Mechanization in Agriculture

By: R. NANDA KUMAR,

MECHANICAL 5TH SEM,

IT GGV, BILASPUR.

Mechanization

Every machine is constructed for thepurpose of performing certainmechanical operations, each of whichsupposes the existence of two otherthings besides the machine inquestion, namely, a moving power,and an object subject to theoperation, which may be termed thework to be done. Machines, in fact,are interposed between the power andthe work, for the purpose of adaptingthe one to the other.

History

AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

Agricultural Mechanization is machinery used in the operation of an agricultural area or farm.

Many advancements in farming techniques and tools have been manifested since agriculture's beginnings thousands of years ago. The greatest strides have occurred in the last three hundred years.

A substantial contribution to agriculture has been the escalation from manual and stock-animal labor to steam-and then gas-powered implements.

In 1900 farmers represented 38

percent of the U.S. labor force. By the

end of the century that number had

plunged to 3 percent—dramatic

evidence of the revolution in

agriculture brought about by

mechanization.

1902 First U.S. factory for tractors

driven by an internal combustion

Advantages of Mechanization

Substitute for labour Labour is too expensive to do everything

(in developed countries) Compensate for labour peaks (i.e.

harvest) Labour skills and strengths often

inadequate for large scale production and materials handling

Amenity reasons (often repetitive dirty tasks)

Attract or retain farm staff Increase productivity of farm staff.

Disadvantages of

Mechanization Redundancy - machinery for labour

substitution

Cost - finance, fuel etc.

Often needs highly skilled operator,

increased wages

Often doesn't live up to expectations

Health and safety

Environmental costs

Agriculture Mechanization

Agriculture machinery can be divided

into following groups

A) Farm machinery

B) Irrigation Engineering

C) Drain Engineering

Tractor

A tractor is an engineering

vehicle specifically designed to deliver

a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow

speeds, for the purposes of hauling

a traileror machinery used

in agriculture or construction.

The word tractor was taken from Latin,

being the agent noun of trahere "to

pull".

Tractor configurations

Tractors can be generally classified

as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive

with front wheel assist, four-wheel

drive (often with articulated steering),

or track tractors (with either two or four

powered rubber tracks).

A modern 4-wheel drive farm tractor

Farm tractor applications

The farm tractor is used for pulling or

pushing agricultural machinery or

trailers, for plowing, tilling, disking,

harrowing, planting, and similar tasks.

Tillage implement

Tillage is the agricultural preparation

of soil by mechanical agitation of

various types, such as digging,

stirring, and overturning.

Classification of tillage implements

Primary Tillage implements

Secondary Tillage Implements

Primary Tillage implements

Mould board Plough

Disc Plough

Reversible or One-way Plough

SPECIAL PLOUGHS Subsoil Plough

Chisel Plough

Rotary Plough

Basin Lister

Spraying Equipment

Hand-operated hydraulic sprayers

(knapsack sprayers)

Power-operated hydraulic sprayers

(tractor-mounted sprayers)

Air carrier sprayers (mist blowers)

Electrodyne sprayers (electrostatic

sprayers)

Birky sprayers (Birky knapsack sprayers)

Controlled-droplet application sprayers

Dusters

Harvesting machine

Combine Harvesting

The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining three separate operations comprising harvesting—reaping, threshing, and winnowing—into a single process. Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rice, barley, corn (maize), soybeans and flax (linseed).

BACKHOE

This farm machinery in agriculture is

backhoe. A backhoe, also called a

rear actor, back actor or JCB, is a

piece of excavating equipment

consisting of a digging bucket on the

end of an articulated arm (also called

a stick or dipper).

COMBINE

A combine is a farm machine that

combines the tasks of harvesting

,threshing and cleaning grain plants.

One of farm machinery in agriculture

are planters and seeders. Planters

and seeders are mechanical devices

that automatically plants seeds in the

ground.

PLANTERS AND SEEDERS

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