Submitted by Md jahid HasanId: 152-15-5588

Sec: A

Submitted toTania sultana

LecturerDep: of Computer Science &

EngineeringDaffodil international university

MICROPROCESSOR

ContentsIntroductionDifferent parts of microprocessorMicroprocessor working systemAdvantagesDisadvantagesConclusion

What is a Microprocessor?The word comes from the combination micro and processor. Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this context processor means a device that processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s design.

Different Parts of a Microprocessor

A microprocessor, or central processing unit (CPU), is an internal hardware component that performs the mathematical calculations required for computers to run programs and execute commands. Processors are usually made of silicon material that contains tiny electrical components embedded on the surface. Typical computer programs that must be processed by CPUs include Internet browsers, games and video editing software.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Arithmetic logic units (ALUs) in microprocessors allow computers to add, subtract, multiply, divide and perform other logical operations at high speeds. Thanks to advanced ALUs, modern microprocessors and GPUs (graphics processing units) are able to perform very complicated operations on large floating-point numbers.

Cache MemoryCache memory is an area on the CPU where copies of common instructions required to perform functions and run programs are stored temporarily. Since the processor has its own smaller, faster cache memory, it can process data more quickly than reading and writing to the main system memory. Types of microprocessor memory include ROM (read-only) and RAM (random-access).

Transistors

Basically, transistors are semiconductor devices used to switch electronic signals. In microprocessors, a higher number of transistors means a better performing CPU. For example, Intel Pentium 4 processors have around 40 to 50 million transistors, while older Pentium 3 CPUs have 9.5 million. More transistors allow for pipelining and multiple instructions decoders, which allows several processes to be completed during every clock cycle.

Control SignalsControl signals are

electronic signals that control the processor components being used to perform an operation or execute an instruction. An element called a "sequencer" sends control signals to tell the specific unit what it needs to do next. For example, a read or write signal may be sent to the cache memory letting it know that the processor is getting ready to read or write data into processor memory.

Instruction Set and Registers

The group of instructions a processor can execute are called its "instruction set." The instruction set determines things such as the type of programs a CPU can work with. Registers are small memory locations that also contain instructions. Unlike regular memory locations, registers are referred to by a name instead of a number. For example, the IP (instruction pointer) contains the location of the next instruction, and the "accumulator" is where the processor stores the next value it plans to work on.

How Does a Microprocessor Work?

Microprocessor works through different parts

Control unitRegistersData cacheBus unitInstruction cacheArithmetic logic unitPerfetch unitDecode unitMain memory

What are the advantages & disadvantages of

microprocessor based systems? Advantages of

microprocessor based system

processing speed is highIntelligence has been brought to systemAutomation of industrial process & office administrationSince device are programmable there is flexibility to after the system by changing the software aloneLess number of components,compact in size & cost less,also it is more reliableOperation & maintenance are easier

Disadvantages of microprocessor based system

It has limitation on the size of dataThe applications are limited by the physical address spaceThe analog signals can not be processed directly & digitizing the analog signals introduces errorsMost of the microprocessor do not support floating point operations

conclusion Microprocessor is the outcome of the trend towards computer era. Now a days they play an important role in many systems. They are used in many computer-based systems and also

in many homes need goods. The microprocessors are available with both

high and low speeds. Some systems requireless speed and some others

require high-speed microprocessors.Thus microprocessor plays important role in

applications. Assembly language plays an important role for some applications.The applications that require execution in less

time are developed using Assembly language .

Conclusion