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Why fuel efficiency is important Environmental impacts and public concerns A short history of electric and hybrid technology How hybrid and electric cars work Why they are fuel efficient Advantages and issues Technological challenges Next generation of green vehicles Q&A

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Rank Country

Oil – consumption

(bbl/day) Date

1World 85,220,000 2007 est.

2 United States 20,680,000 2007 est.

3 European Union 14,390,000 2007

4 China 7,880,000 2007 est.

5 Japan 5,007,000 2007 est.

6 India 2,722,000 2007 est.

7 Russia 2,699,000 2007 est.

8 Germany 2,456,000 2007 est.

9 Brazil 2,372,000 2007 est.

10 Canada 2,371,000 2007 est.

18 Iran 1,600,000 2007 est.

Rest of the world 23,043,000 2007 est.

World oil consumption, 2007

World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises

US

Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

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• Oil Reserves are diminishing

• New data shows Canada has world second largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia

Global warming due to CO2 emission

Combustion (burning)

Fuel(C,H)+O2 CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)

Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned hydrocarbons

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CO2 emission 1980-1999%32 for Transportation

Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible Less CO2 emission and pollution Lower maintenance

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2009 Toyota PriusHybrid

2009 Toyota CorollaConventional

5.3 Lit/100 Km 10.5 Lit/100 Km

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE

About $780/year fuel savingsAssume $1 /1L15000km / yearInvaluable benefit for environment

1825 Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h)

1870 First electric car was build in Scotland

1897 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3

horsepower electric motor, Could be driven 50 miles between charges

1898 The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-

drive Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion

engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history7

1900 US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936

gasoline cars. In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam

1904 Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration,

and odor Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed

1997-99 Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car

manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars 2004

The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show.

Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history8

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Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE

•87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted•Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels•5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake•17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque

1. Engine is turned off at: Stops Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives

the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned

off, Regenerative braking is applied 1. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high

or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone

2. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

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A B)( 22

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1BA VVmE −=

• VB > VA accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased

• VA > VB braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is reducedenergy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric generator and stored in a batteryit is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”

A B

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Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased

no need for engine power

Braking, vey little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off automatically going downhill

mghE =

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BSFC [g/kWh]

Engine MapOptimum operating rang

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Hybrid Demo

Click on the link below to see a hybrid animation

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Prius does not have•step gears •clutch or•torque converter•starter motor •alternator

Schematic diagram of Priuswww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

VCU

Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission

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Prius Planetary Gearwww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission

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Prius Hybridwww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

Hybrid engine is smaller than conventional the engine

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Have comparable speed and power Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can

have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox

fluid Lower maintenance Lower price Good for inner city short trips Simple and mature tech Low noise

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100 years old

Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both

GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on electric power alone

Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40-mile range is exceeded

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Chevrolet Volt

Currently more expensive than conventional Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors

weight Limited battery life Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel Reliability, still under study, More complex computer controlled systems May have drivability issues Expensive to repair

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Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere: home, parking and street with metering device

Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type of cars.

Travels short distances, inner city Low speed Battery charging takes time Limited battery life Safety issues Need new regulatory standards and New building electric code

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Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it. This will impact fuel economy

Fuel economy is dependant

on battery capacity

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The Honda Insight’s battery pack120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V) Nickel metal hydride 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery life

Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid) Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km

more) Batteries are expensive Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the

battery Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces

dramatically) Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

Opportunity for researchers:

Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments and industries

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• Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors• Hybrid Buses• Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems• Hybrid trains• EVs everywhere

Hybrids on the Market

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A fail safe system?