Mechanical-3B1_Group No. 3 :-

Material Science & Metallurgy

Introduction to Non-Destructive Testing ( NDT )

What is NDT ( Non-Destructive Testing ) ? Applications of NDT Criteria Basic requirements to utilize NDT methods Classification of methods used in NDT Outline of selected industrial applications

CONTENT

NDT is wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of material, component or structure without causing any type of damage.

Process of detection and assessment of any type of defects without harming usefulness of such materials/components/structures.

WHAT IS NDT ?

To detect defects. To determine type, size and location of defects. To determine level of liquid or solid in any opaque vessels/containers.

To sort mixed methods on basis of chemical compositions, hardness, heat treatment etc.

To measure thickness of components. To measure coating and plating.

APPLICATIONS OF NDT

There are many NDT techniques/methods used, depending on four main criteria:

1. Material Type2. Defect Type3. Defect Size4. Defect Location

CRITERIA

CLASSIFICATION OF NDT METHODS

NDT Methods

Volumetric examination

Ultrasonic

Testing

Radiography

Surface examinationVi

sual inspection

Liquid Penetrant Testing

Magnetic Particle Testing

Eddy Current Testing

Integrity examination

Leak Testin

g

Acoustic

Emission

Testing

Condition Monitoring

Thermograph

y-Infrare

d Testing

Vibration

Analysis

Special methods

1. Ultrasonic Testing-UT

• High frequency sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from surfaces or flaws.• Reflected sound energy is displayed

versus time, and inspector can visualize a cross section of the specimen showing the depth of features that reflect sound.

Volumetric Examination Methods

2. Radiography

o It’s a method by which using short wavelength electromagnetic radiations and utilizing their high penetrating power hidden flaws can be found within the material.

o The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source.

o Radioactive sources for Gamma rays are Ir-92, co-60, Cs-137.

o Gamma rays are more penetrating compared to X-rays.

1. Visual Inspection-VT

o Visual inspection is one of the most common and most powerful means of non-destructive testing. 

o Tools used are fiberscopes, borescopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors.

o VT can be classified as Direct visual testing, Remote visual testing and Translucent visual testing.

Surface Examination Methods

2. Liquid Penetrant Testing-LPT

o A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects.

o The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part.

o A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen.

o Visual inspection is the final step in the process. The penetrant used is often loaded with a fluorescent dye and the inspection is done under UV light to increase test sensitivity.

3. Magnetic Particle Testing-MPT

o The method is used for materials which can be magnetized easily; i.e. ferromagnetic materials.

o The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with a dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity. This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting conditions.

4. Eddy Current Testing-ECT

o Eddy Current are defined as oscillating electrical currents included in a conductive material by an alternating magnetic field due to electromagnetic induction.

o Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface cracks but can also be used to make electrical conductivity and coating thickness measurements. Here a small surface probe is scanned over the part surface in an attempt to detect a crack.

NDT engineers and technicians also use magnetic resonance imaging, vibration monitoring, laser-ultrasonic , holography, computed tomography as well as many other specialized methods for specialized applications.

Special Methods

Aircraft Inspection

oNondestructive testing is used extensively during the manufacturing of aircraft.

oNDT is also used to find cracks and corrosion damage during operation of the aircraft.

oA fatigue crack that started at the site of a lightning strike is shown below.

OUTLINE OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Jet Engine Inspection

oAircraft engines are overhauled after being in service for a period of time.

oThey are completely disassembled, cleaned, inspected and then reassembled.

oFluorescent penetrant inspection is used to check many of the parts for cracking.