Introduction To Computer

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions at speed millions and even billion of times faster them human

beings can.

Computer is an electronic machine which is use for data processing. The output which comes after processing data through computer is known as

Information.

What is Computer?

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Why Computers?

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Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)

First Generation (1945 to 1955)

Second generation (1955 to 1965)

Third generation (1966 to 1970)

Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)

Fifth generation (1980 to present)

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Mechanical calculators was developed as

computing device.

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In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic

Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by

Mr. J.Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at

University of Pennsylvania.

It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.

Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot

space.

It produced large amount of heat.

Its speed was very slow.

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In this second generation vacuum tubes was

replaced by transistors.

Speed / performance of this generation computers

was improved in comparison to first generation

computers.

Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using

transistors.

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In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s

(Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of thousands electronic

components on single silicon chip ).

Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.

Speed / performance was high in comparison to third

generation.

Heat produced by computers was reduced.

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In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale

Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic

components on silicon chip)

These are low cast, small size and high performance in

comparisons to third generation computers

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In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very

Large Scale Integrated Circuits)

Size and cost of these computers is very less and

performance is very high

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A computer can be divided into two main categories:

1. Hardware

2. Software

Hardware is basically anything that you can touch

with your fingers.

For computer hardware to work it must follow a set

of instructions that is supplied to it as software.

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Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,

• Computer Case

• CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)

• Monitor

• Keyboard & Mouse

• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,

• Hard Drive

• Memory (RAM)

• Speakers

• Printer

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The term software refers to the set of instructions

that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.

1. System Software

2. Application Software

3. Utility Software

Application

Software

System

Software (OS)

Hardware

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1. System Software/Operating System

System Software are used to control all

components of computer and serves as an

interface between user and hardware.

1. Control all Components of Computer

2. Interface b/w user and Hardware

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2. Application Software

Application software is used or design for the specific purpose of the user.

for example

MS-WORD MS-POWER POINT

MS-EXCEL Acdsee

Corel Draw Paint

Game MS-ACCESS

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3. Utility Software

Utility Software is used to remove any problem or

solve a complex situation in computer.

for example

Partition Magic Backup utility

Antivirus Data Recovery

Security Software Win Ghost

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Bit:

One digit, either 0 or 1

Byte:

any combination of 0 or 1.

also called an octet.

Bits n Bytes

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Computer only understand 0 or 1

0 OFF1 ON

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0001100125

10110011179

01000001A

The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:

The number 179 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:

The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:

= =

= =

= =

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INPUT

PROCESSING

OUTPUT

Exam Results!

Information for the Exam

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Consists of four parts where each part involves one

or more specific components of the computer.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Output

4. Storage

Information Processing Cycle

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Input Processing Output

Storage

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Storage

Data Information

Input: A computer receives

data via an input device such

as the keyboard.

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Storage

Data Information

Processing: A computer

program performs operations

on the data to transform it

into information.

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Storage

Data Information

Output: A computer produces

the output through an output

device such as the monitor to

display the result of the

processing operations.

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Storage

Data Information

Storage: A computer stores

the result of the processing

operations in a storage device

such as the hard disk.

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Storage

Adds each item

cost together

Organizes data

Computes total

due

Note book

RM 4.50 each

Eraser

RM 0.80 each

Pen

RM 1.50 each

Stapler

RM 2.20 each

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So

Computer is an Electronic device which can:

1. accept data

2. process it

3. give the result after that processing

4. and also store processed data InputOutputProcessingStorage

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PC four major functions are:

Input data

Process data

Output information

Store data and information

DATA ININFORMATION

OUT

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Data vs. Information

Data is a representation of a fact or idea

Number

Word

Picture

Sound

Information is data that has been organized or

presented in a meaningful.

examples of data

3547 Ahmad Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

examples of information

Roll No. 3547 Name-Ahmad City-Kuala Lumpur

Country-Malaysia

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2 + 2 = 4

Data vs. Instruction

InstructionDATA Information

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A Typical Personal Computer

System unit Display device

External deviceExternal device

Input devices

A Personal Computer:

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KLMU

1 User type “KLMU”

2 Keyboard converts

characters to a binary

code; bits are transmitted

to memory and to CPU for

processing

3 All processing and storage

are done in binary form 4 Transmission to

printer is in binary

form

5 Printer converts binary code

to characters before printing

KLMU__

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Temporary

storage

Permanent

storage

OutputInput

RAM

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Monitor

Speaker

Printer

Webcam

Scanner

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Enter data to be processedKeyboard

Scanners

Mouse

Trackball

Touch screen

Microphone

Game Controller

Digital camera

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Cabinet that houses all components

Motherboard

CPU

Memory modules System Unit

System Unit

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A processor present in system unit is the part that is

like a computer’s brain.

A system unit is a personal computer component that

houses other devices necessary for the computer to

function.

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ChassisMemory chips

Disk drives

The System Unit

Cooling device

Microprocessor

(under cooling device)

Power Supply

Ports

Adapter Card

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Display Device

A display device is a personal computer component

that enables users to view the text and graphical data

associated with a computer program.

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Input Devices

An input device is a personal computer component

that enables users to enter data or instructions into a

computer.

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External Devices

There are several categories of external devices:

Microphone

Digital camera

Scanner

Speakers

Printer

Network device

External drive

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System Unit Components

The system unit itself has several important sub-

components, such as:

System Board

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory

System Bus

Storage devices

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Expansion slots

AGP slot

Ports

CPU

RAM slots

Drive interfaces

The System Board

The system board is the personal computer component that

acts as the backbone for the entire computer system.

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes

called microprocessor or just processor, is the real

brains of the computer and is where most of the

calculations take place.

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Memory

Memory is the personal computer component that

comprises the electronic storage areas in the

computer. It can be considered either volatile or

non-volatile.

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Hard Drive

ControllerVideo

ControllerMemory

System Bus

CPU

The System Bus

The system bus is the main communication path

between the CPU and memory.

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Storage Devices

A storage device is a system unit component, such

as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for

reuse at a later time, even after the personal

computer is shut down and restarted.

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Internal viewExternal view

Wires from the power supply

to the system board and drivesFan

Voltage switch

Socket for power cord

Power switch

Power Supplies

A power supply is an internal computer component that

converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC

power needed by system components.

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Cooling Systems

FanHeat sink

Computer systems contain several components that

require cooling:

The computer case

The CPU

The power supply

Some adapter cards

Some hard disk drives

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PCI bus

Circuitry

Adapter Cards

An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install

into a slot on the computer’s system board to expand

the functionality of the computer.

Phone line

connection

Circuit to

connect to

phone line

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Riser Cards

REAR

FRONT

Memory slots

PCI/ISA slots on riser

Peripheral

connectors

CPU

A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system

board and provides additional slots for adapter

cards..

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Storage Devices

The various types of storage devices used in personal

computers are:

Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

Optical Drives

Tape Drives

Solid State Storage devices

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Front view 3.5-inch floppy disk drive

3.5-inch floppy disk

Rear view of floppy disk drive

Data cable

Power cable

Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads

data from, and writes data to, removable disks made of

flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating

and enclosed in a stiff, protective, plastic case.

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Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses

fixed media, which means that the disk is built into the

drive and the drives are not removed from the computer

unless you are performing an upgrade or a repair.

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An internal CD-ROM drive

An external DVD driveA CD-R disc

Optical Disks

An optical disk is a personal computer storage device

that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.

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Types of Optical Disks and DrivesOptical disks and drives come in several types, such as:

CD-ROM

CD-R

CD-RW

DVD-ROM

DVD-R

DVD+R

DVD+R DL

DVD-RW

DVD+RW

DVD-RAM

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Tape Drives

A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that

stores data magnetically on a removable tape that is

enclosed in a tape cartridge.

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Compact Flash

card fits in here

43mm

36

mm

USB adapter connects the

Compact Flash reader to

the computer

Solid State Storage

Solid state storage is a personal computer storage

device that stores data in special types of memory

instead of on disks or tape.

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Personal Computer Connection Methods

The various PC connection methods are:

Ports

Personal Computer Connections

Serial Connections

Parallel Connections

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections

IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections

Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections

Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

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Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.

6-pin round

connector

25-pin D-shaped connector

15-pin D-shaped connector

Ports

A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal

computer that enables devices to be connected to the

computer.

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USB Connector

Cable

Personal Computer Connection

A personal computer connection is a means by which

a personal computer component is attached to other

components to provide computing capabilities.

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25-pin serial port

on a serial device

25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem

and 9-pin end connects to computer’s serial port

Serial Connections

A serial connection is a personal computer connection

that transfers data one bit at a time over a single wire.

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Parallel connector

Parallel cable

Parallel Connections

A parallel connection is a personal computer connection

that transfers data eight bits at a time over eight wires

and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.

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Type B connector

connects to USB device

Type A connector connects to

USB port on the computer

or on a hub

USB Connections

A USB connection is a personal computer connection

that enables you to connect multiple peripherals to a

single port with high performance and minimal device

configuration.

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FireWire device

FireWire port

FireWire 6-pin connector

IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections

A FireWire connection is a personal computer

connection that provides a high-speed interface for

peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE

1394 standard.

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SCSI connector

SCSI cable

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections

A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection

that connects internal and external components to the

system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.

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PATA connector

Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections

A PATA connection is a personal computer connection

that provides a parallel data channel from a disk

controller to the disk drives.

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SATA data cableSATA power cables

Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

A SATA connection is a personal computer connection

that provides a serial data channel between the drive

controller and the disk drives.

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Personal

Computer

Mobile Computer

and Mobile

Devices

Mid-Range Server

Mainframe

ComputerSupercomputer

1.5 Categories of Computer

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Personal Computer

A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output

and storage operations on its own.

Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and

workstation.


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Notebook Computer

Portable, small enough to fit on

your lap.

Also called a laptop computer.

Usually more expensive than a

desktop computer with equal

capabilities.


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Tablet PC

A computer that is shaped like a

slate or notebook.

Normally fitted with a touch screen

for users to enter input through a

stylus.


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Handheld Computer

A small computer that can easily

be fit in one hand and operated by

the other hand.


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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A small, portable computer built for

specific purposes such as for

keeping phone directories and

calendars.


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Mid-Range Server

More powerful and larger that a workstation and can

support up to 4,000 users at one time.

Formerly known as minicomputer.


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Mainframe Computer

Very powerful, expensive computer that supports

thousands of connected users


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Supercomputer

The fastest, most powerful, most

expensive computer.

Used for applications requiring complex

mathematical calculations.


Engineering

Introduction To Computer