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Sustainable and Smart City : AUST Summer Course Chapter 2 : Sustainable City Professor Isam SHAHROUR [email protected]

Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City » Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

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This lecture presents the Sustainable City Concept. It includes a historical overview of the sustainable development concept, the sustainability indicators, the local government organization and the application of the sustainability approach to the City.

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Page 1: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  and  Smart  City  :    AUST  Summer  Course  

Chapter  2  :  Sustainable  City      

Professor  Isam  SHAHROUR    Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr  

Page 2: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  City:    A  city  that  contributes  to  sustainable  development  

InternaDonal  concern  and  priority  since  about  40  years  

Page 3: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Q1  :  What  is  Sustainability  ?  

Q3  :  What  are  the  city  challenges  regarding  sustainability  ?  

3  QuesDons    

Q2:  What  are  the  city  sustainability  indicators  ?    

Page 4: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development  Dmeline      

Page 5: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development  Dmeline      

Page 6: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

1996  –  Habitat  Agenda  Istanbul  

Sustainable  development  Dmeline      

Page 7: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development  Dmeline      

Page 8: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development  in  France    Grenelle  1:  2009   Grenelle  2:  2010  

Page 9: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development  is  development  that  meets  the  needs  of  the  present  without  compromising  the  ability  of  future  generaDons  to  meet  their  own  needs.    

What  is  “Sustainable  development”  ?    Report  “Our  Common  Future”  (1987)  of  the  World  Commission  on  Environment  and  Development  (General  Assembly  of  the  UN)  

Page 10: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Two  key  concepts:  •  The  concept  of  'needs',  in  par?cular  the  essen?al  needs  of  the  world's  poor,  to  which  priority  should  be  given.  

•  The  idea  of  limita?ons  imposed  by  the  state  of  technology  and  social  organiza?on  on  the  environment's  ability  to  meet  present  and  future  needs  

Sustainable  development  

Page 11: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainability    

Page 12: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

A sustainable city : A  city  designed,  built,  and  managed  in  a  manner  where  ci?zens  meet  their  own  needs    without    endangering  the  well-­‐being  of  the  natural  world  or  the  living  condi?ons  of  other  people,  now  or  in  the  future”  

Page 13: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

•  A0  :  Agenda  21  •  A1  Sustainable  Development  and  2  -­‐  2  Educa?on  -­‐  

YouTube.  •  A2  Social  Policies  for  Sustainable  Development  -­‐  

YouTube  •  A3    Jaime  Lerner_  Sing  a  song  of  sustainable  ci?es  -­‐  

YouTube  copie.flv  

VIDEOS  

Page 14: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  development    1.  Environment  :  -­‐  PreservaDon  of  natural  resources:  Water,  Energy,  Construc?on  material,  Other  materials  PolluDon  reducDon:      Air,  Water,  Soils  

Waste  treatment  &  recycling  Solid  waste,  Water  sewage,  demoli?on  materials,  industrial  wastes,…  

Page 15: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

1.  Environment  :  -­‐  Land  protecDon  

Agriculture  area,  Green  space,  Drainage  space  (water  infiltra?on,..)  QuesDon  :  Intense  city  ?        

Sustainable  development    

-­‐  Natural  disaster    -­‐  Protec?on,  Emergency,  Resilience      

Page 16: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  City    

•  Social  exclusion,  minority,  social  mixity    •  Children,  women,    •  Social  aid  •  Services  expenses  modula?on  (housing,  transport,  educa?on,  health,..)  

•  Old  people  services  

2.  Social    •  Poverty    •  Housing  •  Health,  Educa?on  

•  Governance  par?cipa?on    

Page 17: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Sustainable  City    

3.  Economy  •  Economic  development    (Jobs,  income  increase….)  

•  Cost  saving  •  Economic  transi?on  :  from    old  industry  to  modern  economy  

 •  Research  and  innova?on  •  Digital  integra?on    •  A\rac?veness  &  compe??veness    

Page 18: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Q1  :  What  is  Sustainability  ?  

Q3  :  What  are  the  city  challenges  regarding  sustainability  ?  

3  QuesDons    

Q2:  What  are  the  city  sustainability  indicators  ?    

Page 19: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Indicators  are  needed  for:  •   Observa?on,    •   Analysis,    Understanding    •  Planning,  Control  

“We  can  not  control  what  we    do  not  measure”  

Indicator : some thing that indicates the state or level of something (Oxford Dictionary)

Page 20: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Indicators  of  sustainable  development  are  crucial  for:  •  Crea?ng  a  “concrete  defini?on”  of  sustainability.    

•  Elabora?on  of    strategy  with  goals  to  be  achieved  and  means  to  be  mobilized.    

•  Tracking  progress  towards  goal.  •  In  case  of  a  gap  between  goal  and  realiza?on,  readjus?ng  the  strategy.  

Page 21: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 22: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

In  1995  the  Commission  on  Sustainable  Development  of  United  Na?ons  (CSD)  proposed  a  set  of  indicators  for  SD  

1995  :  «  Blue  Book  »  :134    indicators  for  sustainable  development    

Page 23: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

2001  :  «  Blue  Book  »  Second  Edi?on  :134    indicators  were  reduced  to  58  

Page 24: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 25: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 26: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

New  set  of  indicators  14  themes  :  

Page 27: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 28: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 29: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 30: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 31: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
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Page 34: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 35: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 36: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 37: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 38: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
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Page 40: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 41: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 42: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

In  France  :  Grenelle  de  l’environnement  2009  :  Grernelle  1    2010  :  Grenelles  2    

Page 43: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Grenelle  1  :  13  areas  of  SD  

Page 44: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

United  Kingdom  

Page 45: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

13  indictors  

Page 46: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 47: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 48: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 49: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 50: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Q1  :  What  is  Sustainability  ?  

Q3  :  What  are  the  city  challenges  regarding  sustainability  ?  

3  QuesDons    

Q2:  What  are  the  city  sustainability  indicators  ?    

•  City  structure  and  organisaDon  •  Local    government    &  competency    •  Unsustainable  expansion  •  Funding  of  the  city  sustainable  development  

Page 51: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

3.1  City  structure  and  organisa?on  

Page 52: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

The  City  :  CiDzen  &  acDvity      

Page 53: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

The  City  :    buildings  (habitaDon,  services  and  work)  

Page 54: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

The City : infrastructures

Page 55: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

•  Water  (drinking  and  sewage)  •  Energy  (gas,  electricity,  hea?ng)  •  Telecommunica?ons  

Urban  Networks:  the  vein  of  the  city  

•  Buried  (invisible,  ...)  •  Mixed  (old  and  new,  some  more  than  150  years  old)  •  Huge  investment  and  opera?ng  costs  •   high  interdependency  

Page 56: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Urban  Networks  in  Jakarta  were  designed    for  one  million    In  2011,  the  city  has  more  than  18  million  

Networks  may  be  undersized:    

In  some  ciDes,  water  leakage    could  reach  40%  

Page 57: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

3.2  City  organizaDon    Local    government    &  competency      

Page 58: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

The  City:  part  of  larger  enDDes  :  Metropolis,  Department,  Region,  State,  Great  region,…  

CITY    State  

Page 59: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Local  gouvernement  in  France    

•  Municipality  :  36  700  (in  1884)  •  Department  :  101  (in  1871)  •  Region  :  22  (in  1982)          2015  :  Reduc?on  to  12    

Page 60: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Local  gouvernement  In  France    

Intercommunalités  (Federa?on  of  Ci?es)  

Page 61: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Local  gouvernement  In  France    

Intercommunalités  (Federa?on  of  Ci?es)  

•  Communautés  Urbaines  (>  250  000  )  (in  1966)  (nombre  15)  

•  Communautés  d’aggloméra?ons  (>15  000  )  •  Communauté  de  communes    

Page 62: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 63: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

ResponsibiliDes  &  Competency      Region    Department            City                              State    

Page 64: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 65: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014
Page 66: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Lebanon    Municipality  (Baladiya):  661  Elected  Municipality  Council  (8  to  24)  Beirut  :  16  elected  +  8  nominated      Federa?on  of  municipali?es  :  50  

Page 67: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Lebanon  :    The  government  Decentralized  Services  

Page 68: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Lebanon  :  Decentralized  Services  (government)  

20    

Page 69: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Government  (decentralized  services):  •  Civil  registra?on    •  Public  order,    •  Energy  distribu?on,    •  urban  transport,  road,    •  health,  sports  and  recrea?on,  •   Economic  development,    •  trading  ac?vi?es  

Lebanon    Competency    

Municipality  and  Federa?on  of  municipali?es  •    Local  issues    

Page 70: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

•  Mainly  old  ci?es  •  Constructed  in  the  15th  -­‐  20th  •  Largely  expanded  la\er  •  Related  to  the  industrial  and  economic  

development    •  Large  construc?on  programs  aser  the  2nd  

world  war  (Europe)  

 

 3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Developed  countries    

Page 71: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

80%  (France)  

Poor  quality  buildings  

3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Developed  countries    

Page 72: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Today  :  Inadequate  Infrastructures  

•  Rapid  city  expansion  •  Unsustainable  urbaniza?on  •  Mixed  :  old  (more  than  150  years),  new  …  •  Lack  of  maintenance  •  Lack  of  investment    •  Increase  quality  demand  •  Responsibility  (??)  

3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Developed  countries    

Page 73: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Barriers  :  -­‐  Need  for  huge  investment  (crisis  context)  -­‐  Lack  of  major  innova?ons  in  urban  

infrastructures    -­‐  Socio-­‐economic  model  (role  of  the  private  

sector,  taxes,  social  model,....)  -­‐  Cultural  change,  -­‐  Governance  (responsibility,….)  

3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Developed  countries    

Page 74: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

•  Huge  expansion  of  urban  areas  (Related  to  job  and  services  demands)  •  Slums  •  Lack  of  buildings  &  infrastructures    •  Poor  quality  construc?on  •  Poor  basic  infrastructure  (drinking  water,  

sanita?on,  energy,  roads)  •  Urban  planning  ?    

2.  Unsustainable  expansion  2.2  Low  income  countries  

Page 75: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

•  Urban  planning    •  Lack  of  funding  •  Lack  of  qualifica?on(technology,  management,…)    •  Corrup?on        

3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Low  income  countries  

Page 76: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Huge  need  for  :  •  buildings  &  Infrastructures,  •   Basic  services  (educa?on,  health)  •  Economic  development  (jobs,…)    •  Qualifica?ons  (building  capacity)  QuesDon  of  •  Investment  (huge)  •  Interna?onal  aid  (interna?onal  concern)  •  Governance  :  transparency,  corrup?on,    •  Building  capacity    

3.3  Unsustainable  expansion  Low  income  countries  

Page 77: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

3.4  Funding    of  sustainable  development  of  the  city    

Page 78: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

Pubic  funding  :  State,  Region,  City  

3.4  Funding    of  sustainable  development    

Private  –  sector    Green  industry  

CiDzen  charges  for  roads,  tunnels,    city  access,  parking,  waste  treatment,..  

Public  -­‐  Private  –sector    c  partnership  

Taxes      Greenhouse  gas  taxes,..    

Page 79: Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »  Chapter 2 “Sustainable City” American University of Science and Technology August 2014

A6  The  failings  of  our  city  A7  Urban  Design  for  Successful  Ci?es    Alexandros  Washburn  

VIDEOS