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Talk held at the International Conference on Thermochemical Conversion Science in 2013. It covers past and current development activities in the field of biomass and waste gasification
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Low Grade Fuel to High
Quality Energy by
Gasification
Ilkka Hannula & Esa Kurkela
Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT
GASIFICATION 800 - 1400 oC
G
A
S
C
L
E
A
N
I
N
G
COAL
OIL
BIOMASS
WASTE/SRF
O2
A
I
R
S
T
E
A
M
SYNGAS
(CO + H2)
FUEL GAS
Industrial kilns Co-firing in boilers Gas turbines Engines Fuel cells
FT-diesel fuel
Methanol, DME
Gasoline, jet-fuel
Hydrogen
Synthetic methane
Chemicals
High-Quality
Final
Products
Wide
Feedstock
basis
3 11/09/2013
Biomass and waste gasification for boilers and kilns
5 11/09/2013
Biomass gasification for synthetic fuels and chemicals
Planned Industrial BTL Demonstration projects
ForestBtL - Kemi, Finland (Vapo) Carbo-V gasification (Linde), FT/Axens
NER300 support 88 M€, 480 MW
FT-wax for diesel
FEED contract signed with Linde 01/2013
Woodspirit - NL BioMCN, Siemens, Linde, VS Hanab
200 000 ton/a methanol
Torrefied forest residues, entrained flow gasif.
NER300 support 199 M€
Stracel, France (UPM) Andritz gasification technology, FT-wax
NER300 support 170 M€, ~300 MW
(Rauma-Finland as reserve)
Inv.decision in 2014
GobiGas - Sweden (Gothenburg Energy) Phase 1/ 20 MW SNG under construction
Dual bed steam gasification from Metso
Phase 2/ 80-100 MW SNG
NER300 support 59 M€
Entrained-flow gasification Fluidised-bed gasification
• BioTFuel, France, Small Demo ~12 MW, FT-products.
Fossil and renewable feedstock, Prenflow gasification
by UHDE
• Black Liquour gasification (Chemrec)
• Bioliq-project by KIT (Pyrolysis & entrained flow
gasification) – small Pilot-demo
• Solena GreenSky London – Velocys FT 100 kt/a,
plasma gasification of waste (PreFEED by Fluor
• Foster Wheeler CFB gasification
• FIBFB – Gussing – small-scale testing site
• Värmlandsmetanol (HTW gasification)
• EoN, Sweden, 200 MW SNG project
• Joutseno SNG project
• VTT’s 2G2020 Project – Development of
advanced concepts for intermediate scale and
for CHP integrated applications – pilot-demo
Updated Techno-Economic Assessment
• Detailed evaluation of 20 individual plant designs
• MeOH, DME, FTL & MTG
• Based on technically proven process
• Estimated impact of further R&D to the overall economics
• Large scale: 300 MWth of biomass (~1300 mtpd, dry)
• Nth plant economics
• Available for download: http://bit.ly/192Vl3G
2G-Biofuels 2020 Project budget 7.3 M€ in 2012–14; second piloting phase in 2015–17
Gasification task
Pressurised O2-gasification
>150 MW bio Industrial integ.
Low-pressure steam gasification <150 MW bio Municipal integ.
Hot Filtration
& Catalytic
Reforming
Synthetic fuels and chemicals + heat
- MeOH, DME - FTL, MTG - MTO
SNG, H2 + heat
Industrial partners: Andritz-Carbona, Foster Wheeler, Metso, UPM-Kymmene, NSE Biofuels, Fortum. Main financier: Tekes
Gasification Hot gas
filtration Reforming of the
filtered product gas
T = 850 °C
T = 550 °C
T = 950 °C
Gasification Hot gas
filtration Reforming of the
filtered product gas
T = 850 °C T = 850 °C T = 850 °C
HOT GAS FILTRATION • Hot gas filtration R&D focused on filter
blinding phenomenon. • Experimental work with a bench-scale
pressurised hot gas filtration unit ALMA. • The main variables to be studied:
• Filtration temperature and pressure • Particulate and tar concentrations • Use of different sorbents and additives
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
760 810 860 910
CH
4 c
on
vers
ion
, %
Co
nvers
ion
, %
T, ºC
Catalyst A
- Tar
Catalyst A – CH4
Catalyst B and C - Tar
Catalyst C – CH4
Catalyst B – CH4
Reforming of tars and light hydrocarbon gases VTT’s reformer is based on staged reforming without soot formation Different catalysts from alternative suppliers can be used Complete tar and C2-hydrocarbon conversion CH4 conversion depends on temperature, catalyst type and reactor volume
N.Kaisalo & P.Simell, Vetaani-project:
laboratory results 2012
GASIFICATION MeOH, FT, … GAS CLEAN-UP UPGRADING Woody biomass
Liquid fuel
Purge gas
Char/Ash
GASIFICATION SNG GAS CLEAN-UP UPGRADING Woody biomass
Methane
Char/Ash
”BTL-reformer” temp 950 °C
CH4 conv. 95 %
”SNG-reformer ” temp 950 °C --> 860 °C CH4 conv. 95 % --> 30%
Indirect gasif. at 800oC CH4 95% / Filt. 550oC
Indirect gasif. at 800oC CH4 95% / Filt. 800oC
Indirect gasif. at 800oC CH4 30% / Filt. 800oC
Summary
• New and successful CFB gasification projects for boiler applications
– Proven and cost-efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions from coal power plants and fossil fuel fired kilns
– High efficiency Waste-to-Energy via gasification
• Biomass to synfuels projects currently waiting for investment decisions
– Process based on pressurised oxygen gasification with catalytic reforming is now techically proven at a relevant scale
– Large scale needed to achieve feasible economics?
• Indirect steam gasification
– Potential to prove feasible at smaller scale
– Interesting options for SNG and H2 production with tailored reforming concepts