Matthew Hause: The Smart Grid and MBSE Driven IoT

MATTHEW HAUSE The Smart Grid and MBSE Driven IoT

Agenda

• System of Systems Modeling (SoS)

• MBSE Overview

• The Smart Grid

• Systems Modeling (SysML)

• The Internet of Things (IoT)

• Summary

Complex Systems of Systems

• “Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how

vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may

think it's a long way down the road to the chemist, but

that's just peanuts to space.”

• Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

• Common SoS characteristics: operational independence

of the individual systems, managerial independence,

geographical distribution, emergent behavior and

evolutionary development or independent life cycles.

• Complex systems of systems:

• Smart Cities

• The energy grid

• The Internet of Things

The Energy Grid - Transmission • The transmission network

• The high voltage network comprising generating plants,

substations, transmission lines, circuit breakers, high voltage

transformers, etc.

• Often at multiple voltage levels such as 69kv, 138kv, and 345kv.

• Large geographically dispersed systems

• Multiple operators and regulators

• Overlapping responsibilities and control

• Generally very reliable, resilient, dependable and flexible

• However, most are run for profit so resources are limited

• Thousands of interconnections and points of failure

• Outages can be catastrophic

• Northeast US and Canada blackout of 2003

• European blackout of 2006

• Southwest 2011

The Energy Grid - Distribution

• The distribution network

• Low(er) voltage network comprising substations, distribution lines,

circuit breakers, low(er) voltage transformers, capacitors,

consumer/customer drops, metering systems, etc.

• Often at multiple voltage levels such as 39kv, 12kv.

• Local(ish) geographically located systems

• Single operator and (usually) single regulator

• Concentrated responsibilities and control

• Generally very reliable, resilient, dependable and flexible

• However, most are run for profit so resources are limited

• Often monopoly operated

• Thousands of interconnections and points of failure

• Consumer/customer oriented

• Outages are normally localized

The Energy Grid - Generation

• The generation “system”

• Electricity suppliers of multiple capacities and owners

• Corporate high capacity nuclear systems

• Corporate medium capacity fossil fuel – coal, gas, etc.

• Municipal local generation

• Government and private hydro generators

• Industrial co-generation

• Distributed renewable generation

• Solar panels on homeowner houses

• Etc.

• Multiple cost/efficiency/availability models

• Outage impact depends on load, capacity, network state,

local and distributed circumstances, etc.

Example Electrical Network

Potential Causes for Network Failure

• Excess of demand

• Bad weather conditions

• Physical obstacles such as trees

• User error

• Understaffing

• Miscommunication

• Faulty telemetry

• Etc.

• Most blackouts are caused by a combination of these

Fault Condition #1 – Conductor Overload Results in Short

• This fault was one of the causes of the East Coast blackout in 2003

• Transmission lines (69KV, 138KV, 345KV), and most primary lines (12KV, 19KV) are bare conductors.

• Insulated conductors cause the line to overheat and reduce capacity.

• Conductors therefore placed away from obstructions (buildings, trees, etc.)

• However, lines often in forested areas, meaning trees need to be cut back.

• On this occasion, the trees were not cut back, the lines overloaded and sagged, making contact with the trees.

• (The laws of physics remain constant in spite of our best efforts)

• The circuit breaker on the line opened

• This resulted in the loss of a major line, causing other lines to overload, and so forth.

Fault Condition #2 – Real/Reactive Power Mismatch

• Power factor is the ratio of the real power to the reactive

power flowing to the load.

• Also known as cosine (phi).

• A dimensionless number between 0 and 1.

• Important when assessing voltage profiles, reactive

reserves, and voltage stability.

• Reactive elements can interact with the system and with

each other to create resonant conditions, resulting in

system instability and severe overvoltage fluctuations.

• High air-conditioning loads lower the power factor

• This was a contributing factor of the 2003 Northeast

Blackout.

THE INTERNET OF

THINGS (IOT)

2010 2020 2035

7 Billion

Connected

Devices

50 Billion

Connected

Devices 1 Trillion

5M

APPS 100M

APPS

5B

The Internet of Things (IoT) • Systems used to be mechanical and electrical parts

• Now complex systems that combine hardware, sensors, data storage, microprocessors, software, and connectivity.

• “Smart, connected products” enabled by: • Improvements in processing power

• Device miniaturization

• Ubiquitous wireless connectivity.

• Smart, connected products have three core elements: • Physical components,

• “Smart” components, and

• Connectivity components.

• Smart components amplify the capabilities and value of the physical components, while connectivity amplifies the capabilities and value of the smart components and enables some of them to exist outside the physical product itself such as in the cloud. Smart, connected products require a rethinking of design. At the most basic level, product development shifts from largely mechanical engineering to true interdisciplinary systems engineering.

Company Network

IoT Architecture

BUSINESS LOGIC 3D STORAGE

ENGINE

REST APIs

SYSTEM

SERVICE

INTEGRATION

COMMUNICATIONS

BIG DATA ANALYTICS

CLOUD SERVICES

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS

Sensors,

Devices &

Equipment

Connectivity

Application

Enablement

Connected

Applications

MASHUP

BUILDER SQUEAL

External System

& Services

Products Plants Logistics

The Smart Grid

• An electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and

energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances,

renewable energy resources, and energy efficiency resources.

Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and

distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.

• Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-

engineering of the electricity services industry.

• “For many, smart grids are the biggest technological revolution

since the Internet. They have the potential to reduce carbon

dioxide emissions, increase the reliability of electricity supply,

and increase the efficiency of our energy infrastructure.”

• Berger, Lars T. and Iniewski, Krzysztof, ed. (April 2012). Smart Grid -

Applications, Communications and Security.

The Smart Grid Motivation

• Improved telemetry systems

• Variation in demand during the day

• Smart metering systems

• Renewable Energy

• Wind, solar, hydro, co-generation systems, geo-thermal, etc.

• Change from centralized grid topology to one that is

highly distributed.

• Power is generated and consumed right at the limits of the grid.

• Deregulation of the electricity industry

• Leading to higher risk (See ENRON)

• Situational awareness

Smart Grid Goals

• Reliability

• Fault detection, fault prediction, state estimation, multiple routes, etc.

• Flexibility in Network Topology

• Bi-directional energy flows allowing for distributed generation, local generation, etc.

• Efficiency

• Demand-side management, load adjustment/balancing, peak leveling, time of use pricing, etc.

• Sustainability

• Enabling renewable energy: solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal.

• Force-multiplier will be energy storage

• Market Enabling

• Increased communication between suppliers and consumers, variable tariffs, demand response support, etc.

• Consumer awareness

• Smart meters, smart homes, supplier choice, device demand, etc.

THE SYSTEMS MODEL

Modeling The Energy Grid

• Different models are possible

• The physical network

• The telemetry and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) system

• The telemetered view via the SCADA system

• The analyzed view via the load flow program

• A simulated view for performing what-if scenarios based on current

data

• A historical view for reviewing the cause of problems and network

outages

• A model of the human operators making decisions

• Etc.

System Engineering Process

Conceptual

Architecture

Functional

Architecture

Logical

Architecture

Physical

Architecture

C1

C2

C3

F1 F2 F3

F4F5F6

F11 F12

F5L1L2

L3

F3

F4F13

P1 P2

P3

P4P6

P5P7

Re

qu

ire

me

nts

Te

st,

V&

V

Xfmr

Generator

Load

Load Load Load

Load Load

Load Load

Generator

Sub

Circuit

Breaker

Sub Sub

Sub

Sub Sub Sub

Xfmr Xfmr

Xfmr

Xfmr

Xfmr Xfmr

Xfmr

Xfr

Xfmr

Xfmr

Xfr

Xfmr

Circuit

Breaker

Circuit

Breaker

Circuit

Breaker

Circuit

Breaker

Circuit

Breaker

Switch

Switch

Circuit

Breaker

Electrical Network – Stakeholder View

• Use cases represent goals, actors are stakeholders

Electrical System Building Blocks

• Customer Load

• Consumer of electrical power

• Generator

• Generates power for the customer

• Conductor

• Transfers power between equipment

«block»

operationsNew ()ConsumePower (in Tm : Timespan)Resistance () : SingleInductance () : SingleCapacity () : Single

Load

«block»

operationsNew ()GeneratePower (in Tm : Timespan)Resistance () : SingleInductance () : Single

Generator

«block»

operationsNew ()TransferPower (in Tm : Timespan)Resistance () : SingleInductance () : SingleCapacity () : SingleCKTOpen () : SingleHighLoad () : SingleHighVolt () : SingleHiHiLoad () : SingleInAlarm () : SingleLowVolt () : SingleTransfer ()ScalarPower () : Single

TR Conductor

Electrical System Building Blocks

• Transformer

• Converts electrical power between different

voltages

• e.g. 69KV for transmission, 22KV for customers

• Substation

• Connection point for transmission and

distribution lines

«block»

operationsNew ()TransferPower (in Tm : Timespan)TurnsRatio () : SinglePrimaryResistance () : SinglePrimaryInductance () : SinglePrimaryCapacity () : SingleSecondaryResistance () : SingleSecondaryInductance () : SingleSecondaryCapacity () : Single

TR Transformer

«block»

operationsNew ()TransferPower (in Tm : Timespan)Resistance () : SingleInductance () : SingleCapacity () : SingleCKTOpen () : SingleHighLoad () : SingleHighVolt () : SingleHiHiLoad () : SingleInAlarm () : SingleLowVolt () : SingleTransfer ()ScalarPower () : Single

Substation

Behavior Specification – Conductor Overload

• The overload condition logic is specified with a state

machine

• This models the states, reset capabilities, faults and other

behaviors

Simple Network Topology

• Simple network showing generation, transmission, and

distribution

ibd [block] Electrical Network Context Small

«block»

Electrical Network Context Small

GN1 : GeneratorQOut : PwrTx

CN4a_TR1_LDs : TRConductor

QOut : PwrTx

QIn : PwrTxLD1 : Load

QIn : PwrTx

RPh : RephasingUnit

QIn : PwrTx

ARPh : AutoRephasingUnit

QIn : PwrTxSW1 : Switch

LD2 : Load

QIn : PwrTx

CN2_SW_TR1 : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx QOut : PwrTx

TR2_SW_CN4 : TRTransformer

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

CN4_TR2_LD3 : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

LD3 : Load

QIn : PwrTx

TR3_CN3_CN5 : TRTransformer

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

CN5_TR3_LD4 : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

LD4 : Load

QIn : PwrTx

SUB1 : Substation

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

TR1a_11k_69k : TRTransformer

QIn : PwrTx

CN1b_TR1a_SUB1a : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

CN1a_GN1_TR1a : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTxTR1_11k_380 : TRTransformer

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

TR1b_69k_11k : TRTransformerQIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

SW_TR1b_CN2QIn : PwrTxQOut : PwrTx

SW_CN3_TR2

QIn : PwrTx QOut : PwrTx

CN3_TR1b_SW : TRConductor

QIn : PwrTx

QOut : PwrTx

ResetT-R2

ResetT-R1

ResetT-R1b

ResetT-R3

ResetT-R1a

ResetGN

ibd [block] Network Display Context Small

«block»


CN2 : TR ConductorQOut : PwrTx

POut : OBooleanValue

CN2_Disp : PwrDisplay

InP : PwrTx

PwrToday : PwrDisplay

InP : PwrTx

GN1 : Generator

QOut : PwrTx

TR1_Disp : PwrDisplay

InP : PwrTx

GN1_Sub1 : TR ConductorQOut : PwrTx


Pwr1 : PwrDisplay

InP : PwrTx

TestLamp : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

TestSwitch : SSwitch


GN1_Sub1_alm :Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN2_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN3 : TR Conductor


QOut : PwrTx

CN4 : TR Conductor


QOut : PwrTx

CN5 : TR Conductor


QOut : PwrTx

CN3_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN4_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN5_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

SUB1 : SubstationPOut : OBooleanValue

QOut : PwrTx

SUB1_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN1a_GN1_TR1a : TR Conductor


QOut : PwrTx

CN1b_TR1a_SUB1a : TR Conductor


QOut : PwrTx

CN1a_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

CN1b_alm : Lamp

PIn : OBooleanValue

Network Topology with Input Controls

• Separate diagram within the same context

(Electrical Network Context Small)

• Clarifies relationships without cluttering the diagram

ibd [block] Electrical Network Context Small [1]

«block»


LoadX : SingleValueGenerator

Out : POutput

LoadImp : SingleValueGenerator

Out : POutput

LoadImp2 : SingleValueGenerator

Out : POutput

LoadX2 : SingleValueGenerator

Out : POutput


Out : POutput

LD3 : Load

InSimR : OSingleValue

InSimX : OSingleValue


Out : POutput

LD4 : Load




Out : POutput


Out : POutput

LD2 : Load



LD1 : Load



Consumer Loads with Input Controls

• Separate diagram within the same context showing

control inputs

Dynamic Displays

Example IoT Application

Connected Field Service Management Manage and Execute

Service Event Execution connects products with the remote and field technicians

• Auto-Creation of Work Order and Cases improve response time

– Products are the first to report the problem

• Remote Access to Connected Devices reduces field service costs

– Technicians can remotely access devices, perform file transfers and software upgrade

• Automated diagnostics improve first time fix rate

– Diagnostics are automated based on data from the connected device to provide the best solution to the problem

• Access to diagnostics and repair procedures improves technician productivity

– Technicians can view the results of the automated diagnostics session, and can continue the diagnostics as needed

– Technicians can view repair documentation as required

• Product is identified (QR,

Barcode, Serial Number, etc.) • As manufactured, or latest as

maintained, Software

configuration obtained from the

product cloud.

• Product publishes software

configuration to App

• Differences highlighted to the

user • Software updates that are

available

• Known issues against existing

configuration

• Critical security vulnerabilities

• Opportunity presented to: • Learn more about findings

• Update software OTA

With Augmented Reality (Software Configuration)

VU#577193

Vulnerability in SSL

3.0

Security Vulnerabilities

Details

78988 – infinite loop logging

war…

98723 – memory not released

wh…

Known Software Issues

GENERAC-

0020394432 GENERAC-

007898873

Johnny Hockey Search… +

AR +

User toggles between hardware, fluid,

electrical and software views of the

product

Relevant details about

the software

configuration are

obtained from the

product and the cloud

SEN9833 – firmware v7.2.33.2

SEN7430 – firmware

v4.54.3.221

ECU3445 – firmware

v1.23.54.506

DRV1011 – v0.9.89.322

Software Configuration

Warning 002334: Software

recall on ECU3445.

Update

Drill down into a

number of connected

Apps to get details on

specific content

Alerts are presented in

the context of the

system or subsystem

• Operational data streamed

from the product

• Data compared with

engineering norms in the

product cloud

• Optional software updates to

improve product performance

are presented • Learn more about findings

• Update software OTA – May

require new licensing terms

(and hence new revenue

opportunities for vendor)

• Access to role-based control

app(s) to tune and manipulate

the product

With Augmented Reality (Feature Entitlement)

GENERAC-

0020394432 GENERAC-

007898873


AR +

Generator is operating at

>65% utilization, a power

upgrade is available .

Upgr

ade More

Info

Operational Trends

Operating analytics

displayed in real-time as

coming from the product

Available

upgrades,

capabilities or

parameter settings

to boost

efficiencies

Remote UI

Available Downl

oad

• Remote access Apps

generated or created by the

manufacturer are presented to

the user • May be several relevant for

different users or roles

(operator, junior service tech,

master service tech, OEM)

• App SDK enables AR, Mobile

or Desktop user interfaces.

• Product is connected such

that access does not have to

be “on site”

Software Delivery Enables On-Site or Remote Access


AR +

V

A

Hz

Voltage Adj.

Power Outage

Threshold

Auto Manual Off GENERAC-

0020394432

Control the

product through

AR, Mobile or

remote desktop

applications.

http://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2347734,00.asp&ei=oMRMVfqALunIsQS7lYAY&bvm=bv.92765956,bs.1,d.cWc&psig=AFQjCNGIHG77k8RIXq7x1oyGlJrAFB8Ktw&ust=1431180796365742

• Clarification of goals

• Why build the smart grid?

• What will it accomplish?

• How will it evolve over time?

• Definition of strategy

• IoT systems can have a “code first design later” philosophy

• Modeling helps to clarify system strategies

• Abstraction of complex systems of systems

• Helps to understand the system from multiple viewpoints at multiple

levels of abstraction.

• Defining and understanding behavior

• Through modeling, simulation, trade-off analysis, etc.

How does MBSE help?

System Modeling

System Model Must Include Multiple Aspects of a System

Start Shift Accelerate Brake

Engine Transmission Drive Shafts

Control Input

Behavioral Requirements

Structural Components

Performance Requirements

Mass Properties

Model Efficiency Model

Safety Model

Other Engineering

Analysis Models

Cost Model

System Model

Vehicle Dynamics

Power Equations

Model Based Systems Development

Model Driven Systems & Software Engineering Process

System Requirements

Engineering

Customer requirements, business

initiatives / strategy, concept development

System Architecture &

Design

Software Requirements

Software Architecture &

Design

Software CodingSoftware Unit Tests

(Verification)

Software Integration &

Test

Software Validation

System Integration &

Test

System Validation

Manufacturing / Service planning, execution;

after-market activities

Enterprise Analysis

Systems

Engineering

Software

EngineeringR

eq

uir

em

en

t &

Mo

de

l R

ep

os

ito

ry

Enterprise

Level

System

Level

Operational

Level

SysML

Level –

System

Level

Operational

Level

System

Level

SysML

Level –

System

Level

SysML/UML

Level –

Component

Level

(for each

Component)

SysML Level –

Subsystem

Level

(for each

Subsystem)

Requirements Mapping

Questions and Answers

DescriptionDescription You

:Attendee

Me

:Speaker

loop1

You

:Attendee

Me

:Speaker

loop1 while open questions exist

Question1.1

end loop

while open questions exist

Question1.1Question

Answer1.1.1Question

Answer1.1.1AnswerAnswer

end loop

{Speech Time}{Speech Time}