An-Najah National University

Faculty of EngineeringElectrical and Communication Engineering Departments

Supervised by:Dr. JamalKhroushah

April 29, 2015Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor degree in Electrical

and Communication Engineering

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إهداء

الصعوبات من الكثير وعانينا هم من أكثر وقاسينا يد من بأكثر اليوم ،بدأنا وهانحن العمل هذا دفتي بين مشوارنا وخالصة األيام وتعب الليالي سهر نطوي لله والحمد

.المتواضع

.. .. يبوح أن أال القلب أبى ولكن يسير أن القلم ورق التعبير عن الكلمات امتنعت .. أنفسهم نذروا من على ثناء وثناء وامتنانا ً شكرا تفيض مشاعر من يخالجه لما

المتواضع العمل هذا انتهاء حتى على بذلوه لما امتنانا .لخدمتنا .. .. فاح .. وردة يا لك ً شكرا حولها هم لمن لتضئ نفسها أحرقت شمعة يا لك ً شكرا .. نقول .. أن بوسعنا ورونقهاماذا بريقها زاد وردة يا لك ً شكرا شذاها وطاب عبيرها

حقك .. .. يفيك الكالم أي ندري ال العبارات شمل وتشتت الكلمات منا هربت لقدبمقامك تليق العبارات أي .. .بل

علينا يبخل ولم الطريق لنا أنار الذي خروشة جمال األستاذ إلى بالشكر ندينونصائحه بتوجيهاتة

لنا المساعدة تقديم في ً جهدا يدخروا لم الذين ، هذا عملنا بانجاز ساهم من ولكلالتشجيع كل منحونا للذين التقدير كل و ، الالزمة والمراجع المصادر توفير .من

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Acknowledgment

We are heartily thankful to our supervisor Dr. Jamal Kharousheh for his guidance and support from the initial to the final level which enabled us to complete this project.

Also we give all our regards and wishes to all the academic supervisors and the employees at An-Najah National University whom encouraged and supported us throughout our study, especially Eng. MohanadMayalehfrom surveying lab in the civil engineering department in An-Najah University.

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Table of Contents

List of Figures............................................................................................................................................. IV

List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………V

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………VI

Chapter one :Introduction..........................................................................................................................1

1.1 Objectives. 1

1.2 Scope of the work........................................................................................................................1

1.3 Importance of the work………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1

1.4 Report Organization....................................................................................................................3

Chapter Two: Constrains, Standards /Codes and Earlier work………………………………………………………….3

2.1 Standards /Codes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.1 Earlier Coursework…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

Chapter Three: Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………….………………...4

Chapter Four: Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….7

4.1 Block Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7

4.2 Circuits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

4.3 Flow Charts and Project Description…………………………………………………………………………………….9

4.4 The used Technology…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……12

4.1.1 GPS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

4.5 Project Components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17

4.5.1 Arduino Uno…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17

4.5.2 Generic Wireless Serial 4 Pin Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module HC-06 RS232 for

Arduino…………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………18

4.5.3 Basic 16*2 characters LCD-Black on Green 5v……………………………………………………..……19

Chapter five: Results and Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………...20

Chapter six: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….23

6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….23

6.2 Economical feasibility………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….24

Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….25

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Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26

Appendix C…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27

List of Figures:Figure 1 Number of Recorded Bridges Hits by Year (New Yourk State).............................................2Figure 2 Concept for over height vehicle detection system..................................................................5Figure 3 Block Diagram.......................................................................................................................7Figure 4 LCD - Arduino Connection....................................................................................................8Figure 5 Push buttons - Arduino Connection........................................................................................8Figure 6 Bluetooth (HC-06) - Arduino Connection..............................................................................9Figure 7 Android flowchart................................................................................................................10Figure 8 Arduino flowchart................................................................................................................11Figure 9 GPS Technology..................................................................................................................12Figure 10 Signals from multiple satellites are required to calculate a position....................................14Figure 11 Sources of GPS signal error.................................................................................................15Figure 12 Arduino Uno R3.................................................................................................................17Figure 13 HC-06 Bluetooth................................................................................................................18Figure 14 Basic 16*2 Characters LCD...............................................................................................19Figure 15 Aerial photo of the test location...........................................................................................20Figure 16 Android Application Blocks................................................................................................20Figure 17 Android Application Blocks................................................................................................21Figure 18 Android Application............................................................................................................21Figure 19 Hardware circuit..................................................................................................................22Figure 20 Hardware circuit..................................................................................................................22

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List of Tables:Table 1 Arduino Uno R3 summery........................................................................................................3Table 2 HC-06 Bluetooth summary.......................................................................................................4Table 3 Interface pin description of LCD............................................................................................19

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Abstract:

Since human life is precious, low bridge collision accident must be avoided, in this project titled " Wireless Low Bridge Avoidance System" it will be trying to achieve this goal by create a system to prevent the numerous accidents which occur every year when trucks and other high vehicles drive underneath structures such as bridges, buildings and tunnels for which they lack the necessary clearance.

The high of the vehicle is entered by the driver, and by taking the street coordinates from the GPS sensor in the Smartphone and the high of the existing bridge from the stored data, the microcontroller will make a decision if there is an acceptable clearance for the vehicle to safely pass under the bridge. This device will remedy the situation by warning the drivers of these vehicles about a possible collision with a low hanging underpass. This design will be cheap and easy to install, this will ensure the marketability of the device as it will cost less than the potential repair of the truck.

In this report, it intends to discuss the design and each individual component; building and testing the device are done and this report contains the results.

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Chapter One: Introduction

Statement of the problem:Each year there are hundreds of accidents in which vehicles are struck low bridges. This project is to design a special system that makes large vehicles drivers avoid the low bridges.

1.1 Objectives.In this project we hope to design a device using the smart phone and the Arduino Uno that can provide the truck the required clearance to safely pass under the bridge and that will be done according to the high of the truck and the bridge. The purpose is to fill a gap in the safety market for large vehicles.

1.2 Scope of the work.Our project mainly focuses on comparing between the high of the vehicle and the bridge. If the vehicle cannot safely pass under the bridge the GPS should plan an alternate trip route. The device can be used for many places like bridges, tunnels, parking garages, and other dangerous obstacles.

1.3 Importance of the work.Bridge strikes have been a dangerous problem. While some of these strikes have been seen to cause serious damage to bridges, a majority of bridge strikes create significant threat to public safety and cause severe congestions because of the truck being stuck under the bridge littering over the roadway. Unfortunately for the drivers, most insurance plans involving trucks specifically exclude overhead damage from coverage.

Even though there are numerous warning lights and signs, trucks still slam into the bridges an unbelievable amount .There are many reasons for these accidents, for example: driver not knowing the vehicle high, inadequate signing, and driver not believing or understanding signs. But according to reporting from The New York Times, “Eighty percent of all the trucks that get stuck under bridges are a result of using the wrong GPS" [1], because current GPS systems used do not take into account the size of the vehicle. It simply gives the drivers the most direct routes.

Recent research conducted by the University Transportation Research Center at the City College of New York, shows that bridges in New York State has been experiencing approximately 200 strikes annually by over-height trucks. [2]

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Major repairs on the Long Island Expressway connected to these types of accidents have cost taxpayers $4.1million in recent years. [3]

Figure 1 shows a histogram that details the number of reported bridge hits in New York between 1993 and 2011. It is observed from the figure that the number of reported annual bridge hits increased from 69 to 219 during 2001 to 2005, and was steady during 2005 to 2008.The number has declined significantly after 2009 (data shown for 2011 is only partial).However, the number of total annual hits has been varying. The increase in bridge hits during2001 to 2007 may be linked to the increased construction activity because of the real estate boom during this period. Increase in bridge hits data may also be attributed to better record keeping practice that NYSDOT(New Yourk State Department of Transportation) started implementing after 2001. [2]

Figure 1Number of Recorded Bridges Hits by Year (New Yourk State).

[2]

We have chosen to make our design cheap and easy to install. This will ensure the marketability of the device as it will cost less than the potential repair of the truck.

This product will save government money by preventing the damaged of the infrastructures.

Getting accurate directions saves time, fuel and money.

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1.4 Report Organization. This report is started with the introduction as the first chapter to talk about the project briefly. Then, for the second chapter constrains and code/standards related to the project are added. After that the third chapter is consist of the literature review which talk about some steps and research that done about this problem. Then the fourth chapter was the methodology which it talked about the project in details and showed the components that will use for this project. Then all the collected data was summarized in the fifth chapter under the results and analysis subject. Then the sixth chapter is a discussion. Finally, chapter seven was the conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter Two: Constrains, Standards/Codes and Earlier Course work

2.1 Standards/Codes.

1- The Arduino Un R3: Microcontroller ATmega328Operating Voltage 5VInput Voltage (recommended) 7-12VInput Voltage (limits) 6-20VDigital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)Analog Input Pins 6DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mAFlash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot loaderSRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)Clock Speed 16 MHz

Table 1 Arduino Uno R3 summery.

2- HC-06 Bluetooth :

HC serial Bluetooth products consist of Bluetooth serial interface module and Bluetooth adapter. The package size is 28mm * 15mm * 2.35mm.

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PIN Num. PIN name Description1 UART_Tx UART data output2 UART_Rx UART data input3 VCC 5 volt4 GND Ground point

Table 2 HC-06 Bluetooth summary

2.2 Earlier coursework.

Many courses were taken that are related to this project, such as analysis systems and signals, Electrical circuits, Electronic circuit, Measurements and sensors, Micro processors and micro controllers, and digital communication.

Chapter Three: Literature Review.

Although bridge collisions have been a common problem, few studies and steps have focused on solving this problem.

One of these steps was taken by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) which has set new recommendations for GPS systems approved for used in commercial trucks. It will take into consideration the vehicle’s height, weight and contents to direct it to the appropriate roads. These new standards have only been set for the GPS systems used for commercial trucks, and not for consumer vehicles. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), held two press conferences in the New York City area on March 11 to alert commercial vehicle drivers to the importance of using updated, professional-quality GPS devices to prevent routes that include height-restricted overpasses and bridges.(GPS World Staff, 2013) [3]

Under the recommendations, commercial drivers will be trained, and reminded, to only use GPS systems designed specifically for the industry. These specialized units take into account the specifics of the truck they’re including the height, weight and contents and will then route the trucks onto appropriate roads.

Another step was taken by the Public Works Authority ‘Ashghal’ in Qatar which installed Over-Height Vehicle Detection System at Duhail Interchanges a first step ,and then this system will generalized on a number of entrances,

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tunnels and bridges in order to protect the bridges and tunnels of truck accidents.(Al-Raya newspaper, 2014)[4]

The OVDS detects the vehicles that violate the maximum legal height of 5.5m before entering tunnels, or passing under bridges. Any violation turns on the warning sirens to avoid the risk of colliding tunnels’ roofs, putting the security and safety of road users at risk and bringing damages to the structure of the bridges. The sophisticated OVDS system will be operated and controlled by the operators at the Traffic Signal Control Room (TSCR) at Ashghal.

The OVDS system consists of a sensor or height detector, electronic board, and Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV). All components of the system will work together in order to detect trucks that violate the legal height.  The system operates in such a way that in the event of any over-height vehicle trying to enter the interchange, the system will directly alert the vehicle through a siren audible at the site, followed by a multi-lingual text message that appear on the electronic board installed at the site. At the same time, the traffic signal at the approach shall turn red through TSCR in order to prevent the vehicle entering the interchange. If the vehicle is not following the warning orders, the operator at TSCR will immediately contact the Traffic Department of Ministry of the Interior (MOI) in order to take steps to prevent the vehicle from entering the interchange.

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Figure 2Concept for over height vehicle detection system.

Max Holthaus and Tomasz Gromko in May (2014) were designed device to avoided low bridges accidents. The device was consist of two components: a wireless RF transmitter mounted to the bridge which will constantly broadcast bridge or structure clearance height, and truck-mounted micro-controller, to which was wired an RF receiver module, ultrasonic ride height sensors , and a speaker with a few lights. The micro-controller will receive bridge information from a few hundred feet maximum, take an active measurement of truck height; based on sensors and pre-programmed data specific to each vehicle; and determine clearance. If clearance is within tolerance, a particular tone or light will be activated. Otherwise, an audible alert will be heard in the cabin.

In Durham, North Carolina in United States of America11-feet, 8-inches high rail bridge has been rammed about once a month. The bridge is over 100 years old, meaning that it was built at a time when there were no requirements for minimum clearance because there were no large trucks driving underneath. As both raising the bridge and lowering the road are out of the question due to the scale of the project and the amount that it would cost, the railroad company had to specifically install a crash beam made out of reinforced steel simply to stop the trucks from being damaged so much, and the crash beam need to be replaced. The crash bar has gone a long ways in preventing damage to the railroad bridge, but the damage to the trucks can be pretty bad. [5]

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Chapter Four: Methodology

4.1 Block Diagram:Figure 3 is a block diagram describing the main sections of the device.

Power Supply

Bluetooth HC-

Data processing Unit

LCD

power

data

dataP.B -

P.B +

Figure 3Block Diagram

Block Descriptions: Data processing unit : it is an Arduino Uno microcontroller which takes

input from Bluetooth andthe push buttons. This data is used to make a decision then transmitted a signal to the alarm unit (LCD).

Bluetooth: to receive the coordination of street from the smart phone and transmitting it to microcontroller.

2 push buttons : to allow the driver to enter the high of his truck. LCD: it used to enter the high of the vehicle and to show

the messages to the driver. Power Supply : batteries (2 batteries - 9 Volt) that feed the component

with power.

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4.2 Circuits:

Figure 4LCD-Arduino Connection

Figure 5Push buttons-Arduino Connection

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Figure 6Bluetooth(HC-06) - Arduino Connection

4.3 Flow Charts and Project Description:

Figure 4represents the Android application flowchart, starting with turn on the GPS sensor in the smart phone, then connecting to the Bluetooth choose "HC-06", then check if the location is change the latitude and longitude variable will change, and then the program will check, if the new variable is located in a specific range (the start of the street) the application will light green and send the letter "O" to the Arduino as a sign to start, if not the application will continue light red.

Figure 5 represents the Arduino flowchart,starting with configuration the LCD, the first push button is used to decrease the entered high of the vehicle and the second on is used to increase it, and then the Arduino will check, if "O" is received from the HC-06 Bluetooth it will start compare the high of the vehicle with the stored high of the bridge.

If (H vehicle< H bridge) the Arduino write "OK" on the LCD, if not the message will be "choose the alternative root".

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turn on gps

connect to bluetooth "choose HC- "

If location sensor change?

NoYes

update latitude and longitude

If (lat > ) &&

(lat < )

No Go redYes

Go green

send "O" to Arduino

Figure 7 Android flowchart

Configuration for LCD

If P.B Pushed

Decrease the vehicle high

Yes

If P.B Pushed

No

Increase the vehicle high

Yes No

If "O" is received from

the HC-

NoYes

If ( vehicle high<

. )

Yes

write LCD "OK"

No

"choose the alternative

root"

Figure 8Arduino flowchart

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4.4 The Used Technology:

4.4.1 GPS:The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1995.

How it work:GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.

Figure 9 GPS Technology

[6]

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A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.

The Satellite Network:

The GPS satellites transmit signals to a GPS receiver. These receivers passively receive satellite signals; they do not transmit and require an unobstructed view of the sky, so they can only be used effectively outdoors. Early receivers did not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings but later receiver designs such as SiRFStarIII have overcome this and improved performance and sensitivity markedly. GPS operations depend on a very accurate time reference, which is provided by atomic clocks on board the satellites. 

Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at the same instant. The signals, moving at the speed of light, arrive at a GPS receiver at slightly different times because some satellites are further away than others. The distance to the GPS satellites can be determined by estimating the amount of time it takes for their signals to reach the receiver. When the receiver estimates the distance to at least four GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in three dimensions.

There are at least 24 operational GPS satellites at all times plus a number of spares.  The satellites, operated by the US DOD, orbit with a period of 12 hours (two orbits per day) at a height of about 11,500 miles traveling at 9,000mph (3.9km/s or 14,000kph). Ground stations are used to precisely track each satellite's orbit. 

Here is an interesting comparison. The GPS signals are transmitted at a power equivalent to a 50 watt domestic light bulb. Those signals have to pass through space and our atmosphere before reaching your satnav after a journey of 11,500 miles. Compare that with a TV signal, transmitted from a large tower 10 - 20 miles away at most, at a power level of 5-10,000 watts. And compare the size of your TV's roof mounted antenna with that of your GPS, often hidden inside the case itself. A wonder then that it works as well as it does and when the occasional hiccup occurs you will at least understand the reasons why.

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How Position is Determined:

A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the satellites because that information is included in the transmitted Ephemeris data. By estimating how far away a satellite is, the receiver also "knows" it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered at the satellite. It then determines the sizes of several spheres, one for each satellite and therefore knows the receiver is located where these spheres intersect.

Figure 10 Signals from multiple satellites are required to calculate a position.

GPS Accuracy:

The accuracy of a position determined with GPS depends on the type of receiver. Most consumer GPS units have an accuracy of about +/-10m. Other types of receivers use a method called Differential GPS (DGPS) to obtain much higher accuracy. DGPS requires an additional receiver fixed at a known location nearby. Observations made by the stationary receiver are used to correct positions recorded by the roving units, producing an accuracy greater than 1 meter. [7]

About GPS Signal:

GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and

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plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains.

A GPS signal contains three different bits of information - a pseudorandom code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information. You can view this number on your Garmin GPS unit's satellite page, as it identifies which satellites it's receiving.

Ephemeris data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information about the status of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current date and time. This part of the signal is essential for determining a position.

The almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for that satellite and for every other satellite in the system. [8]

Sources of GPS signal error:Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and thus affect accuracy include the following:

Figure 11 Sources of GPS signal error

.

There are many causes for position errors or low signal: [7]

Ionosphere and troposphere delays — the satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error.

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Signal multi path — this occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors.

Receiver clock errors — a receiver's built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing errors.

Orbital errors — also known as ephemeris errors, these are inaccuracies of the satellite's reported location.

Number of satellites visible — the more satellites a GPS receiver can "see," the better the accuracy.

Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage can block signal reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units typically will not work indoors, underwater or underground.

Satellite geometry/shading — this refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time.

Ideal satellite geometry exits when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other.

Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.

Intentional degradation of the satellite signal — Selective Availability (SA) is an intentional degradation of the signal once imposed by the U.S. DoD. SA was intended to prevent military adversaries from using the highly accurate GPS signals. The government turned off SA in May 2000, which significantly improved the accuracy of civilian GPS receivers.

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4.5 Project Components:

4.5.1 Arduino Uno:The Arduino Uno is an open source microcontroller board. It isa small electronic circuit controls the programming of Atmega328 microcontroller, this circuit provides pins to connect electronic components directly to the microcontroller using 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), and also it consists of Crystal Oscillator 16 MHz and USB to connect with the computer. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB or use a battery to get started.

Figure 12 Arduino Uno R3

Features: [9]

ATmega328 microcontroller Input voltage - 7-12V 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs) 6 Analog Inputs 32k Flash Memory 16Mhz Clock Speed

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4.5.2 Generic Wireless Serial 4 Pin Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module HC-06 RS232 for Arduino:

Figure 13HC-06 Bluetooth[9]

HC serial Bluetooth products consist of Bluetooth serial interface module and Bluetooth adapter. The package size is 28mm * 15mm * 2.35mm.

PIN Num. PIN name Description1 UART_Tx UART data output2 UART_Rx UART data input3 VCC 5 volt4 GND Ground point

HC-06 Arduino Wireless Serial 4 Pin Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module RS232.

Free Economy Shipping: free shipping provides an internal tracking number for delivery confirmation but will not allow you to access real time tracking information.

Allows your device to both send and receive the TTL data via Bluetooth technology without connecting a serial cable to your computer. Just power, ground, Rx, Tx and we can send data to/from Arduino.

Works with any USB Bluetooth adapters.

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4.5.3 Basic 16 x2 Characters LCD – Black on Green 5V:

Figure 14 Basic 16*2 Characters LCD[9]

This is a basic 16 character by 2 line display. Black text on Green background, utilizes the extremely common HD44780 parallel interface chipset. Interface code is freely available. You will need ~11 general I/O pins to interface to this LCD screen. Includes LED backlight.

Dimensions: 3.15" x 1.425"

Table 3 Interface pin description of LCD

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Chapter Five: Results and Analysis:

These photos show the circuits after we connect the components and test the project in the location that we mentioned before.

1) This is the Aerial photo of the test location (Appendix B is shown the X, Y coordinates):

Figure 15 Aerial photo of the test location

2) These are the photos of the blocks of the android application, we use the (appinventor.mit.edu) website to design these blocks:

Figure 16 Android Application Blocks

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Figure 17 Android Application Blocks

3) This is the photo of the application in smart phone, and you can see the coordination (Lat,Long) in the location (Appendix C is shown the (Lat, Long) coordination’s that we take from the smart phone:

Figure 18 Android Application

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4) Then we connect the hardware components which are (Arduino, Bluetooth, LCD & 2 Push Buttons) as we can see in this pictures:

Figure 19 Hardware circuit

Figure 20 Hardware circuit

5) The final shape it will be with wooden design we will see it in the final presentation, with GOD willing.

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Chapter Six: Conclusions:

6.1 Conclusion:Clearance can be a real challenge for a truck driver. Especially inexperienced drivers of trucks seem to be quite oblivious to the warning signs and flashing over height warning lights. So we designed a GPS based wireless controlling model in order to increase the chance for applying this model in many areas around the world. The proposed model hope to be able to achieve what is meant for, reducing road traffics, leading to cutting in crashes expenses, decreasing the number of resulting casualties, all this in favor of road safety.

6.2 Economical feasibility:In this section we will analyze the economical part of our project. These prices are according to the local market.Model total cost: 315 NIS.

Arduino Uno R3: 170 NIS.

HC-06 Bluetooth: 60 NIS.

LCD: 50 NIS.

Batteries: 20 NIS.

Resistors: 5 NIS.

Push Buttons: 10 NIS

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References:[1] Luke, H . (2013). To Prevent Overpass Hits, New Rules for Truckers. Retrieved

October 3, 2014 from http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/ .

[2] Agrawal, A.K. (2011). Bridge vehicle impact assessment. Retrieved October 5, 2014 fromhttps://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/structures/repository/manuals/Bridge_Hits_Task3_Final_02-03-10.pdf.

[3] GPS World staff. (2013). Federal Steps Taken to Reduce GPS-Caused Bridge Strikes by Oversized Trucks. Retrieved October 5, 2014 from http://gpsworld.com/

[4] AbdAlmajed, H. (2014). Public Works Authority ‘Ashghal’ in Qatar which installed Over-Height Vehicle Detection System. Retrieved October 6, 2014 from www.raya.com .

[5] Low Bridge Causes Big Problems For Trucks. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014 from http://autos.aol.com/article/low-bridge-truck-crash-video/

[6] Retrieved November 3, 2014 from http://stech1.firstpost.com/tech2images/640x359/proportional/jpeg/images/2010/mar/img_210112_agps.jpg.

[7] Darren, G. (2011). How does the Global Positioning System work?. Retrieved October 5, 2014 from http://www.pocketgpsworld.com/howgpsworks.php

[8] What is GPS?.(n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014 fromhttp://www8.garmin.com/aboutGPS/

[9] Retrieved November 7, 2014 fromhttps://www.sparkfun.com/products/255

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Appendix A:

DISCLAIMER

This report was written by students at the (Electrical and Communication) Engineering Departments, Faculty of Engineering, an –Najah National University. It has not been altered or corrected, other than editorial correction, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely those of the students. An- Najah National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned.

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Appendix B:

FID Shape * Easting Northing

0 Point 170920.88 181682.52

1 Point 170916.91 181673.79

2 Point 170913.74 181665.46

3 Point 170914.13 181657.92

4 Point 170915.72 181651.17

5 Point 170926.44 181646.01

6 Point 170955.01 181635.29

7 Point 170982.79 181625.37

8 Point 171009.78 181614.66

9 Point 171021.69 181609.5

10 Point 171026.85 181602.35

11 Point 171027.24 181592.83

12 Point 171035.97 181588.07

13 Point 171053.83 181583.7

14 Point 171190.76 181546.79

15 Point 171198.69 181543.62

16 Point 171199.88 181534.09

17 Point 171200.68 181528.93

18 Point 171209.81 181524.96

19 Point 171222.9 181519.41

20 Point 171025.26 181582.11

21 Point 171024.07 181565.05

22 Point 171023.27 181550.76

23 Point 171022.08 181537.27

Appendix C:

26 | P a g e

FID Shape * Latitude Longitude

0 Point 32.2275 35.22107

1 Point 32.22745 35.22105

2 Point 32.22761 35.22086

3 Point 32.22751 35.22092

4 Point 32.22759 35.22102

5 Point 32.22769 35.22105

6 Point 32.22779 35.2208

7 Point 32.22786 35.22109

8 Point 32.22792 35.22073

9 Point 32.22796 35.22102

10 Point 32.22789 35.22098

27 | P a g e