Effective utilization of industrial waste in concrete BY, ALWIS DEVA KIRUPA J P Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering PONJESLY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGERCOIL
1. Effective utilization of industrial waste in concrete
2. introduction The consumption of natural aggregates of all
types has been increasing in recent years in most countries owing
to rapid industrialization. Due to increased construction
activities in India, availability of natural fine aggregates are
depleting by each passing day. The continued extraction of natural
aggregates leads to serious environmental problem including
landslides. Using industrial waste products as either cement
additives or alternate fuels, it is possible to reduce the quantity
of raw materials and fossil fuels used to produce cement.
3. The use of industrial by-products diverts the material from
the waste stream, reduce the energy used in processing virgin
materials, use of virgin materials and decreases pollution. Besides
industrial waste offering environmental advantages, it also
improves the performance (HSC and HPC) and quality of concrete
which is the need of hour for most problems of 21st century
including Earthquake resistance and Durability.
4. Utilization in concrete a best alternative since it uses up
Fly ash, Red mud, Silica fume, Rice-husk ash or GGBS for OPC. It
helps to put off Global Warming but utilizes the waste materials
efficiently thereby reducing the risk of waste disposal and at same
hand, safeguards dwindling natural resources. The role of a Civil
Engineer is to reduce cement consumption through the use of
supplementary materials. Hoping this simple initiative will add
water to the burning fire and it will kindle the spirit of young
Civil Engineers to use eco-friendly construction materials in this
present scenario.
5. Materials used Most common materials that can be used in
concrete are Fly Ash Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS)
Red Mud Microsilica Metakaolin Rice Hush Ash (RHA)
6. Fly ash - non-combusted by-product of coal-fired power
plants. During combustion, the coal's mineral impurities such as
clay, feldspar, quartz and shale fuse in suspension and are carried
away from the combustion chamber by the exhaust gases. Such fused
material cools and solidifies into spherical glassy particles
called fly ash. Fly ash is a finely divided powder resembling
Portland cement consisting mostly of SiO2. Red mud - major
industrial waste by Bayer process for the extraction of alumina.
Characterized by strong alkalinity due to presence of excessive
amount of dissolved NaOH. The red color is by the oxidized Fe
present, which can make up to 60% of mass of the red mud. In
addition to Fe, the other dominant particles include silica,
unleached residual Al, and TiO .
7. Disposal becomes a huge problem due to the presence of high
pH, heavy metals and radioactivity. Hence new technologies
utilizing red mud are gently needed, besides the use in of GPC.
Kaolinite - clay mineral with the chemical composition
Al2Si2O5(OH)4, which means each particle has one tetrahedral silica
layer and one octahedral alumina layer. It is a soft mineral
produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals
like feldspar. Rocks that arerich in Kaolinite are also known as
china clay, white clay, or kaolin. Metakaolin is a dehydroxylated
form of the clay mineral Kaolinite in the temperature range of 500-
800C. It is a highly pozzolanic.
8. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) - obtained by
quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam,
to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground
into a fine powder. The main components of blast furnace slag are
CaO (30-50%), SiO2 (28- 38%), Al2O3 (8-24%) and MgO (1-18%). GGBS
has now effectively replaced sulfate-resisting Portland cement
(SRPC) on the market for sulfate resistance because of its superior
performance and greatly reduced cost compared to SRPC.
9. Silica fume - also known as microsilica, is an amorphous
polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is an ultrafine powder
collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy
production. It is an ultrafine material with spherical particles
less than 1 m in diameter, the average being about 0.15 m. This
makes it approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement
particle which makes it suitable as pozzolanic material for high
performance concrete.
10. Rice husk Ash (RHA) - Rice husk also called rice hull, is
the hard protecting covering of grains of rice, which is a
by-product generally obtained from milling process of rice. The RHA
is generated after burning the rice husk in the boiler, which is
collected from the particulate collection equipment. It is highly
porous, lightweight and contains silica in high content (90 95%).
At present, disposal of RHA is dumping on waste land, creating land
dereliction problems. Since amount of RHA generated is in plenty,
an effective way of disposal of RHA is needed urgently.
11. FLY ASH RED MUD METAKAOLIN GGBS MICROSILICA RHA
12. From the literature reviews it is concluded that, Micro
silica can be added at a rate of 5-15% by weight of cement Red Mud
can be used up to 30%. Fly Ash and GGBS can be used upto 100% in
GPC RHA can be replaced upto 20%. The performance of various
by-products in concrete can be listed as follows conclusion
13. Material Flyash Workability Enhanced Compressive Strength
Increase with age Split Tensile Strength Increased as fineness of
fly ash increased Modulus of Elasticity Higher than conventional
concrete Material Redmud Workability Improved due to low moisture
absorption of Red Mud Compressive Strength Increased upto 30% Split
Tensile Strength Similar to that of compressive strength Modulus of
Elasticity No effect
14. Material metakaolin Workability Better Compressive Strength
Improved upto 40% Split Tensile Strength Improved upto 40% Modulus
of Elasticity Increases with increase in Metakaolin content
Material GGBS Workability Improved Compressive Strength Reduction
at early age Split Tensile Strength Slightly higher Modulus of
Elasticity No effect
15. Material microsiica Workability Increased upto 10%
Compressive Strength Increase upto the level of 7.5% Split Tensile
Strength Increase upto the level of 7.5% Modulus of Elasticity
Increase with increase in Microsiica content Material RHA
Workability Less than 20% replacement shows decreased Workability
Compressive Strength Highest value is expected at 20% Split Tensile
Strength Enhanced performance Modulus of Elasticity Decreased as
addition of RHA decreased
16. references 1. Abishek H N and M U Aswanth (2012), Strength
studies of Red Mud based Geopolymer concrete, International Journal
of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, 6(2), pp 10-32.
2. Adam A.A, et al. (2010), Strength, sorptivity and carbonation of
geopolymer concrete, Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions in
Structural Engineering and Construction, Taylor Francis Group,
London, pp 563-568. 3. Ambily P S, Madheswaran C K, Lakhsmanan N,
Dattatreya J K, Jaffer Sathik S A (2012), Experimental studies on
Shear behaviour of reinforced GPC thin webbed T-beams with and
without fibres, International Journal Of Civil And Structural
Engineering, 3(1), pp 128-140.
17. 4. Boskovic Ivana, Vukcevic Mira, Krgovic Milun, Ivanovic
Mileta and Zejak Radomir (2013), The Influence of Raw Mixture and
Activators Characteristics on Red- Mud based Geopolymers, Research
Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 17 (1), pp 34- 40. 5. Sharda
Dhadse, Pramila Kumari and L J Bhagia "Fly ash characterization,
utilization and government initiatives in India-A review" Journal
of Scientific & Industrial Research vol.67, January 2008,
pp.11-18. 6. Alaa M. Rashad "A preliminary study on the effect of
fine aggregate replacement with metakaolin on strength and abrasion
resistance of concrete" Construction and Building Materials 44
(2013) 487-495. 7. Mohammad Panjehpour, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali1,
Ramazan Demirboga" A review for characterization of
18. silica fume and its effects on concrete properties"
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering &
Technology (ISSN: 2180-3242) Vol 2, Issue 2, December 2011. 8. M.
Ahmaruzzaman "A review on the utilization of fly ash" Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science 36 (2010) pp-327363. 9. Aiswarya S,
Prince Arulraj G, Dilip C "A review on use of Metakaolin in
concrete"IRACST Engineering Science and Technology: An
International Journal (ESTIJ), ISSN: 2250-3498,Vol.3, No.3, June
2013. 10. Chandana Sukesh1, Bala Kris Chandana Sukesh1, Bala
Krishna Katakam1, P Saha and K. Shyam Chamberlin "A Study of
Sustainable Industrial Waste Materials as Partial replacement of
Cement" IACSIT Coimbatore Conferences IPCSIT vol. 28 (2012)