ICTs on the environment (“first-order effects”) refer to positive and negative impacts due directly to ICT goods and services and related processes. (e.g., operating infrastructures, building functions, vehicle fleets and logistics).

• In current data centres only about 50% of the energy is consumed for actual data processing, the other 50% is used for cooling (and other support functions).

• From the greenhouse gas emissions viewpoint, the ICT sector is currently responsible for approximately 2% of the overall carbon emissions in Europe .

• At the other end, consumers influence the shape and impact of the direct environmental footprint. Consumers can choose energy-efficient and certified “green” ICT equipment over other products.

• At the end of a product’s initial useful life, they can choose to return equipment for re-use and recycling, adopting “cradle-to-cradle” approaches to their purchase and disposal of ICT goods and services.

• This lowers the burden on the natural environment compared to disposal in a landfill, incineration or uncontrolled dumping in developing countries.

July 22, 2012

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• It is clear that true “Green IT” starts in the planning phase of new products. The whole life cycle including production and usage resource consumption and end-of-life has to be taken into consideration.

• If appropriately implemented, the energy consumption should at best stop rising despite significant growth of IT services in the next decades.

July 22, 2012


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Life-cycle analysis (LCA or cradle-to-grave analysis) is a necessary analytical tool to obtain an overall view of these impacts and the balance among them.

3.2 Enabling impacts

• Enabling impacts of ICTs (“second-order effects”) come from ICT applications that reduce environmental impacts outside of the ICT-producing sector and straightforward ICT applications.

• ICT products can affect the environmental footprint of other products in three main ways:

1. Optimization: Examples include investing in embedded systems in cars for fuel-efficient driving, “smart” electricity distribution networks to reduce transmission and distribution losses.

2. Dematerialization and substitution: For example, digital music and video can replace physical music and film media . Physical travel can (partly) be replaced with virtual meetings and communication systems with reduced environmental impacts. Another often cited aspect of dematerialization is the “paperless-office”.

3. Degradation can occur if ICT devices embedded in non-ICT products lead to difficulties in disposal management. For example, “smart” tags in car tires, bottles and cardboard often require specific recycling procedures that are more onerous and potentially add to the pollution load.

July 22, 2012


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3.3 Systemic impacts• Systemic impacts of ICTs on the environment (“third-order effects”) are rooted in behaviour and

behavioural change. • ICT applications have systemic impacts in a number of ways, including: 1. Providing and disclosing information: Monitoring, measuring and reporting information on the

environment. Sensor-based networks that collect data and computer-based interpretation .For example, ICT-enabled observation and research on rainfall, provide data for long-term agricultural decision making.

2. Triggering rebound effects: Higher efficiencies at the micro level do not necessarily translate into equivalent savings at the macro economy-wide level because of greater aggregate consumption and use of more efficient individual products. The “rebound effects” from increased use at the micro level may result in greater resource use at the macro level.

• Product life-cycle analysis is an important tool to provide insights into the effects of ICTs on behavioural change and the effects of behavioural change on ICTs.

July 22, 2012

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4. ICT Supporting Mitigation• The probably more important aspect is ICT supporting mitigation efforts in a broad variety of domains.

• ICT can provide new insights, e.g. by applying new algorithms in better understanding climate models, can help to reduce energy use and provide real-time data, hence reduce time and distance between measured effects and actions to be taken.

• Web-based access to this data will provide real-time information to different user-groups and help influence their decisions.

• Industrial production is still the largest energy consumer (approximately 23% in 2002, globally) and ICT can help to increase efficiency by smart-motor systems, end-to-end optimisations or demand-side management.

• Finally, ICT can help develop sustainable "green supply chains".

• RFID tags on products should help select appropriate recycling methodologies for specific sorts of waste. The goal should be an end-to-end accounting; a “green supply chain”, through which the whole footprint of a product is measured and tracked and paid by the consumer.

July 22, 2012

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5. ICT for Public Awareness and Teaching

• Our unsustainable behaviour is resulting from the interactions of very complex systems of systems.

• Public awareness, appropriate political decisions and education are only possible when also laymen are able to understand the consequences of certain actions, e.g. effects of climate change on specific regions.

• Also interaction of systems (e.g. population growth, economy, resource-consumption, waste, etc.) is very difficult to understand and predict.

• Different interfaces are conceivable, from simulations for politicians to video games for teenagers.

July 22, 2012

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6. IT Compresses Time, Space and Complexity

• IT compresses time in many ways - for example, By storing abundant information for later retrieval, Letting us model the past and predict the future, and Enabling the synchronization of many different human activities.

• IT compresses space by allowing us, To communicate over great distances, Browse maps of the entire world, and Transport goods and people around the globe.

• IT compresses complexity by, Augmenting our memories, Allowing devices to perform repetitive calculations, and Establishing agreed-on standards for the cooperation of devices and people.

July 22, 2012

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7. Green IT Bridges from Human Scales to Environmental Scales

• Helping people and institutions discover, understand, and act on these and other environmental possibilities is the primary goal of Green IT.

• Many examples of explicitly environmental IT systems already exist—from smart energy grids to systems that optimize hybrid car engines.

• In addition there are many IT systems that have been developed for non-environmental reasons, but that have implicit environmental impacts, such as GPS systems and online mapping software, which lead to more efficient travel and therefore reduced CO2 emissions.

July 22, 2012

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• The ways in which IT can benefit environmental issues take a variety of forms.

• One axis along which these innovations may be arrayed is from “personal” to “institutional.”

• Personal IT systems enable individuals and small groups to broaden the horizons of time, space, and complexity with which they think and act, thereby enabling them to respond more effectively to a range of environmental concerns .

• Institutional IT systems have a similar effect, but broaden the horizons of understanding.

• These two forms of Green IT are mutually reinforcing.

July 22, 2012

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7.1 Personal Green IT• Personal Green IT can help individuals participate in many different ways to address the world’s

current environmental concerns. For instance, it can provide information that encourages people to exert more effort in this direction.

• This form of participation can be simple - for example, reading a post on an environmental Web site about walking up the stairs instead of taking the elevator - or more dramatic - such as selling one’s car, and then using a bicycle or a car-sharing system.

• Hosting a business meeting via teleconference rather than flying people in from other countries are examples of more efficient practices that are more environmentally conscious as well.

July 22, 2012

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7.2 Institutional Green IT

• One of the primary institutional contributions of Green IT is through improved infrastructures.

• Smart energy grids enable more efficient power utilization.

• Improved transportation systems reduce fuel use while optimizing the movement of people, objects, and materials around the world.

• More effective waste management systems can facilitate more comprehensive recycling and salvaging of useful materials after their initial usage is complete.

July 22, 2012

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• It is important to note that there is fluidity between personal and institutional Green IT innovations. For example, the smart energy meters allow individuals to monitor their consumption habits and institutions to analyze usage across millions of households, both of which help humanity live more sustainably.

July 22, 2012

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• ICT-enabled solutions offer the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 16.5%, create 29.5 million jobs and yield USD 1.9 trillion in savings.

• While ICT’s own footprint is projected to rise to 1.27 GtCO2e by 2020, its abatement potential is 7 times higher.

• Manufacturing is the most significant contributor to climate change of any of the end-use sectors, with worldwide manufacturing emissions at 14.8 GtCO2e in 2008, 31.4% of the global emissions total.

July 22, 2012

8. Abatement in the manufacturing sector



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• There are two sub-levers in the manufacturing sector:1. the automation of industrial processes2. the optimization of variable speed motor systems

• Higher levels of monitoring and control of equipment will help to reduce and optimize energy use for particular manufacturing processes.

• The introduction of variable speed motor systems allows machines to sense the strain under which they are working and adjust output accordingly. This ensures that they are working hard and expending electricity only when necessary. ICT can provide information to businesses about how much electricity they are saving and allow machines to communicate with one another to increase overall plant efficiency.

• 3D printing has the potential to be disruptive to the entire manufacturing process and could reduce emissions by reducing the amount of raw materials to create a product and removing the need for transport of end-products.

July 22, 2012

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Abatement in the manufacturing sector

• Moreover, the increasing competitiveness of the manufacturing sector globally and a lack of economic incentives to abate GHG emissions have made emissions reductions challenging for many manufacturers.As countries fight to keep their manufacturing rates competitive, investing in emissions savings technologies has in many instances not occurred.

• ICT can play a significant role in helping the manufacturing sector reduce its contribution to climate change by reducing the amount of electricity wasted through inefficient processes.

• It facilitates the shift toward the use of renewable energy; eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, which impair reuse; and aims for the elimination of waste through the superior design of materials, products, and systems.

July 22, 2012

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• Smart Manufacturing, which is the fourth revolution in the manufacturing industry and is also considered as a new paradigm, is the collection of cutting-edge technologies that support effective and accurate engineering decision-making in real time through the introduction of various ICT technologies and the convergence with the existing manufacturing technologies.

• The fig. shows the link of IoT and IoS around a smart factory based on CPS.

July 22, 2012

Fig. Industry 4.0 and smart factories

as part of the IoT and IoS

9. Smart manufacturingToday, the manufacturing industry is aiming to improve competitiveness through the convergence with cutting-edge ICT technologies in order to secure a new growth engine.






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10. Conclusion• Sustainability is one of the most significant strategic programs that organizations will

undertake in the coming decades. All entities in the manufacturing value chain, from raw material producers to consumers, have a critical role to play in ensuring sustainability.

• ICT has significant leverage to reduce e.g. the carbon footprint in other industries and by far over-compensate the own footprint.

• Studies suggest that impacts of ICT on other fields can lead to emission reductions five times the size of ICTs own footprint (Climate Group, 2008). Finally, ICT is required for adaptation, modelling and public awareness and as supporter for political decision-making.

July 22, 2012

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References• https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262013932.pdf• https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2012/com_icts_vickery.pdf• http://www.ouritdept.co.uk/• http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2010/T2532.pdf• http://www.academia.edu/2630982/

ICT_for_Sustainable_Manufacturing_A_European_Perspective• https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/SMARTer-2020-The-Role-of-

ICT-in-Driving-a-Sustainable-Future-December-2012._2.pdf• http://www.tcs.com/resources/white_papers/Pages/Sustainability-Manufacturing-

Technology-Landscape.aspx• http://www.cirp.net/• http://www.gcsm.eu/Vietnam/index.html

July 22, 2012


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THANK YOU!

July 22, 2012

Engineering

Role of IT and communication networking in Sustainable Manufacturing