Started by Mr. Kochouseph Chittilappilly In 1977.

Range of products include Pumps & Motors, Electric Water Heaters, Solar Water Heaters, Cables, UPS’s, and Ceiling Fans.

Corporate Head Office in Kochi.

V-GUARD: ABOUT THE COMPANY

UPS

• INTRODUCTION, USES, ARCHITECTURE, WAVEFORM, TECHNOLOGY• COMPONENT, SWITCHOVER TIME, ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES, SAFETY

AVR• PRINCIPLE, BASIC OPERATION• TYPES

SWR• INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE, COMPONENTS, APPLICATIONS• FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR Vs EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR

INVERTER

• INTRODUCTION, APPLICATIONS• SINGLE PHASE INVERTER, CHARATERISTICS OF A GOOD INVERTER

CONTENTS OF TRAINING

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY: UPS

AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) IS A DEVICE THAT HAS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ENERGY THAT CAN PROVIDE POWER WHEN THE PRIMARY POWER SOURCE IS TEMPORARILY DISABLED

THE SWITCHOVER TIME MUST BE SMALL ENOUGH TO NOT CAUSE A DISRUPTION IN THE OPERATION OF THE LOADS

WHAT IS AN UPS?

PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE

OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINSTEQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLYCOMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGEDATA LOSSTIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO WHERE

YOU WERE, IF EVEN POSSIBLE

USES OF UPS

LINE INTERACTIVE• Used if system or data loss is a

“problem”

ONLINE• Used if system or data loss is

“unacceptable”

UPS: ARCHITECTURES

Block Diagram

LINE INTERACTIVE UPS

BATTERY CHARGER

AC SUPPLY

INVERTERDC TO AC

CRITICALLOAD

(AC)

BATTERY

AUTOMATIC SWITCH

AC FAIL

Block Diagram

ONLINE UPS

CONVERTER AC TO DC

INVERTERDC TO AC

CRITICALLOAD

(AC)

BATTERY

AUTOMATIC SWITCH

INVERTER FAIL

DIFFERENCE B/W LINE INTERACTIVE AND ONLINE UPS

LINE INTERACTIVE UPS ONLINE UPS

 The inverter is connected in parallel and acts to backup utility power. It also charges the battery. Through its reversible operation, it interacts with utility power to stabilize the voltage.

 It offers double-conversion topology: The inverter is connected in series between the ac input and the load. Power for the load flows continuously through the inverter. 

ADVANTAGES OF THE TECHNOLOGY USEDIN UPS

LINE INTERACTIVE UPS ONLINE UPS

AC TO DC CONVERTER / BATTERY CHARGER DOES NOT HAVE TO PROVIDE FULL LOAD POWER

LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC INVERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO LOAD UNTIL UPS SWITCHES TO BATTERY POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER)

ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY POWER

ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE

Block Diagram

LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

CONVERTER AC TO DC

AC SUPPLY

CONVERTERDC TO DC

BATTERY

CRITICALLOAD

(DC)

UPS WAVEFORMS

-170

0

170

0 4 8 12 16 20

TIME (ms)

VOLT

AG

ETRUE SINEWAVEMODIFIED SINEWAVESQUARE WAVE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION(PWM)

LINEAR AMPLIFIER

RESONANT INVERTER

INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINE WAVE

Block Diagram

PWM INVERTER

PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR

BASE / GATE DRIVE

TRANSISTOR BRIDGE TRANSFORMER FILTER

CRITICALLOAD

(AC)

REFERENCE SINEWAVE

GENERATORCOMPARISON

AMPLIFIER

DC POWER

Block Diagram

LINEAR AMPLIFIER INVERTER

OSCILLATORAMPLIFIER

SINEWAVE OSCILLATOR TRANSFORMER

COMPARISONAMPLIFIER

POWERAMPLIFIER

CRITICALLOAD

(AC)

Block Diagram

RESONANT INVERTER

SQUARE WAVE

GENERATORSWITCH DRIVE

TRANSISTOR SWITCHES TRANSFORMER LC RESONANT

TANK FILTER

CRITICALLOAD

(AC)

DC POWER

(OR FERRORESONANT)

CONVERTER - AC TO DCSPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS

BATTERYSTORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONS

INVERTER – DC TO ACWAVEFORM SYNTHESIS – PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND

INTERHARMONICSFILTER – PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISEVOLTAGE REGULATOR – PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND

FLUCTUATIONS

MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE

COMPONENTS OF UPS

MAINTENANCE INSPECT PERIODICALLY REPLACE AS NEEDED

RISKS ACID ELECTRIC SHOCK BURN FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES) INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS

DISPOSAL DISPOSE OF PROPERLY RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE

BATTERY SAFETY

AUTOMATIC VOLATGE REGULATORS: AVR

The principle involves the process of maintaining the voltage flow at a specified level at all times.

There are voltage power surges that may be caused by unanticipated conditions, such as lightning or power failures for instance. Unless your electrical equipment has an automatic voltage regulator, the power surges to your equipment could easily damage that equipment when power is turned off and on. 

INTRODUCTION

In general, a voltage regulator functions by comparing its output voltage to a fixed reference and minimizing this difference with a negative feedback loop.

There are a variety of specific types of voltage regulators based on the particular method they use to control the voltage in a circuit.

BASIC PRINCIPLE

AVR: Block Diagram

A basic voltage regulator relies on a simple electromechanical design.

A wire connected to the circuit is coiled so that it forms an electromagnet. As the voltage in the circuit increases, so does the strength of the electromagnet. This causes an iron core to move towards the electromagnet which is connected to a power switch. When the moving magnet pulls the switch, it reduces the voltage in the circuit.

ELECTROMECHANICAL REGULATORS

Tap Changing Transformer Saturable Reactor Regulators

Motorized Variac CVT’s/ferroresonant Transformer

Electronic Voltage

Regulators

VARIOUS TYPES OF AVR

TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMER

SATURABLE REACTOR REGULATORS

MOTORIZED VARIAC

CVT’S/FERRORESONANT TRANSFORMER

ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

SOLAR WATER HEATER: SWR

Solar water heating systems use free heat from the sun to warm domestic hot water.

The benefits of solar water heating:1.Hot water throughout the year2.Cut your electricity bill3.Cut your carbon footprint

INTRODUCTION

Cold water is moved via a pump from a water tank and travels through solar collectors in a solar panel.

In the process, it is heated up by the power of the sun hitting the solar collectors.

This heat is then carried away from the solar collectors by the water returning to a heated storage tank.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

MAIN COMPONENTS OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM

• To collect Solar Energy• Types: Flat Panel & Evacuated

TubeSOLAR

COLLECTOR

• To store hot waterINSULATED TANK

• Physical support to the SWH system

SUPPORTING STAND

FLAT PANEL COLLECTOR Vs EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR

FLAT PANEL EVACTUATED TUBE

Have no internal method of limiting heat build up and have to use outside tempering devices.

Flat-plates can actually rob the water of built up heat if the collector becomes colder than the water temperature.

Requires accurate southern exposure and elevation placement.

The heat-pipe has a self-limitation of maximum working temperature through the physical properties of its special fluid

The heat pipe’s thermal flows one way only; form the collector to the water and never in the reverse.

Relatively insensitive to placement angle, allowing architectural and aesthetic freedom

INVERTERS

An inverter is a device that changes or inverts direct current (DC) input to alternating current (AC) output.

It doesn't "create" or "make" electricity, just changes it from one form to another. DC in is changed to AC out.

Output is usually 120 or 240 volts at 60-cycle alternating current to match line power.

INTRODUCTION

Each part of an inverter has the following function. Converter Circuit: to change the commercial power

supply to the DC Smoothing circuit: Circuit to smooth the pulsation

included in the DC Inverter: Circuit to change the DC to the AC with

variable frequency Control circuit: Circuit to mainly control the inverter part

BASIC CONFIGUARTION

DC Power source utilization Uninterruptible power supplies Induction heating HVDC power transmission Variable-frequency drives Electric vehicle drives

APPLICATION OF INVERTERS

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available.

When main power is restored, a rectifier is used to supply DC power to recharge the batteries.

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLIES

Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in induction heating.

To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.

INDUCTION HEATING

CLASSIFICAION OF INVERTERS

BASED ON CHARGING PROCESS BASED ON UTILITY

1.Power inverter - A power inverter converts DC power or direct current to standard AC power or alternating current

2.Solar inverter - A Solar inverter is a type of electrical inverter that is made to change the direct current electricity from a photovoltaic array into alternating current

3.Wind power inverter

1.Independent control inverter

2.Grid-connected inverter

It is of two type – 1. CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER2. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER. SINGLE PHASE HALF BRIDGE INVERTER

It consists of-1. VOLTAGE SOURCE2. TWO DIODE3. TWO THYRISTOR

SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

It consists of :1. Four Thyristors2. Four Diode Amplitude of o/p voltage is doubled whereas o/p

power is four times to that of single phase half bridge inverter.

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER

TYPES:BASED ON MOBILITY

STATIC INVERTERS DYNAMIC INVERTERS

Static inverter has no moving parts and are used in wide range of application from a small switching power supply in computers to large high voltage direct current application that are transport bulk power.

The charging system operates normally with the inverter off: A regulator inside the inverter control the changing voltage. When the inverter is turn on, the alternator is disconnected from the vehicle battery and tied into a transformer. That uses electronic controls to change the DC alternator input to AC inverter output

TYPES:BASED ON NATURE

VOLATGE SOURCE INVERTER

CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

In voltage source inverter input voltage is maintained constant and amplitude of the output voltage does not depend on the load How ever the wave form of load current as well as magnitude depend upon the nature of the load Impedence

In current source inverters, input current is constant but adjustable. The amplitude of the output current from CSI is independent of the load.

An H bridge or full bridge converter is a switching configuration composed of four switches in arrangement that resembles an H.

By controlling different switches in the bridge, a positive, negative, or zero potential voltage can be placed across a load.

When this load is a motor, these states correspond to forward, reverse, and off.

Selection of the proper switches varies greatly. The use of P channel MOSFETs on the high side and N channel MOSFETs on the low side is easier, but using all N channel MOSFETs and a FET driver, lower “on” resistance can be obtained resulting in reduced power loss.

H-BRIDGE CONFIGURATION USED IN SW INVERTER TECHNOLOGY

Its output voltage waveform should be sinusoidal. Its gain should be high. Its output voltage and frequency should be

controllable in the desired voltage. The power required by its controlling circuit

should be minimum. Its overall cost must be minimum Its working life must be long. The semi conductor device used in the inverter

should be minimum switching and conduction losses.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD INVERTER

THANK YOU!