GSM Traffic Cases

GSM Traffic Cases

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING(2016-2017)

TAE- 3Technical PowerPoint Presentation

Subject:

Wireless Communication

Year/Semester: 4td Year | 7th Sem | Section: ‘C’

Submitted By:Adarsh Pisey (24) | Akash J. Shahu(26) | Amol Wagh (27) |

Ashish M. Pandey (30) Mandar Muley (33)

GSM Traffic Cases

Introduction:• The Traffic cases will include calls and the operation

that supports a Subscriber Mobility: 1. Location Updating Operations.2. Handover Cases.• All the possible GSM traffic cases consists of:1. Call Establishments2. Data Calls3. Short Message Services.

GSM Traffic CasesCont..

GSM Traffic Cases

Introduction:• The Mobile Station can be powered ‘off’, or the SIM card can be

removed from the mobile, or the mobile can be ‘on’ but located in an area without service.

• In all these cases, the mobile station is considered to be in Detached condition.

• Otherwise, the mobile station can powered ‘on’ within the GSM system and will subsequently enter into an attached relationship with the system.

• The Mobile station is attached in Two different ways:1. Ideal State2. Active or Dedicated State

GSM Traffic CasesCont..

GSM Traffic Cases

Concept:• In the Attached mode mobile station may

changes from Ideal to Active Mode.• As the result of call setup, short message

service transfer, location updating or supplementary service procedure.

GSM Traffic Cases

Types of GSM Traffic Cases

1. Call Setup

2. Location Updating

3. Call Handover

GSM Traffic Cases

CALL Setup

Call set up can be classified into two major categories, they are:

1. Call From MS (Mobile Originated call) (MOC).

2. Call to MS (Mobile Terminated call) ( MTC).

GSM Traffic Cases

CALL SetupCall From MS (Mobile Originated call) (MOC).

• Mobile Originated call is possible when the MS is attached with the MSC/VLR and is listening to the system information.

1. The MS requests a SDCCH using RACH ( Point 1, 2a, 2b, 2c of Normal Location Updating all are also occurred internally or in background.)

2. The MS indicates that it wants to set up a call. The identity of the MS, IMSI is analyzed and the MS is marked as busy in the VLR.

GSM Traffic Cases


3. Authentication is performed.

4. Ciphering may be initiated.

5. The MSC receives a setup message from the MS. This includes the kind of service the MS wants and the B-number. MSC verify that the MS doesn’t have services like barring of outgoing calls. If the MS is not barred, the setup of call proceeds.

GSM Traffic Cases


6. Between the MSC and the BSC a link is established and a PCM time slot is seized. The MSC sends a request to the BSC to assign a TCH. The BSC assigns a TCH to the call (if there is an idle TCH available) and tells the BTS to activate the channel. The BTS sends an acknowledgement when the activation is completed and the BSC orders the MS to switch over to the TCH. The BSC informs the MSC when the assignment is complete.

GSM Traffic Cases


7. An alert message is sent to the MS indicating that a ringing tone has been generated on the other side. The ringing tone generated in the exchange on the B- subscriber side is sent t the MS via the group switch in the MSC.

8. When the B subscriber answers, the network sends a connect message to the MS indicating that the call is accepted . The MS returns a connect acknowledgement which completes the call set-up.

GSM Traffic Cases

CALL SetupCall to MS (Mobile Terminated call) ( MTC).

1. The number dialed by the calling party is called the Mobile station ISDN number (MSISDN). If the call is being made from a PSTN exchange, the exchange analyses the number and decides that the call is for a GSM subscriber

2. From PSTN, the call is routed to the GMSC in the home PLMN of the called MS.

3. By analyzing the MSISDN, the GMSC finds out which HLR the subscriber is registered in. GMSC asks the HLR for information so the call can be routed to the MSC/VLR where the MS is temporarily registered.

GSM Traffic Cases

CALL SetupCall to MS (Mobile Terminated call) ( MTC).

4. The HLR contacts the VLR and gets the roaming number.

5. The HLR forwards the roaming number to the GMSC.

6. With the help of the roaming number (MSRN) , the GMSC can route the call to the appropriate MSC. The call is routed to the MSC.

7. The MSC knows which location area the MS is located in and sends a paging message to the BSCs handling this location area.

8. The BSC distributes the paging message to the BTSs in the LAI.

9. The BTSs page the MS using IMSI .

GSM Traffic Cases

Location Updating Need for Location updating:• It should be possible for the MS to receive a call from the network at any time at any

location.• While the MS moves freely within a network, the network should know about its

whereabouts, in terms of its location and the cell with which it is attached.• The MS should update the network whenever it changes the location and is called

Location Updating.• Three types of location updating:

1. Location updating normal.

2. IMSI attach.

3. Periodic Registration.

GSM Traffic Cases

Location updating Normal.Normal:• A location area is the area handled by

one or more BTSs where the MS can move around without updating the network.

• A location area is controlled by one or more BSCs but strictly by one MSC.

• MS gets the location area identity of the serving cell, through listening the BCCH.

• MS compares the Location Area Identity (LAI) to the one stored in the MS through the SIM card & if LAI differs from the one stored in the SIM card, the MS decides to do a location update, type normal.

GSM Traffic Cases

Location updating Normal.Normal:

1. The MS listens to the system information on BCCH Channel, compares the LAI with the one stored in SIM card. When it finds the difference, it decides to do an location update.

2a. The MS sends a channel request message through RACH channel.

2b. The message received by the BTS is forwarded to the BSC. The BSC allocates a SDCCH, if there is one idle, and tells the BTS to activate it.

2c. BTS give acknowledgement on AGCH channel.

GSM Traffic Cases


3. The MS sends a location updating request message which contains the identity of the MS, the identity of the old location area and the type of updating.

4a. The authentication parameter is sent to the MS. If the MS is not already registered in this MSC/VLR the appropriate HLR or the previously used MSC/VLR must be contacted to retrieve MS subscriber data and authentication parameters.

4b. MS sends an answer calculated using the received authentication parameter.

GSM Traffic Cases


5. If authentication is successful, the VLR is updated.

6. The MS receives an acceptance of the location updating.

7a. The BTS is told to release the SDCCH.7b. The MS is told to release the SDCCH

and switches to idle mode.

GSM Traffic Cases

During the location change, if the MS is busy in call, it receives the information about the new LAI on the SDCCH. The location updating (above said procedure) takes place after the call is released.

Location Updating IMSI attach•MSI attach is used by the MS to notify the system that it was powered on, provided it is still•in the same location area as it was when it entered the detached state.•This procedure is to be used only when the IMSI detach flag is set in the VLR.•If the flag is set in the HLR, switching to active mode•requires a normal location updating of the MS.

GSM Traffic Cases

Location Updating IMSI attach1. The MS requests a SDCCH ( The

point number 1 , 2a, 2b , 2c all are same as in Normal Updating).

2. The system receives the IMSI attach message from the MS.

3. The MSC sends the IMSI attach message to the VLR. The VLR removes the IMSI detached flag and resumes normal call handling for the MS.

4. The VLR returns the IMSI attach acknowledge message to the MSC.

5. The MS also receives an acknowledge message.

GSM Traffic Cases

Location Updating Periodic Registration• Periodic registration is a type of location

updating procedure that is used to avoid unnecessary paging of the mobile in cases where the MSC never receives the IMSI detach message and also to prevent damage in case of database failure.

GSM Traffic Cases

1. The MS is informed via the system information if periodic registration is used in the cell. If periodic registration is used, the MS is told how often it must register. The time is set by a counter where the values are 0 to 255 deci-hours (a unit of six minutes). If the parameter is set to zero means periodic registration is not used, if the parameter is set to twenty for example, then MS must register every two hours.

Location Updating Periodic Registration2. The procedure is controlled by a timer

both in the MS and in MS.3. When the timer in the MS expires, the

MS performs a location updating, type periodic registration and the timers in MS and MSC restart.

4. In the MSC there is a time scanning function for the MS, if the MS does not register within the determined interval plus a guard time, then the scanning function in MSC detects this and the MS is flagged as detached .

GSM Traffic Cases

Call Handover

GSM Traffic Cases

The process of handover or handoff within any cellular system is of great importance. It is a critical process and if performed incorrectly handover can result in the loss of the call. Dropped calls are particularly annoying to users and if the number of dropped calls rises, customer dissatisfaction increases and they are likely to change to another network. Accordingly GSM handover was an area to which particular attention was paid when developing the standard.Types of Handover:

1. Intra-BTS handover:

2. Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover:

3. Inter-BSC handover:

4. Inter-MSC handover:

Call Handover

GSM Traffic Cases

Intra-BTS handover: This form of GSM handover occurs if it is required to change the frequency or slot being used by a mobile because of interference, or other reasons. In this form of GSM handover, the mobile remains attached to the same base station transceiver, but changes the channel or slot.

Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover: This for of GSM handover or GSM handoff occurs when the mobile moves out of the coverage area of one BTS but into another controlled by the same BSC. In this instance the BSC is able to perform the handover and it assigns a new channel and slot to the mobile, before releasing the old BTS from communicating with the mobile.

Inter-BSC handover: When the mobile moves out of the range of cells controlled by one BSC, a more involved form of handover has to be performed, handing over not only from one BTS to another but one BSC to another. For this the handover is controlled by the MSC.

Inter-MSC handover: This form of handover occurs when changing between networks. The two MSCs involved negotiate to control the handover.

Engineering

GSM Traffic Cases