Radio planning

ZTE University

Content

ZTEZTE

1 Site HomingSite Homing

2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning

3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning

4 Code planning Code planning

1. Site Homing

RNC capacity and site distribution per year in different regions

Sites which have the same fiber node belong to same data center; Sites belong same data center can be different RNCs

RNC boundary should be at low traffic to reduce inter RNC handover

Site Homing Principle

Content

ZTEZTE

1 Site HomingSite Homing

2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning

3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning

4 Code planning Code planning

2. LAC/RAC Planning

LAC/RAC are parameters represent UE paging location. When a UE is paged, CN will send paging request through RNC to all Node Bs that use the same LAC/RAC.

LAI must be unique in one network(LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC)

RAI must be unique in one network(LAI=MCC+MNC+LAC+RAC)

MSC SGSN

RNC

Node B Node B Node B Node B

LAC

2. LAC/RAC Planning

LAC/RAC are parameters represent UE paging location. When a UE is paged, CN will send paging request through RNC to all Node Bs that use the same LAC.

If too many Node B using one same LAC/RAC may cause Node B paging overload; But if only few Node B use one same LAC/RAC, there will be many boundaries of areas with different LAC/RAC, lots of location update will occur.

If UE is moving to an area with different LAC and carrying out location update when a paging message is sent, then UE can’t receive the paging message and this UE can’t be connected.

Content

ZTEZTE

1 Site HomingSite Homing

2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning

3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning

4 Code planning Code planning

coverage

capacity

quality

Balance

Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity and quality.

Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity and quality.

Dimension estimation

UMTS radio network dimension estimation is a process of calculating amount and configuration of equipment based on the goal of coverage, capacity and quality.

EnquiryEnquiry

AnalysesAnalyses

SurveySurvey

Build ModelBuild Model

SimulationSimulation

Requirement Analyses

Site Survey

Site Allocation

System Simulation and Authentication

Propagation Model Test

Propagation Model calibration

Capability Estimation

Output Planning Report

Site Selection

Radio Network Planning Flow

Estimation based on coverage and capacity

Determine the number of Node B according to coverage

Uplink coverage, downlink coverage→Coverage radius of cells

Account required Node B number

Determine the number of Node B according to users’ capacity

Uplink capacity, downlink capacity→the number of users supported per

cell

Account required Node B number

PAPA

Feeder lossFeeder loss Propagation Propagation lossloss

Antenna gainAntenna gainPenetration Penetration

lossloss

NodeB sensitivityNodeB sensitivity

Shadow Shadow marginmargin

Human body Human body lossloss

UE powerUE power

Link Budget and Models

Simply, link budget is to perform accounting on all losses and gains on a communication link.

Definition: Estimate the system coverage capability by reviewing and analyzing all kinds of influence factors in the propagation path of forward and reverse signals, and obtain the maximum propagation loss allowed on the link under certain call qualities.

Transmitting Power

The NodeB transmitting power is a system parameter, different for individual

services. It shall be determined in accordance with service type and service

coverage.

The maximum transmitting power of NodeB is 43 dBm. The power of the

dedicated channel (DCH) accounts for 63% of the total power.

Eb/No bit energy/noise spectrum density. The value of Eb/No relates to:

the service type moving speed encode/decode algorithm antenna diversity type power control multi-path environment

Power spectrum

Required

Eb/No

Subscriber 1Noise

Subscriber 2Subscriber 3

Eb/No = = S R

× W N

SN

X W R

= SN

X PG

Quality Factors

PG = 25dBPG = 25dB

Voice 12.2 kbpsVoice 12.2 kbps Data 64 kbpsData 64 kbps Data 384 kbpsData 384 kbps

NodeBNodeB

PG = 18dBPG = 18dB

PG = 10dBPG = 10dB

Processing Gain

Processing gain = Chip rate/Bit rate (PG = W/R) Different services have different processing gains. As a result, their

service coverage is different.

Soft handover regionSoft handover region

Soft Handover Gain

Soft handover gain indicates the gain to overcome slow fading. When the mobile equipment is located in the soft handover region, multiple wireless links of soft handover receive signals at the same time, which decreases the requirement for the shadow fading margin.

Macro diversity gain

Body loss

When the handset is positioned at user’s waist or shoulder, the received signal will be 4~7dB or 1~2 dB lower than the value when it is positioned several wavelengths away from the body. Usually the value is 3dB.

Penetration loss

The penetration loss of buildings refers to the attenuation of radio waves when they pass through the outer structure of buildings. It equals the difference between field-strength medians in and out of a building.

It is related to the material and thickness of buildings.

Feeder Loss

For a feeder of 30-40 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 4 dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.

For a feeder of 40-50 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 5 dB (including the connector loss) during link budget.

The feeder loss may decrease the NodeB receiving level and shorten the coverage radius. Tower amplifiers can be used to compensate the feeder loss on the uplink.

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Loading

Noi

se R

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Stable system

Just stable system

Uns

tabl

e sy

stem

Capacity increasesSystem unstable

Interference Margin Coverage, Capacity and Stability

Uplink/Downlink Balance

The downlink cell radius is related to the number of subscribers in the cell, the location and services of the subscriber.

The downlink is usually limited by the capacity. When the load of the cell increases, the condition of limited downlink may occur.

The balance between the uplink and downlink needs the help of planning software for iterative calculation.

HSDPA Link budget

Cell edge coverage bit rate decide the cell radius Demodulation threshold is Es/No Without soft handover and fast power control, so the Power control

headroom and soft handover gain is zero Body loss is Zero.

Coverage target Max. allowed path loss

Propagation model

Link budget

Coverage radius

Calculation of NodeB Coverage Radius

Link budget is a key component in coverage planning

Link budget can help understand the impacts made by parameters on network

Mid-high Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions

Large Scale Factories

Mid-high Traffic Areas

Coverage Solutions

Dense Urban

Indoor macro Node

B

Outdoor macro Node

B

Streetmicro Node B

StreetBBU+RRU

Common Urban

Macro Node B +RRU

BBU+RRU

Sceneries Big Markets

Flexible Deployments of RRUs

In mid-high traffic areas the

RRUs can be flexibly deployed

when there is not enough site

room:

Macro Node B+ RRU

BBU+ RRU

BBU pool+RRU

Out door construction reduces cost and rent

High efficiency PA makes smaller Node B

and lower power consumption

MGWMGWMSC MSC ServerServer

BBU

Macro Node B

Large scale BBU

RRU

RNCRNC RNCRNC

GGSNGGSNSGSNSGSN

Macro Node B RRURRU

RRURRU

RRU

RRU

Macro Node B Construction

Flexible deployment of RRUs

It is an innovation to flexibly deploy RRUs

ZXWR serial RRU

ZXWR BBUB

The difficulties of Dense Urban Coverage

Many high buildings make wireless signals barrier seriously.

Difficult to find sites, especially rooftop platform

Traffic explosion needs high system capacity

High cost of associated equipments and renting

The deployment of macro Node B meets the requirement of capacity

The street Node B solution does not need rooftop platform and associated equipments

SOLUTION

Outdoor Micro Node B in Street Solution

Covering areas The outdoor micro Node B solution can be

deployed in the urban areas where can not install

fibers. The micro Node Bs and lightning proof box are

hidden in pole-piers. Beautify antenna and

lightning rod on top of the pole.

Iub interface supports IP transmission.

The power supply is 220V/110V AC, UPS and

batteries are hidden nearby.

Install along streets

Low Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions

highway

Low traffic Areas

Coverage solutions

suburb

4 antennas receiving

OTSRMicro

Node BMacro Node

B+RRU

rural roads tunnel

BBU+RRU

Radiated Coverage of Macro Node B + RRU

Macro Node B with BBU function will be deployed if there is room site and transmission

RRU can be deployed when there is not enough room. RRU connects with macro Node B by fibers.

Microwave can be chosen as one kind of transmission between sites.

Construction detailConstruction detail

RRU

Site 1 Site 2

Site 3

RRU

Macro Node B with room site and transmission

Microwave transmission introduced

SDH/PDH

Outdoor Micro Node B Coverage Solution Highway

Coverage Solution

The choice of outdoor micro Node B and repeater can meet the requirement of tunnels coverage.

In low traffic areas the micro Node Bs are good choice to make fast deployment.

+

ZXWR B8803+REPEATER

Tunnel

Rural Suburb

Traditional Indoor Coverage Solution for Office Environment

Signal Source plus Distributed System

Passive Distribution System

Active Distribution System

Fiber Distribution System

Penetration Coverage

Outdoor Macro Node B

Outdoor Micro Node B

Repeater Coverage

RF Repeater

Fiber Repeater

Penetration Coverage by Outdoor Macro Node B

A simple indoor coverage solution.

To tolerate 10-20dB path loss because of the separate wall.

Not having good covering effects because of the loss.

This solution is suitable for the residential areas where the buildings are lower than 7 floors.

The penetration coverage by outdoor macro Node B can’t meet the

requirements of the most indoor coverage occasions

Content

ZTEZTE

1 Site HomingSite Homing

2 LAC/RAC PlanningLAC/RAC Planning

3 Coverage and capacity planningCoverage and capacity planning

4 Code planning Code planning

NodeBs are differentiated by scrambling code in WCDMA system. There are totally 512 codes, which can be divided into 64 groups, each group contains 8 primary

codes. Cells which are using the same scrambling code needs to guarantee the site distance is far

enough to avoid the interference.

4. PSC Planning

4. PSC Planning The sequential scrambling code will be used in 3 sectors of one NodeB.

Three cells of the same sector (different carriers) will use the same scrambling code in one NodeB. The “PSC Reuse Factor” will be set to ensure the PSC reuse distance to be maximum.

No PSC repeated within 30 kilometers in

OM project!

No PSC repeated within 30 kilometers in

OM project!

SC Colour Coding example