Research Issues on WSN

Research issues in WSN

&

How to do Doctoral research

Dr.A.Kathirvel, Professor and Head, Dept of IT

Anand Institute of Higher Technology, Chennai

Wireless Sensor Networks (Phase – I)

3

Outline

Introduction

Wireless Sensor Networks

Research Issues in WSN

Conclusion

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are

used in a variety of fields:

• military,

• healthcare,

• environmental,

• biological,

• home and

• other commercial applications. 4


• There has been a huge advancement in

the fields of embedded computer and

sensor technology, Wireless Sensor

Networks.

• These Networks (WSN) are composed of

several thousands of sensor nodes.

5


• These nodes are capable of –

• sensing,

• actuating, and

• Relaying the collected information.

• They have made remarkable impact

everywhere.

6


• A sensor network is capable of sensing,

processing and communicating.

• This helps the base station or command

node to observe and react according to

the condition in a particular environment

(physical, battle field, biological).

7


• Sensor network protocols have a unique

self-organizing capability.

• Another interesting feature of WSNs is

that the sensor nodes cooperate with each

other.

• Sensor nodes have an in-built processor,

using which raw data are processed

before transmission.

8


• These features facilitate wide range of

applications of WSNs ranging from

• biomedical,

• environmental,

• military,

• event detection and

• vehicular telemetric.

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RESEARCH ISSUES

10

RESEARCH ISSUES

• Current research topics in Wireless sensor

Networks ARE :

• Power Management

• Localisation

• Routing

• Deployment Technique

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Power Management

• A sensor network is composed of a large

number of sensor nodes.

• These are densely deployed either inside

the environment or close to it.

• The position of sensor nodes need not be

engineered or predetermined.

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Power Management

• This allows random deployment in

inaccessible terrains or hazardous

environments.

• Some of the most important application

areas of sensor networks include military,

natural calamities, health, and home.

13

ENERGY Management

• When compared to traditional ad hoc

networks, the most noticeable point about

sensor networks is that, they are limited in

power, computational capacities, and

memory.

• Hence optimizing the energy consumption

in wireless sensor networks is the most

important performance objective.

14

ENERGY Management

• This challenge necessitates energy-

awareness at all layers of networking

protocol stack.

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ENERGY Management

• The issues related to physical and link layers

are generally common for all kind of sensor

applications.

• Therefore the research on these areas has

been focused on system-level power

awareness such as dynamic voltage scaling,

radio communication hardware, low duty

cycle issues, system partitioning, energy

aware MAC protocols.

16

ENERGY Management

• At the network layer, the main aim is to

find ways for energy efficient route setup

and reliable relaying of data from the

sensor nodes to the sink so that the

lifetime of the network is maximized.

17

Localization

• A fundamental problem in designing

sensor network is localization –

determining the location of sensors.

• Location information is used to detect and

record events, or to route packets using

geometric-aware routing.

18

Localization

• Manual configuration of locations is not

feasible for – large-scale networks or

networks where sensors may move.

• Providing each sensor with localization

hardware (e.g., GPS) is expensive in

terms of cost and energy consumption.

19

Localization

• A more reasonable solution to the

localization problem is to allow

some nodes (called seeds) to have their

location information at all times, and allow

other nodes to infer their locations by

exchanging information with seeds.

20

Routing

• Routing in sensor networks is very

challenging!

• First of all, it is not possible to build a

global addressing scheme for the

deployment of sheer number of sensor

nodes. Therefore, classical IP-based

protocols cannot be applied to sensor

networks!

21

Routing

• Second, in contrary to typical

communication networks almost all

applications of sensor networks require

the flow of sensed data from multiple

regions (sources) to a particular sink.

• Third, generated data traffic has significant

redundancy.Such redundancy needs to be

exploited by the routing protocols to

improve energy and bandwidth utilization.

22

Routing

• Fourth, sensor nodes are tightly

constrained in terms of transmission

power, on-board energy, processing

capacity and storage.

• Thus require careful resource

management.

23

Routing

• There are three main components in a

sensor network. These are the

sensor nodes,

sink and

monitored events.

• Aside from the very few setups that utilize

mobile sensors, most of the network

architectures assume that sensor nodes

are stationary.

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Routing

• On the other hand, supporting the mobility

of sinks or cluster-heads (gateways) is

sometimes deemed necessary.

• Routing messages from or to moving

nodes is more challenging !

• This is because route stability becomes an

important optimization factor, in addition to

energy, bandwidth etc.

25

Routing

• Efforts are being made to design routing

protocols for WSN which are energy

efficient.

• The next slide lists some energy efficient

routing protocols proposed for WSN.

26

Data-centric protocols

• In many applications of sensor networks, it

is not feasible to assign global identifiers

to each node due to the sheer number of

nodes deployed.

• Such lack of global identification along

with random deployment of sensor nodes

make it hard to select a specific set of

sensor nodes to be queried.

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• Therefore, data is usually transmitted from

every sensor node within the deployment

region with significant redundancy.

• This is very inefficient in terms of

energyconsumption, routing protocols that

will be able to select a set of sensor nodes

and utilize data aggregation during the

relaying of data have been considered.

28


• Flooding and gossiping

• Sensor protocols for information via negotiation

• Directed Diffusion

• Energy-aware routing

• Rumor routing

• Gradient-based routing

• CADR

• COUGAR

• ACQUIRE

29


• Flooding and Gossiping: Flooding and

gossiping are two classical mechanisms to

relay data in sensor networks without the

need for any routing algorithms and

topology maintenance.

• In flooding, each sensor receiving a data

packet broadcasts it to all of its neighbors

and this process continues until the packet

arrives at the destination or

30


• The maximum number of hops for the

packet is reached. On the other hand,

gossiping is a slightly enhanced version of

flooding.

• Here the receiving node sends the packet

to a randomly selected neighbor, which

picks another random neighbor to forward

the packet to and so on.

31


• CADR: Constrained anisotropic diffusion

routing (CADR) is a protocol, which strives

to be a general form of Directed Diffusion.

• Two techniques namely information-driven

sensor querying (IDSQ) and constrained

anisotropic diffusion routing (CADR) are

proposed

32


• COUGAR proposes an architecture for the

sensor database system where sensor

nodes select a leader node to perform

aggregation and transmit the data to the

gateway (sink)

33


• ACQUIRE: A fairly new data-centric

mechanism for querying sensor networks

is ACtive Query forwarding In sensoR

nEtworks (ACQUIRE). The approach

views the sensor network as a distributed

database and is well-suited for complex

Queries which consist of several sub

queries.

34

Hierarchical protocols

• LEACH

• PEGASIS and Hierarchical- PEGASIS

• TEEN and APTEEN

• Energy-aware routing for cluster-based

sensor networks

• Self-organizing protocol

35

Location-based protocols

• MECN and SMECN

• GAF

• GEAR

36

Network flow and QoS aware

protocols

• Maximum lifetime energy routing

• Maximum lifetime data gathering

• Minimum cost forwarding

• SAR

• Energy-aware QoS routing protocol

• SPEED

37

Technological contributions..

• The key contributions in the last decade are

related to

• distributed detection and information fusion;

• Routing and Clustering;

• Link Scheduling, Coverage

38

Technological contributions..

• Localization of sensor nodes,

• Time synchronization,

• Multimodal data fusion,

• Cross layer optimization,

• Network coding, and

• Low power electronics design.

39

Conclusion

• The area of WSN is thriving and every day

new ideas are emerging. A strong testimony

to this is the recent report on Smart Sensor

Networks.

• Another area which needs a tremendous

impetus to make sure that WSN thrives is

sensor technology.

• Nevertheless, the area of routing in WSN is

wide open.

40

Write an Research Paper (Phase – II)

Outline

Introduction

Step-by-step instruction to write an paper

Plagiarism

Conclusion

How to Write a Research

Paper

Why do you need to learn how to write a research paper?

Because in high school and college you will be asked to write many research papers, and you need to learn what goes into writing a successful paper.

This PowerPoint presentation will give you step-by-step directions on how most high school and college teachers/professors expect you to write a basic research paper.

Learning Targets

You will learn how to choose a topic. Depends on the length of your paper, choose a narrower topic

for a short paper, and a broader topic for a longer paper. You will learn how to write a thesis statement. One sentence that summarizes what your paper is about, or

what you are trying to prove. (Last sentence of your introduction)

You will learn how to explain the differences between a primary and secondary source. You will be able to understand the difference between plagiarism and acceptable paraphrasing. You will be able to learn how to edit your paper, and make necessary changes. You will learn how to use “parenthetical notations.”

Step-by-step instructions on how to write a research paper The topic

The thesis or introductory statement

The outline

Selecting and analyzing sources & selecting websites

Compiling information on index cards or in Microsoft Word

Plagiarizing, paraphrasing, and direct quoting

Bibliography & the proper format

Proofreading & the cover page

Rubric

You should also have:

1. A note-taking handout. As we go through the assignment, take notes, or write down any questions you have

2.A sample outline

3.Examples of plagiarizing v. paraphrasing

I’ve just stolen other

author’s work!

“Plagiarizer”

Where Do We Begin?

Overview:

Requirements (What you need for your paper) √

Topic Questions (What you need to put into your paper) √

Choices (The disasters you will research) √

How to write your research paper: Follow these

instructions step-by-step!

1. Your outline should be written before you start your paper. It organizes your thoughts and creates a plan so you know how your paper will look.

2. Your introduction or thesis statement tells the audience what you will explain in your paper. It will let the audience know what to expect from reading your paper.

3. You are required to use a minimum of three sources. You must have at least one book , one website, and one encyclopedia (online or book format) *No wikipedia.org; mtv.com; or youtube.com unless by permission of Mrs. Nuzzo

As you research the answers to the topic questions

you can use the information two ways:

1. If it is from a non-computer source, you can use index cards to copy the information needed, or can type the information on a documents in Microsoft Word.

2. Make sure you have a heading on the index card or word document so you know the topic or question you are answering with this information

3. Always SAVE any information you type into Microsoft Word! Make sure you save it to your number…NOT to the computer you are working on. SAVE information frequently!!!

Paraphrase!!!

Plagiarism v. Paraphrasing Samples

Direct quote from research: “Japan’s beautiful Mount Fuji last erupted in 1707 and is now classified as dormant. Dormant volcanoes show no signs of activity, but they may erupt in the future.” Non-plagiarized paraphrase: Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in Japan, is actually a dormant volcano. Dormant means that it is not active. The last time Mount Fuji erupted was in 1707, and there is always the possibility of a future eruption.

Direct quote from research: “Three weeks after Katrina, warnings of the arrival of Hurricane Rita sent residents of cities such as Houston, Texas, rushing to evacuate, fearing for their lives. Fortunately, Hurricane Rita turned out to be much less severe than Katrina. However, mass evacuations like this bring hazards of their own, as panicking drivers may cause accidents on the jammed roads.” Non-plagiarized paraphrase: Shortly after Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of Houston, Texas, a warning for a new hurricane named Rita was broadcast, which caused many people to panic and flee the city. However, the mass departure of people leaving Houston at the same time could have caused many car accidents, even though the hurricane turned out to be not as dangerous as Katrina.

“How do I QUOTE an author?”

• If you quote an author, insert “quotation marks” around the text you are using.

• At the end of the quotation, parenthetical notations are needed.

• Simply write the quote and then put the author’s name and page number:

• (Williamson, 148) • You will cite the entire source

when you get to the bibliography page of your paper.

“I WILL NOT

PLAGIARIZE

I WILL PUT

MY PAPER

INTO MY OWN

WORDS.”

Bibliography or Works Cited Page 1. At the end of your paper you will include a bibliography or works

cited page.

2. This gives the authors of your sources credit for their work.

3. In your packet you will find sample bibliography entries for various sources.

4. If you have any questions you can refer to: http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html or the information in the packet.

5. Sources should be in alphabetical order and double spaced.

6. You can also use the following website to input your source information for your bibliography or works cited page: www.noodletools.com/quickcite/

http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html

http://www.noodletools.com/quickcite/

Works Cited

"Battery." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1990. "Best Batteries." Consumer Reports Magazine 32 Dec. 1994: 71-72. Booth, Steven A. "High-Drain Alkaline AA-Batteries." Popular Electronics 62 Jan. 1999: 58. Brain, Marshall. "How Batteries Work." howstuffworks. 1 Aug. 2006 <http://home.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm>. "Cells and Batteries." The DK Science Encyclopedia. 1993. Dell, R. M., and D. A. J. Rand. Understanding Batteries. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. "Learning Center." Energizer. Eveready Battery Company, Inc. 1 Aug. 2006 <http://www.energizer.com/learning/default.asp>. "Learning Centre." Duracell. The Gillette Company. 31 July 2006 <http://www.duracell.com/au/main/pages/learning-centre-what-is-a-battery.asp>.

Proofread, Proofread, & Proofread!!! 1. Are all words spelled correctly? (Use a paper or online dictionary is unsure!)

2. Did I capitalize the beginning of each sentence and all proper nouns?

3. Did I punctuate correctly?

4. Do I use grammar correctly?

5. Did I answer all of the topic questions, and fulfill all of the requirements on my rubric.

6. Did I include an introduction and conclusion?

7. Did I type the paper using the correct font type, size, line spacing and margin requirements?

8. Did I paraphrase all content?

9. Did I use parenthetical notations for quotes?

10. Do my sentences make sense when read aloud?

11. Have I had my paper peer edited?

12. Does my paper flow well?

13. Did I include a bibliography page?

Finished!!! You did it!!!

Conclusion

• The conclusion of a research paper needs to

summarize the content and purpose of the paper

without seeming too wooden or dry. Every basic

conclusion must share several key elements are,

• Stick with a basic synthesis of information

• Close with logic

• Speculate

• Pose a question

• Make a suggestion

• Leave out new information

58

How to do PhD? (Phase – III)

HOW TO DO DOCTORAL RESEARCH?

60

Outline

Introduction

Domain area Choosing

Phases in Research

Discussion

62

It is all about you..

• You may be a PG student..

• You may be a faculty..

• If you are a PG student plan your career..

• Think about the project work right from

the start..

• If you are a faculty….

63

Phase 1

• You are planning to pursue Doctoral

Research.

• you are wavering…

• Am I competent?

• Will I be able to make it?

• Should I do or not?

• What happens if I …?

64

Ph.D start up preliminaries…(1/4 )

• When you have come to this stage it is clearly understood that you have completed M.Phil or M.E. Or any other required entry qualifications.

• If you had an average or above average academic background it is sufficient enough.

• Even if you had a poor academic history still you can make it provided…

65


• The first thing you have to understand is that it is

you who has got to do it.

• For this the drive has to come from within you.

• As your project evolves, you will get technical

and moral support from your supervisor and a

host of other people.

• However, success in your doctoral research

depends solely on your sustained and dogged

effort put forth by you.

66


• You should be self motivated and committed and should be willing to work hard over a long period.

• Remember doctoral research mostly is a lonely business.

• Thus a larger effort is required in conditioning your mind and steeling yourself as compared to effort required in the academic side.

67

Ph.D start up preliminaries…(4/4)

• On the technical side you require adequate expertise in the chosen area.

• Familiarity with the tools that you are going to use.

• Incase you already do not posses these you have to quickly master these through your course work or otherwise

• I hope you had taken a deep breath and has decided to take a plunge.

• Congratulations!

• You have taken the first important step.

• Phase1 is completed.

68

Ph.D requirements (1/3 )

• All universities prescribe some course work

• A pass* in the stipulated courses is mandatory.

• With most universities course work does not

carry any weight.

• Degree is awarded solely on the basis of the

appraisal by the examiners the thesis submitted

by you and the defense put up by you in the

public viva voce examination.

69


• Then what should be the standard of the thesis ?

• Be rest assured that you are not competing for

the Nobel Prize. How ever the following points

give an indication of the enormity of the problem.

• Ph.D. thesis is treated very seriously at all

leading universities.

• Expectations are high; Ph.D. thesis represents a

substantial work.

70


• Ph.D. thesis process transforms the student into a professional researcher.

• Faculty are judged by the theses of their Ph.D. students.

• A doctoral thesis must show evidence of independent enquiry, originality in the methods used and/or in the conclusions drawn and must make an appreciable new contribution to knowledge in the candidates field. A thesis must be a candidate’s own.

71

Phase 2 : Choosing a topic…(1/9)

• The next step is to choose a suitable topic.

• There are two possible scenarios:

• You are joining a supervisor who is already

doing a very big project; already several

scholars are working with him; you are very, very

lucky in this case. you are handed down a well

defined problem; there are so many peers

working with you, to familiarize and explain the

nuances of the problem

72


• You get a head start, but …..

• In the second case you are on your own.

• You are expected to select a suitable problem; suggest a suitable solution methodology and convince the prospective supervisor about your idea.

• Most of the research work that are done in various universities fall under this category.

73


• Firstly general guide lines:

• You must be enthusiastic about the topic.

• It must be do-able in 3 years.

• Solving the problem is worthy of a Ph.D.

• A major portion of the solution methodology falls within your expertise area.

• There is some supervisor in the department willing to supervise.

74


• Then how to go about choosing a problem to be solved by you?

• Firstly choose a broad area. May be the subject you have secured high marks..but not necessarily so. Any subject in which you are instinctively confident enough will be good.

• Choose a proper subset of the area.

• Example

An Example!

• Two important related research directions

should receive attention from the

researcher in sensor networks !

• These are design of routing protocols for

WSNs, and Three-dimensional (3D)

sensor fields !

75

76


• Choose a particular aspect of the sub area where a large number of recent good publications are available.

• Browse internet download 40-50 papers.

• Go through them and select most important 15 papers.

• Read through each one of them carefully.

• This is one of the most pains taking stages.

77


• From among the 30-40 papers select the

most important 15 papers.

• Read each of this paper thoroughly. You

may not be able to understand at the first

instance. You may have to read several

other basic papers in order to understand

the current one.

78


• For each of the selected paper note down

the following:

• What is the contribution of the author?

• Are there any limitations?

• Can the limitations be overcome?

• Is there any scope for improving?

• Can I repeat the experiments locally?

79

Choosing a topic…(8/9)

• Once you have made your notes for all

the 15 papers get the collection of all the

scopes for future work.

• Critically evaluate them on the basis of:

• Importance; Your Expertise; Time and

resources available;

• Choose the most promising one.

• Make a write up; slides better

80


• Make a presentation to the prospective guide.

• He/She may accept your proposal (very rare),

suggest suitable modifications and ask you to

come out with a revised proposal or suggest

altogether a new area.

• Follow up and repeat the process until your

research topic is finalized between you and the

supervisor.

81

Phase 2 completed

• This completes Phase 2.

• You make an application and you are duly registered with an university for doctoral work.

• A doctoral committee is formed with your supervisor as the convener.

• You are prescribed certain courses; discuss with your supervisor and ensure that really useful courses are prescribed.

82

Phase 3: Completion of the courses..

• Phase 3 is spread over an year.

• Targets:

• Completion of the Courses

• Familiarity with the tools

• Repetition of other’s experimental works

• Trying out ideas

• After completion of courses some universities

prescribe a comprehensive examination

83

Phase 4: Work Vigorously ..Publish(1/13)

• After successful completion of

examination only many universities

register you formally as a doctoral scholar.

• Phase 4 is the crucial period when actual

research is carried out.

• Work vigorously experiment, test, modify,

test …you find some thing worthwhile.

84


• This is the heart of your program..

• A few points may be noted.

• An element of race is involved in rearch.

• You may be doing lots of experiments during this period.

• Ensure all experiments are properly documented.. Date, time, place, parameters set up ….

• Your experiments must be repeatable

85


• Remember some of your experiments may be challenged and proper documentation is absolutely necessary.

• Repeat the experiments several times in several ways, where the results are novel and rather unexpected.

• Since a large volume of data and results will be collected use Quality Circle methods..

86


• The 5 Ss

• 1.Seiri: Discard unnecessary items from the work place

• 2.Seiton: Arrange necessary items in good order.

• 3.Seiso: Let your work place be clean.

• 4.Seiketsu: Maintain high standards of house keeping

• 5.Shitsuke: Train your assistants to follow suit.

87


• You can use standard tools to in Statistics to

substantiate your theory /experimental results.

• Some of the tools are…

• Fuzzy logic

• Simulation methods

• Student’s ‘t’ test

• Five point summary

• Standard optimization techniques

88

Phase 4…Publish (6/13 )

• The need for publishing your findings

• University requirements

• Safe guarding your work

• Getting valuable inputs

• Publish/present in seminars and

conferences

89

Phase 4:..Publish (7/13 )

• How to write a Great paper..Simon Peyton

Jones Microsoft corpoation

• Writing paper-

• Forces us to be clear, focused

• Crystallizes what we don’t understand

• Opens the way to dialogue with others

• reality check, critique, and corroboration

90


• Write a paper, and give a talk, about any idea,

no matter how weedy and insignificant it may

seem to you Writing the paper is how you

develop the idea in the first place. It usually

turns out to be more interesting and challenging

that it seemed at first.

• The purpose of your paper is... to convey your

idea...from your head to your reader’s head

Everything serves this single goal.

91


• Writing the paper is how you develop

the idea in the first place.

• It usually turns out to be more interesting

and challenging that it seemed at first.

• Make the reader interested in your paper.

• A well written draft can make even an

ordinary work appealing.

92

Publish (10/13 ).. Your narrative flow

• It’s an interesting problem

• It’s an unsolved problem

• Here is a problem

• Here is my idea

• My idea works (details, data)

• Here’s how my idea compares to other

people’s approaches

93

Publish(11/13 ): Structure of the paper

• Title (1 or 2 lines)

• Abstract (4 sentences)

• Introduction (1 page)

• The problem (1 page)

• My idea (2 pages)

• The details (5 pages)

• Related work (1-2 pages)

• Conclusions and further work (0.5 pages)

94

Publish:(12/13 )..Abstract

• Used by program committee members to

decide which papers to read

• Four sentences [Kent Beck]

1.State the problem

2.Say why it’s an interesting problem

3.Say what your solution achieves

4.Say what follows from your solution

• Better if it is written at the last.

95

Publish:(13/13)..

• Try, try until you have a couple of good

publications under your belt.

• If you have achieved the target ,you can

breath easy and think about commencing

to write your thesis!

96

Phase 5: Start writing (1/3)

• If you have secured adequate number of publications it is time to start writing up your report.

• It takes 3 - 6 months to write the report.

• Report will be about 150 pages.

• The first step is to have a complete reference list as per norms.

• It would be better if each reference is at least referred once.

97

Phase 5 Start writing (2/3)

• Next step is to prepare a list of symbols.

• The report may have 5 – 7 chapters.

• The first chapter is Introduction. The last segment of this chapter contains a brief description of following chapters. In the penultimate section of Introduction you make your claims.

• The second chapter deals with the literature survey.

98

Phase 5: Start writing (3/3)

• Your survey is expected to be comprehensive.

• The last chapter gives a list of conclusions and

also details scope for future work.

• Middle chapters deal with each of your

contributions.

• Once the draft is approved by your supervisor,

get the same audited for English.

• On an auspicious day you had submitted your

report to the university. …Good luck

99

Phase 6: Waiting period

• The next phase is anxious and frustrating waiting period.

• It may be mere couple of months or may spill over to year(s).

• Whatever it may be do not waste your time.

• Keep the research fire burning, by completing the papers, trying out modifications.

100

Phase 6 Waiting period..

• This helps not only to keep your

frustrations under check, but also

enhances your preparedness for the viva

voce.

• Then one day you are informed by your

supervisor that your reports have been

received….

101

Phase 7 Viva voce

• Viva voce is the last hurdle.

• Prepare slides.

• Rehearse several times.

• Read and reread your report many, many

times.

• Keep copies of your experimental results

and readings.

102

Phase 7 Viva voce

• Speak confidently.

• Remember it is a public viva.

• Be polite but be firm in your articulations.

• At the end the examiners slowly rise from

their seats and inform the audience that

you are through.

• Congratulations! You have done it.

103

Must Read..

• How to write a great research paper and

get it accepted by a good journal –

Newman (slides)

• How to write a great research paper –

Peyton Jones (slides)

• Websites of foreign Universities

References

• A Survey on Routing Protocols for

Wireless Sensor Networks: Kemal Akkaya

and Mohamed Younis

• Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor

Networks –A Survey: Shio Kumar Singh,

M P Singh,, and D K Singh

104

Discussion

Questions

?

Engineering

Research Issues on WSN