Table of contents

No of

chaptersContents Pg no

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Vehicle

1.2 Types of vehicle

1.3 Electric vehicle 1.4 Types of electric Vehicle

1

Chapter 2 Problem Definition6

Chapter 3 Problem Solving methodology

8

Chapter 4 Vehicle To grid

9

Chapter 5 Conclusion

15

References

16

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 VEHICLEA thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, lorry, or cart.

1.2 TYPES OF VEHICLES

1.2.1 HYDROGEN VEHICLE: A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle the uses hydrogen as

its onboard fuel for motive power. Hydrogen vehicles includes hydrogen fueled

space rockets, as wel as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. the power

plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical

energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or by

reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors widespread use

of hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed hydrogen

economy.

1.2.2 GASOLINE: Gasoline or petrol is the most common fuel used in cars today. This

specialized fossil fuel is designed for four-stroke engines like the ones found in

common cars. Gasoline allows for quick starting, fast acceleration, easy

combustion and quiet operation, according to the University of Michigan website

on fossil fuels. The hydrocarbons contained in gasoline and its production of

carbon dioxide when burned contributes to pollution, smog and global warming.

Although it is the most readily available fuel, it is considered to be a temporary

source of fuel because of its cost, environmental effects and limited resources.

1.2.3 DIESEL :Diesel fuel is widely used in transport vehicles such as tractor-trailer

trucks, buses, boats and trains. This fossil fuel is also non-renewable, like

gasoline. Although it contributes less carbon dioxide to the environment, diesel

creates more organic compounds and nitrous oxide that cause smog. Diesel

vehicles tend to last longer than gasoline vehicles, and they have 30 percent better

fuel efficiency than the average gasoline vehicle, according to the Petrol Prices

website.

1.2.4 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM : Liquefied petroleum, better known as propane, is

a clean fuel alternative to gasoline that is used in common vehicles on a limited

basis. You'll find hybrid cars in the United Kingdom that have been designed to

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use propane, but generally the only way to get a propane vehicle in the United

States is to have a gas engine converted. Liquefied petroleum produces fewer

toxins when burned and does not contribute to smog in the same way that diesel

and gasoline do. Propane is also less expensive than gasoline.

1.2.5 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS: Gas and diesel engines can be converted to

run on compressed natural gas, or CNG. CNG is a clear, odorless and non-

corrosive gas that can be used in liquid or gas form to run a combustion engine.

Vehicles fitted with a CNG fuel system can be expected to produce 80 percent less

ozone-forming emissions than gasoline burning cars, according to the Consumer

Energy Center website. CNG filling stations are in place is select areas in the

country, primarily in California.

1.2.6 ETHANOL Ethanol is a bio-fuel alternative to gasoline that's made from the

conversion of sugar cane, corn, barley and other natural products. Ethanol has

become popular as a fuel source because in most cases it's one of the only fuels

that can fuel a gasoline engine without modifications. Many car models can run on

100 percent ethanol, but it is more commonly used as an additive. states have

mandated the addition of ethanol to help cut down on the emissions and

contamination caused by pure gasoline components. E10, which is gasoline mixed

with 10 percent ethanol, is available at most gas stations in America today. Some

places use even higher concentrations.

1.2.7 BIO-DIESEL: Bio-diesel is a diesel substitute made from sugar beet, rapeseed or

palm oil. Individuals sometimes make this substance by collecting used oil from

restaurant fryers. Bio-diesel burns much cleaner than standard gas or diesel and

produces far less carbon dioxide emissions when used. However, continued

production of this substance may result in excessive deforestation.

1.3TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLESElectric Vehicles: An electric vehicle (EV), referred to as an electric drive vehicle, is a

vehicle which uses one or more electric motors for propulsions.

1.3.1 Hybrid electric vehicle

A Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) relies on at least two energy sources, usually an

internal combustion engine and an electric battery together with a motor/generator.

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Fig. 1.1: Hybrid Vehicle

There are different hybrid topologies

Parallel-Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Serial-Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Parallel-Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In a Parallel-Hybrid vehicle, there are two parallel paths to power the wheels of the

vehicle: an engine path and an electrical path, as shown in Figure 3.2. The

transmission couples the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either one, or both,

to power the wheels.

Serial-Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In a Serial-Hybrid vehicle, there is a single path to power the wheels of the vehicle,

but two energy sources. As shown in Figure, the fuel tank feeds an engine which is

coupled to a generator to charge the battery, which provides electrical energy to a

motor/generator to power the wheels through a transmission although a direct

coupling can also be used. The motor/generator is also used to recharge the battery

during deceleration and braking.

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Figure 1.2: Parallel and Series Hybrid Powertrain

1.3.2 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also called a plug-in hybrid

vehicle (PHV) and a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle that uses rechargeable

batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be recharged by plugging it in to an

external source of electric power, usually a normal wall socket).

A PHEV shares the characteristics both of a conventional hybrid electric vehicle,

having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE), and of an all-electric

vehicle, having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. Most PHEVs are passenger cars;

there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses,

trains, motorcycles, scooters, and military vehicles

ADVANTAGES OF PHEV:

PHEVs produce less air pollution  It require less petroleum PHEVs may produce less in the way of greenhouse gases PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated with all-electric

vehicles. operation are maximum efficient to the conditions It is very economical and ecofriendly. Operating cost. Low noise

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1.3.3 Battery electric vehicle

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train,

without a conventional internal combustion engine. These vehicles must be plugged into

an external source of electricity to recharge their batteries. Like all electric vehicles,

BEVs can also recharge their batteries through regenerative braking. In this process, the

vehicle’s electric motor assists in slowing the vehicle and recovers some of the energy

normally converted to heat by the brake

Fig1.3 Differences between electric vehicles

Fig 1.4: Working of electrical vehicles

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Chapter 2

PROBLEM DEFNITION

As cities are growing rapidly the usage of vehicles are also increasing thereby the

pollution and fuel consumption are increasing at higher rate. •There is no proper

awareness with the people about the fuel conservation as a result the demand for

petroleum products is increasing and supply is very less. •This system implements an

intelligent hybrid vehicle without the interaction of humans and it can also save the

environment and ecology by minimizing the pollution.

2.1 Conventional Hybrids

Conventional hybrids (like Toyota Prius), combines both gasoline engine with an

electric motor. While these vehicles have an electric motor and battery, they can’t be

plugged in and recharged. Instead their batteries are charged from capturing energy when

braking; using regenerative braking that converts kinetic energy into electricity. This

energy is normally wasted in conventional vehicles.

Depending on the types of hybrid, the electric motor will work with the gasoline-

powered engine to reduce gasoline use or even allow the gasoline engine to turn off

altogether. Hybrid fuel-saving technologies can dramatically increase fuel economy. For

example, the 2014 Honda Accord hybrid achieves a combined 47 miles per gallon (mpg)

compared to a combined 30 mpg for the non-hybrid version. At 12,000 miles a year and

$4/gallon gasoline, that means saving over $575 each year.

2.2 Hybrid electric vehicle

At low speeds a hybrid will usually draw its power from the electric motor. When

drivers increase speed they are calling on more power to propel the vehicle forward.  To

generate this increased need for power, the hybrid will switch to its internal combustion

engine (ICE). This change causes the vehicle to shift from electric power to gasoline

power. If the vehicle still needs more power (to scale a steep hill) both propulsion systems

will work simultaneously to provide an added boost.

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The main fuel source for these vehicles is still gasoline. However, the amount of gasoline

required is notably less relative to a purely ICE vehicle. This is because the electric motor

uses regenerative braking to capture energy and store it in the on board batteries. This

stored energy is then used to provide power to the electric motor.

Fig 2.1 Differences between PHEV and HEV

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Chapter 3

PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY 3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

A 'gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle' is an automobile which relies not only on

gasoline but also on electric power source. In PHEV, the battery alone provides power

for low-speed driving conditions. During long highways or hill climbing, the gasoline

engine drives the vehicle solely.

It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that is driven solely

from gasoline. This hybrid combination makes the vehicle dynamic in nature and

provides its owner a better fuel economy and lesser environmental impact over

conventional automobiles.

The cost for electricity to power plug-in hybrids for all electrical operations has been

estimated at less than one quarter of the cost of gasoline in California.

Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs reduce air pollution locally and

dependence on petroleum. PHEVs may reduce greenhouse gas emissions that

contribute to global warming compared with conventional vehicles.

PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles,

because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted,

giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks.

Plug-in hybrids use no fossil fuel during their all electric range and produce lower

greenhouse gas emissions if their batteries are charged from renewable electricity.

Other benefits include improved national energy security, fewer fill-ups at the filling

station, the convenience of home recharging, opportunities to provide emergency

backup power in the home, and vehicle to grid (V2G) applications.

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Chapter 4

VEHICLE TO GRID TECHNOLOGY

Fig 4.1: Plug in Hybrid Vehicle

4.1 Working of Vehicle to Grid

When an electric vehicle is not in motion, a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system is used

to transfer power from its battery to an electric power grid. Fig. 4.1 shows the bi-

directional flow of power. The Vehicle-to-Grid concept uses vehicle batteries to deliver

different kinds of grid services, like balancing power. Normally, V2G is used in the

context of a bidirectional power connection between battery and grid; although with a

unidirectional connection grid services can be offered as well. V2G services can be

supplied with PHEVs, Range-Extended Electric Vehicles and full-electric vehicles

Generally 95% of vehicles is parked at a time, its charge during night time when tariff

rates is low and transfer the power back to the grid when the tariff rates are high, with the

help of inverter and transformer. By using this technology we can earn money. The

technology used here is called net metering. The main concept of vehicle to grid transfer

is to match the frequency and voltage level of the grid.

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Fig 4.2: Bi-directional flow of power

4.2 BASIC DESIGN OF PHEV

The basic design consists of a rectifier and dc power source battery. Rectifier is used

to convert ac in to dc which is required to charge the batteries. The battery is connected to

inverter that is fed to a brushless (BL) DC motor that works on AC. The motor is attached

to the front wheel of the two wheeler vehicle. As the motor rotates the attached wheel

rotates too, thus, leading to vehicle motion. At low speeds this mode of propulsion is

used. The next phase consists of an IC engine that moves the piston continuously. This is

connected to the transmission and thus, the vehicle moves.

We can charge plug-in hybrid or electric car directly from a standard mains socket.

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Fig 4.3: Block diagram (Parallel Hybrid)

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Fig 4.4: Hybrid vehicle

Fig 4.5: Parts of hybrid vehicle

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4.3 PLUG-IN HYBRID FEATURES

PHEVs combine the fuel-savings benefits of hybrids with the all-electric capabilities of

battery-electric or fuel-cell vehicles. While not all models work the same way, most plug-

ins can operate in at least two modes: "all-electric," in which the motor and battery

provide all of the car's energy; and "hybrid," in which both electricity and gasoline are

used. PHEVs typically start-up in all-electric mode, running on electricity until their

battery pack is depleted: ranges vary from 10 miles to over 40. Certain models switch to

hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising speed, generally above 60 or 70 miles per

hour. The electric motor and battery help PHEVs use less fuel and produce less pollution

than conventional cars, even when in hybrid mode. Idle-off turns off the engine while

idling at stoplights or in traffic, saving fuel. Regenerative braking converts some of the

energy lost during braking into usable electricity, stored in the batteries. And because the

electric motor supplements the engine's power, smaller engines can be used, increasing

the car's fuel efficiency without compromising performance.

4.4 ARCHITECTURE OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train, without

a conventional internal combustion engine. These vehicles must be plugged into an

external source of electricity to recharge their batteries. Like all electric vehicles, BEVs

can also recharge their batteries through regenerative braking. In this process, the

vehicle’s electric motor assists in slowing the vehicle and recovers some of the energy

normally converted to heat by the brakes.

Fig 4.6: Components of Battery Electric Vehicle

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System level architecture of PHEV This allows the battery to be charged from external

utility grid and also discharge back to it. Since the battery is charged from utility ,vehicle

can have a larger battery than that of HEV which is fuel economic.

Fig 4.6: architecture with blocks

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120V Wall Outlet

AC transformer

Rectifier with regulator or Bi-directional inverter

IC Engine Standard generator with regulator

DC-DC converter

Battery

Bi-directional DC-DC converter

HEV propulsion motor/gen

Wheels

Geartrain

Geartrain

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Chapter 5Conclusion and future Scope

5.1 Conclusion The anticipation of a large penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many new technical

problems that need to be addressed.

In the near future, a large number of PHEVs/PEVs connected to power grids will add

a large-scale energy load, as well as add substantial energy resources that can be

utilized.

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a most promising opportunity in PHEV/PEV

adoption.

The biggest issue in the EV market is the range problem and the need to increase the

range of the EV. PHEVs and EREVs are often considered as a solution to the range

problem.

5.2 Future Scope

One approach to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector is to change

transportation modes to become more electric. The scope of this research is on the Plug-in

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), the Electric Vehicle with a Range Extender (EREV)

and the Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV). BEVs are the most desirable form of passenger

cars, because of their zero tailpipe emissions and their potential of 100% reduction of

CO2 emissions.

During peak period when tariff charges are more, we can transfer the power to the grid

for earning money.

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[2] https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=PHEV+history

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independence?,” Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 4, pp.1614–1621, 2010.

[4] R. Sioshanshi and P.Denholm, “Emissions impacts and benefits of plug-in hybrid

electric vehicles and vehicle to grid services,” National Renewable Energy

Laboratory,Paper,2008[Online].

[5] http://www.iwse.osu.edu/ISEFaculty/sioshansi/papers/PHEV_emissions. pdf

[6] T. Thompson, M. Webber, and D. Allen, “Air quality impacts of using overnight

electricity generation to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for daytime use,” Environ.

Res. Lett., vol. 4, 2009, Art. no. 014002.

[7] “Environmental Assessment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; Volume 2: United

States air quality analysis based on AEO-2006 assumptions for 2030,” Washington, D.C.,

final rep., Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and National

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[8] http://my.epri.com/portal/server. pt?open=514&objID=223132&mode=2

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Economic Analysis, Mar. 11, 2008.

[10] T. Markel, “Plug-in electric vehicle infrastructure: A foundation for electrified

transportation ,” presented at the MIT Energy Initiative Transp. Electrification Symp.,

Cambridge, MA, 2010 [Online].

[11] http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47951.pdf, National

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