February, 2015

LAMANNA Luigi Franco

June, 2015SEPTEMBER, 2016

INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR GROUNDS

SUPPORT, CONSOLIDATION AND WATER SEALINGS FOR THE

MINING INDUSTRY, TUNNELLINGS AND ENGINEERING

THE NAME PRODUCTS, DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS:

“GLOBALFOAM-SP (Fire resistant)”

CAVITY FILLING - silicon-mineral-organic formula with a high expansion capacity studied for

waterproofing and consolidating friable rocks and earth, filling cracks and cavities, ducting water in water

table areas. Non-toxic and self extinguishing, no production of harmful fumes.FIRE RESISTANT.

“GLOBALFOAM-WR” and “GLOBALFOAM-WR-NF (Fire resistant)”

WATER SEALING - polyurethane resin extremely reactive on contact with water, suitable for sealing

cracks, joints, empty spaces, as well as consolidating crushed rock or concrete areas, provided that

there is humidity

“GLOBALFOAM-PU” and “GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF (Fire resistant)”

WATER SEALING - polyurethane resin, self-estinguishing,, suited for sealing of cracks, joints, cavity

filling, and for consolidation of crusche manufacture made of stone or cement, in presence of dampness.

In contact with water starts a chimica reaction that forms a closed-cells consolidating foam, which is

waterproof and has a good chimica stability. FIRE RESISTANT

“GLOBALSTONE-M” and “GLOBALSONE-LV50 (Fire resistant)”

SEALING AND STRUCTURAL BONDING OF FISSURES AND CRACKS (FLEX) - STRATA

CONSOLIDATION – Organic-mineral two components resin, not expansible, characterized by low

viscosity, excellent chimica stability, mechanical resi stance and flexibility. Ideal for water-proofing

fractured rock, consolidation of loose land and rock, crack and cavity filling. Especially suitable for

bonding injection drill bolts because the resins cure within just a few minutes and the bolt can be loaded

in a very short time. FIRE RESISTANT.

Ground support is necessary when voids (empty spaces) are created underground. Some means of support is required

in order to maintain the stability of the openings that are excavated.

The competeny of the rock being mined will determine how large a void may be created and what ground support

methods will be necessary to maintain a safe working environment.

THIS SUPPORT COMES IS TWO FORMS:

1) – AREA GROUND SUPPORT

Area ground support is used to prevent major ground failure. Holes are drilled into the back (celing) and walls and a long

steel rod (or rock bolt) is installed to hold thr ground together. There are three categories of rock bolt, differentiated by

how they engage the host rock. They are:

1.a) – Mechanically anchored bolts;

2.a) – Fully grouted rock bolts;

3.a) – Friction-anchored rock bolts.

2) – LOCAL GROUND SUPPORT

Local ground support is used to prevent smaller rock from falling from the backs and walls. Not all excavations require

local ground support.

Welded Wire Mesh is a metal screen with 100 x 100 mm (4 inch) openings. It is held to the backsusing point anchor

bolts or resin grouted rebar.

Shotcrete is fiber reinforced spray on concrete which coats the backs and walls preventing smaller rocks from falling.

Shotcrete thickness can be between 50 mm – 100 mm.

All photos illustred (partial text) are copied from the WEB – Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz

“GLOBALSTONE”

ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA CONSOLIDATION

ROCK REINFORCEMENT ZONE STRESSED

REINFORCED ARCH IN ROCK

ROCK REINFORCEMENT

RO

CK

TU

NN

EL

ING

MA

CH

INE

EP

B T

BM

SL

UR

RY

T

BM

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O

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AIL

UR

E M

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NIS

MS

A) - UPPER PART BLOW-OUT

B) – LOWER PART COLLAPSE

CRITICAL SLURRY PRESSURE

In order to study the possibility of partial failure, two partial failure mechanisms are used as shown in

Figure (TWO KINDS OF PARTIAL FAILURE MECHANISMS), corresponding to the blow-out of the

upper part of tunnel and the collapse of the lower part of tunnel. The partial failure is assumed to occur

in an area with a vertical axis Dl, where Dl (0,D). In upper part blow-out mechanism, as shown in Figure

A), the top of the failure area passesthrough the tunnel crown. In the lower part collapse mechanism, as

shown in Figure B), the botton of the failure area passes through the tunnel invert. The upper part

collapse and lower part blow-out are not considered because they are less dangerous.

(Stability analisis of large slurry shield-driven tunnel in soft clay – Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground – Ng, Huang & Liu (eds) – 2009 Taylor & Francis

Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-48475-6)

COLLAPSE GROUND

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TECHNICAL DATA:

Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 100 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).

Compressive strength: 55,9 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Flexure strenght: 20,7 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Tensile strenght: 14,2 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

TECHNICAL DATA:

Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 83 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).

Compressive strength: 51,97 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Flexure strenght: 26,50 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

KEY FEATURES OF THE "FORMULATION" ARE:

Durability of “GLOBALSTONE” exceeding 500 years (we believe that can exceed 1,000- 2000 years without

being subject to any degradation): ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any

process of deterioration.

“GLOBALSTONE-M” and “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

- GLOBALSTONE-M (BOLTING SYSTEM FOR TUNNELLING AND MINING):

SEALING AND STRUCTURAL BONDING OF FISSURES AND CRACKS - two-component silicon-mineral-organic

formula with low viscosity, does not expand, with high mechanical strength. Ideal for waterproofing broken rocks,

consolidating land and rocks subject to land slide, filling cracks and cavities as well as for constructions, coatings and

insulating materials, for waterproofing the walls of tanks and aqueducts. Non-toxic and non-polluting.FIRE RESISTANT.

- GLOBALSTONE-LV50 (BOLTING SYSTEM FOR TUNNELLING AND MINING):

SEALING AND STRUCTURAL BONDING OF FISSURES AND CRACKS (FLEX) - STRATA CONSOLIDATION –

Organic-mineral two components resin, not expansible, characterized by low viscosity, excellent chimica stability,

mechanical resi stance and flexibility. Ideal for water-proofing fractured rock, consolidation of loose land and rock, crack

and cavity filling. Especially suitable for bonding injection drill bolts because the resins cure within just a few minutes and

the bolt can be loaded in a very short time. FIRE RESISTANT.

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Air piston diameter 160 mm

High pressure piston diameter 25 mm

Pressure ratio 1:40

High-pressure flow rate of each

pump cycle 49 cm3

Max working pressure 190 bar

Air connection diameter 10 bar

Max actuating pressure RD 32 X 1/8

Suction connection diameter RD 32 x 1/8

High pressure outlet connection DN 10

Max flow rate 8 l/min

DIMENSIONS

Length 720 mm

Depth 330 mm

Height 370 mm

Weight 74 kg

DIAGRAM PERFORMANCE

THE PNEUMATIC DRIVEN SINGLE PLUNGER PUMP FORTUNNEL AND MINING

MIXING TUBE COMPLETE – L= 1200 mm – with 4/5 mixingelements and connection nipple DN10 and thread M 20 x 1,5 mt

ILLUSTRATIONS OF TRADITIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION (MINES)

ME

SH

R

OC

KB

OLT

TIP

ICA

LLY

ME

CH

AN

ICA

L

INJ

EC

TIO

N P

AC

KE

RS

TR

AD

ITIO

NA

L M

ET

HO

D O

F

INJ

EC

TIN

G R

ES

IN

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ADHESION

RESIN INJECTION

CEMENT

“GLOBALSTONE-LV50” AND “GLOBALSTONE-M”

ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA

CONSOLIDATION

- CONVENIENT

- SIMPLE

- VERY HIGH STR. ANCHOR

- PERFECT FOR VERTICAL AND OVERHEAD ROUTING

ROCKBOLTSTHESE ARE REINFORCING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE TENSIONED DURING INSTALLATION. THEY CONSIST OF

A ROD AND MECHANICAL OF GROUTED ANCHORAGE (RESIN INJECTION) COUPLED WITH SOME MEANS

OF APPLYING AND RETAINING THE ROD TENSION. MECHANICAL FIXING ARE SUITABLE FOR HARD ROCK,

WHEREAS GROUTED, FIXED LENGTH BOLTS CAN BE USED IN MOST ROCK TYPES. THE LENGTH VARIES

BETWEEN 2 TO 8 M FOR RESIN INJECTION BARS, AND 3 TO 20 M FOR AN EXPANDING SHELL FIXING ON A

BAR.

YES

NO

PNEUMATIC HAND-HELD COCK DRILLS

YES RESIN “GLOBALSTONE”

NO RESIN CARTRIDGE

MIN

ING

:A

NC

HO

RIN

G –

“GLOBALSTONE

-M”

HA

RD

RO

CK

:R

OC

K IN

JEC

TIO

N –

“GLOBALSTONE

-LV50”

TEST WITH “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

All photos illustred are copied from the WEB

GROUT ROCK BOLT SUJECT TO LATERAL FORCE

GLOBALSTONE-LV50 INJECTION

INJECTION WITH TRADITIONAL

RESIN OR CEMENT-BASED

PRODUCTS

TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF BREAKING

OF CEMENT-BASED PRODUCTS

THE PRODUCT HAS GREATER

PENETRATION INTO CRACKS

(0.005 INCHES)

FRACTURED ROCK

THE ”GLOBALSTONE-LV50" IS ABLE TO

ABSORB THE DEFORMATIONS WITHOUT

BREAKING

BAR

BAR

GROUT (RESIN) PERMEATED SOIL

TECHNICAL DATA:

Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 100 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).

Compressive strength: 55,9 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Flexure strenght: 20,7 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Tensile strenght: 14,2 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.T

ES

T “

GL

OB

AL

ST

ON

E-M

”

DRILLING INJECTION INSTALLATION

PE

NE

TR

A

INT

O C

RA

CK

S O

F 0

,25 m

m

"GLOBALSTONE-M" (thixotropic) - two-component injection resin, polyurea silicate, fire resistant, for

consolidation of land:

- consolidation of fractured rock in underground structures;

- coalbed consolidation;

- support with bolts (anchor blocks);

- does not absorb water; border time> 1 min.

TH

IXO

TR

OP

IC

SO HERE'S WHAT HAPPENS WHEN USED FOR CARTRIDGES ANCHOR BARS

NO- CARTRIDGES

- CEMENTYES

- CHEMICAL INJECTION GROUTING "GLOBALSTONE-M"

OR "GLOBALSTONE-LV 50"

NO

NO

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WE

B

SEGREGATION AMONG ROCK BOLTSBOLT ANCHORAGE LYING NEAR

THE SCREENED ENTRY IS STABLE AND THE FLOOR IS CLEAR. ??

ENTRY UNSCREENED IS IMPASSABLE.

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WE

B

TECHNICAL DATA:

Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 83 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).

Compressive strength: 51,97 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

Flexure strenght: 26,50 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.

TEST BY "CORE DRILLING" IN A

CONCRETE DAM 40 METERS DEEP

GL

OB

AL

ST

ON

E-L

V50

DRILLING INJECTION INSTALLATION

CO

T W

OO

D F

OR

FIX

ING

"GLOBALSTONE-LV50" - resin injection bi-component polyurea silicate, fire resistant, for consolidation of land:

- Figure in existing procedures for injecting resin into the hole where you must anchor the bars are shown. The

procedures ensure good control over the effective fill the space between the bolts and the rock, though, if you

get to make a correct tape it is preferred method based on the resin bubbling up in the talabro;

- border time > 4 min.P

EN

ET

RA

IN

TO

CR

AC

KS

OF

0,0

05 -

0,1

0 m

m

GROUT (RESIN)

PERMEATED SOIL

ROCK INJECTION BOLT IS USED WHEN THE CONVENTIONAL CONSOLIDATION (WITH PACKING

AND DIFFUSER) CAN NOT WAIT TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE STABILIZATION:

- STABILIZING INPUT THONG;

- INTERSECTION OF FAULTS;

- DEPUTY OF ROCK FALL IN THE POSTAL PACKER LONGWALL;

- STABILIZATION OF COVERS AND FACES IN DRIFT;

- COAL FACE STABILIZATION IN LONGWALL;

- CONSOLIDATION COAL AND STRATA;

- GRP STUCK DRILLING AND STEEL BOLTS AND DRIFTS RISE AND DIRECTION DIP;

- STUCK IN SUPPORT BOLT BELT ENTRY;

- FIXING THE FACE OF THE DRIFT.

THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS REQUIRES A "GLOBALSTONE" PROPERTIES WITH ALMOST

THIXOTROPIC.

“GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA

CONSOLIDATION

-The product has greater penetration into

cracks (0.005 inches);

-The product not only anchors iron bars but

it also consolidates crumble and unstable rocks;

- The product block water inflows.

GLOBALSTONE - NON-FLAMMABLERESIN CARTRIDGE - FLAMMABLE

YESNO

NO

YES

GROUT (RESIN)

PERMEATED SOiL

Rock disaggregation between bolts extends nearly to bolt anchorage

NONO

SO HERE WHAT CAN HAPPEN WHEN CARTRIDGES ARE USED FOR

ANCHORING BARS

NO- CARTRIDGES

- CEMENTYES - INJECTION CHEMICAL GROUTING “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

RE

SIN

C

AR

TR

IDG

E

RE

SIN

C

AR

TR

IDG

E

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INJECTION OF “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

ORGANO - MINERAL FOAM FOR

STRATA CONSOLIDATION:

- the product has greater

penetration into cracks (0.005

inches);

-the product not only anchors iron

bars but it also consolidates

crumble and unstable rocks;

- the product block water inflows.

COLLAPSED COLLAPSED

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THE PNEUMATIC DRIVEN SINGLE PLUNGER PUMP FOR TUNNEL AND MINING

ROCK BOLTING/ANCHORING

TBM

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TBM S-167 STEG - HERRENKNECHT AG, ACHWANAU, DEUTSCHLAND

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BLOCKY FACE CONDITIONS, LOTSCHBERG

WERNE BURGER, Chief Engineer, Herrenknecht AG,

Schwanau

North American Tunneling Coference 2006, Chicago, U.S.A.

Hard Rock Cutterhead Design

CONSOLIDATION, PROBE DRILLS

Consolidation Drills:

Provision for dealing with weak rock conditions

provisions can be made by installing a pair of

roof bolters just behind the dust shield. This

allows a primary roof support in poor ground

conditions. Due to restricted available space,

systematic bolting should be done from the

back-up.

Probe Drills:Most TBMs provide probe drill equipment, which are generally

hydraulic percussion hammers that allow drilling up to 50 m

ahead. Special rock sampling rigs are provided on request.

It is highly recommended to perform probe drilling outside the

tunnel diameter because if the probe hole jams the drill rod,

advancing of the TBM is not hindered. If drilling in the tunnel

cross-section and the drill rod gets stuck, it is hard to get the drill

rod out because the cutterhead is not able to cut the steel, and

this ultimately damages the cutters.

PHASE 1

ROCK THE TBM-EPB MUST STOP IMMEDIATELY

REFLUX OF THE GROUND IN CONTACT

WITH TBM-EPB

PHASE 2

CONTROLLED

EXPLOSION

“GLOBALFOAM-BT-FLEX”

ELIMINATION OF ALL LAND SURROUNDING

AREA THE BLOCK OF ROCK

PHASE 3

GLOBALFOAM-SP INJECTION

GLOBALSTONE-LV50 INJECTIONLAND FILL

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POSSIBLE DRILL PATTERN AHEAD OF THE

TUNNEL FACE

PERMANT DRILL INSTALLATION AT THE FRONT

END OF THE TRAILING GEAR BEHIND THE ERECTOR

WERNE BURGER, Chief Engineer, Herrenknecht AG,

Schwanau

FRANCOIS DUDOUIT, Skanska – Vinci JV

Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Coference 2009, Las

Vegas, U.S.A.

The hallandsas dual mode TBM Cutterhead Design

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COLLAPSED

COLLAPSED

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INJECTION OF “GLOBALSTONE-LV50” ORGANO - MINERAL FOAM FOR WATERPROOFING

AND STRATA CONSOLIDATION:

- the product has greater penetration into cracks (0.005 inches);

- the product block water inflows.

THE GLOBALSTONE-LV50

BLOCK WATER INFLOWS

THE GLOBALSTONE-LV50

BLOCK WATER INFLOWS

WATER

WATER

WATER

GROUT (RESIN) PERMEATED SOIL

INJECTION OF THE SILICATE RESINS TO BLOCK THE INFILTRATION OF WATER IN A GALLERY OF SERVICES:

1st step): - injection of “GLOBAFOAM-WR”;

2nd step): - injection of “GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”.

INJECTION “GLOBALFOAM-WR”

INJECTION “GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

SOME APPROACHES FOR STOPPINGWATER INGRESS INTO TUNNELS:1) – “GLOBALFOAM-WR”;2) – “GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

WATER

All photos illustred are copied from the WEB

EA

RTH

P

RESSU

RE B

ALA

NC

ED

R

EC

TAN

GU

LAR

SH

IELD

M

AC

HIN

E

“GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF” AND “GLOBALFOAM-SP” INJECTION

THE PNEUMATIC DRIVEN SINGLE PLUNGER PUMP

FOR TUNNEL AND MINING

TBM

WATER BEARING ZONE

INJ ECTION “GLOBALFOAM-WR” RESIN

FOAMS UPON CONTACT WITH WATER

(One component water sealing injection

resin for cracks and fissures in rock)

INJ ECTION “GLOBALFOAM-WR” RESIN

FOAMS UPON CONTACT WITH WATER

(One component water sealing injection

resin for cracks and fissures in rock)

INJ ECTION “GLOBALFOAM-SP” RESIN

PROBE DRILLHOLE

When the most important problem is water the basic principle of pre-ground treatment is to utilized the ground surrounnding the

tunnel as a load bearing ring and make it an integral part of the primary support and lining.

This conceprt can be reached by creating a tight ground ring around the lining so that the hydrostatic pressure inthe outer permeable

ground would act on the grouted ring instead of on the lining.

All photos illustred are copied from the WEB

Refers to a group of undeground mining techniques

used to extract coal, oil shale, tar sands, salt and other

minerals or geological materials from sedimentary

(“soft”) rocks.

Mining deposits in sedimentary rocks are commonly

layered and relatively less hard.

Refers to various underground mining techniques used

to excavate hard rocks, mainly those containing metals

such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc,

nickel and lead, but also involves using the same

techniques for excavating ores of gems such as

diamonds.

Mining deposits in hard (sedimentary or igneous or

metamorphic) rocks are commonly massive and hard.

Mining can be done by any one of the following

methods:

1) - Longwall mining;

2) - Room-and-pillar mining;

3) - Blast mining;

4) - Shortwall mining;

5) - Coal Skimming.

Mining can be done by the following methods:

a) - Short-hole and Long-hole mining methods;

b) - Selective and unselective mining methods;

c) - Supported and Unsupported underground mining

methods.

All photos illustred (partial text) are copied from the WEB – Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz

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METHODS OF SURFACE MINING CONTINUOUS MINERS CEILING WITH SUPPORT

ROTATING DRUM MACHINE - ROADHEADER PNEUMATIC PERFORATORS

ROCK INJECTION- Fast setting pre-injection systems;- Cavity filling;- Ground stabilization;

ANCHORING- Perfect for vertical and overhead grouting;- Rock bolting (advanced technology).

INJECTION- Pre-injection for water stopping and ground consolidation;- Post-injection for strata consolidation, cavity filling and water stopping.

FIELDS OF APPLICATION IN MINES- Mine backfill;- Cavity filling;- Coal face stabilization;- Coal and strata consolidation.

GLOBALSTONE-M

THE PNEUMATIC DRIVEN SINGLE PLUNGER PUMP FOR MINING

ROCK BOLTS CAN BE INSTALLED BOTH INDIVIDUALLY AND WITH SYSTEMATIC BOLTING. SYSTEMATIC BOLTING IS A

PRE-PLANNED PATTRN OF BOLTS BASED ON GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, BUT INDIVIDUAL BOLTS ARE ALSO

INSTALLED TO FIX SINGLE LOOSE BLOCKS (NILSEN AND PALMSTROM, 2000)

GLOBALSTONE-M COAL PILLAR

THE PNEUMATIC DRIVEN SINGLE PLUNGER PUMP

FOR MINING

-“GLOBALSTONE-M”, ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA CONSOLIDATION

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2 Current PUR Injection Design Process

INJECTION ARRAYS. THESE PUMPING PATTERNS CAN HAVE A NUMBER OF CONFIGURATIONS. A

TYPICAL INJECTION PATTERN FOR AN INTERSECTION WILL HAVE INJECTION HOLE ANGLED OVER

THE RIB ON 3 M (10 ft.) CENTERS SPANNING EACH CROSSCUT IN THE INTERSECTION.

“GLOBALSTONE-M” (PUR) MAY BE INJECTED OVER THE RIB ON EACH SIDE OF THE INTERSECTION.

THESE INJECTIONHOLES WILL BE PACKED OFF THE DESTABILIZED ZONE, AND THEN (PUR)

“GLOBALSTONE” IS INJECTED TO ERECT A “GROUT CURTAIN” WHICH ACT AS A BARRIER AND PERMIT

INFILLING OF THE INTERSECTION. THE HOLES ARE EITHER PUMPED TO A PREDETERMINED VOLUME

OR PRESSURE OR INJECTED TO REFUSAL. THE HOLES WILL BE DRILLED AND PUMPED IN THE

CENTER OF THE INTERSECTION TO COMPLETE INFILLING OF THE PATTERN. THE EXACT

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE DESIGN ARE OFTEN DETERMINED BY EXSPERIENCE OF THE CONTRACTOR.

REINFORCING COAL MINE ROOF WITH POLYURETHANE INJECTION:4 CASE STUDIES

Gregory MolindaPittsburg Research Laboratory, National Institute for Occupation Safety and Health – NIOSH , Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 18070, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.

All photos illustred are copied from the WEB

VIDEO LOGS OF ROOF HOLES IN SELECTED INTERSECTIOS BEFORE “PUR” INJECTION

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FRACTURES FILLED WITH “PUR” IN SELECTED INTERSECTIONS AFTER “PUR” INJECTION

All photos illustred are copied from the WEB

GLOBALSTONE-LV50

ROCK BOLTING SYSTEM FOR MININGANCHORAGE OF A BLOCK WITH COHESION ON THE BOARDS

IDEALLY MOUNTED PNEUMATIC OR HYDRAULIC HAMMER DRILLS ARE USED

“GLOBALSTONE-SERIES” ISA RAPID-HARDENING ANDRAPID- CURING SILICATERESINS.

“GLOBALSTONE SERIES”MAY BE USED WITHOVERHEAD BOREHOLES WITHLARGE DIAMETERS AS WELLSINCE IT HARDENS VERYQUICKLY RIGHT AFTERMIXING.

ONCE BOTH COMPONENTSHAVE BEEN MIXEDTOGETHER, THE RESINBEGINS HARDENING,BECOMES VISCOUS ANDCANNO T FLOW EVEN INTOLARGECRACKS ON ITS OWNBUT HAS TO BE PUMPED IN

MECHANICALLY ANCHORED BOLTS

“TAMROCK ROBBOLT” FULLY MECHANIZED BOLTING UNIT

MECHANICALLY ANCHORED BOLTS

ARE USUALLY WEDGE OR

EXPANSION-SHELL BOLTS THAT

ARE POINTANCHORED AT THE

BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.

THE BOLT HAS AN EXPANDING

ANCHOR AT ITS END. AFTER

INSERTION, THE BOLT IS EITHER

ROTATED OR PRESSED/HAMMERED

AGAINST THE BOTTOM OF THE

HOLE. THIS EXPANDS THE WEDGED

END AND ANCHORS THE BOLT

FIRMLY TO THE SIDES OF THE

HOLE. TO INSTALL ANCHORED

BOLTS SUCCESSFULLY, THE HOLE

SIZE MUST BE ACCURATE AND THE

ROCK MUST BE RELATIVELY SOLID.

WEDGE OR EXPANSION-SHELL

BOLTS ARE TYPICALLY MEANT FOR

TEMPORARY ROCK SUPPORT.

TOGETHER WITH CEMENT

GROUTING, IT PROVIDES BOTH

IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM

SUPPORT.

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CONSOLIDATION EARTH DAMS SYSTEM

TECHNICAL DATA “GLOBALFOAM-SP”:

- HIGH FOAMING FACTOR; - EXTINGUISHES MINE FIRES;

- REDUCE FORMWORK NEEDS; - HIGH FILLING CAPACITY;

- LOW EMISSION; - INJECTION FOR ROCK STABILIZATION;

- SEALING GAS DAMS, - FILLING EXCAVATION IN DRIFTS AND

LONGWALLS.

TE

ST

“G

LO

BA

LF

OA

M-S

P”

- THEY ARE TRAPEZOIDAL INSHAPE

- EARTH DAMS ARECONSTRUCTED WHERE THEFOUNDATION OR THEUNDERLYING MATERIAL ORROCKS ARE WEAK TOSUPPORT THE MASONRY DAMOR WHERE THE SUITABLECOMPETENT ROCKS ARE ATGREATER DEPTH.

- EARTHEN DAMS ARERELATIVELY SMALLER INHEIGHT AND BROAD AT THEBASE

- THEY ARE MAINLY BUILT WITHCLAY, SAND AND GRAVEL,HENCE THEY ARE ALSOKNOWN AS EARTH FILL DAMOR ROCK FILL DAM

DAM

RESERVOIR

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SECTION THROUGH A SMALL EARTH DAM

OF "SIPHONING" PHENOMENON. THE WATER WHICH FILTERS ERODES THE SOIL. IN A

FIRST STAGE THE SOIL IT LIQUIFY AND BRINGS TO THE SURFACE THE WATER ABUNDANTLY

ERODING THE GROUND. WHILE IN A SECOND PHASE COMES TO CREATE A REAL

CANAL WITH THE DANGER OF COLLAPSE OF THE DAM.

INJECTION OF FLUID RESIN “GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

DAM

FOUNDATION

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PHASE 02

INJECTION OF FLUID RESIN “GLOBALFOAM-SP”

DAM

RESERVOIR

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PHASE 03

WATERPROOFING AND STRENGTHENING OF BY MEANS OF OF THE ”GLOBALFOAM-SP"

INJECTIONS IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE PHENOMENON OF "FILTRATION" RAINWATER

INJECTION OF FLUID RESIN “GLOBALFOAM-SP”

DAM

FOUNDATION

RESERVOIR

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WATERPROOFING AND STRENGTHENING OF BY MEANS OF OF THE ”GLOBALFOAM-SP"

INJECTIONS IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE PHENOMENON OF "FILTRATION" RAINWATER

SUBSIDENCE PHENOMEN

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SUBSIDENCE PHENOMEN

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DAMAGES CAUSED BY THE PHENOMENON OF "SUBSIDENCE”

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BACKFILL

GLOBALFOAM-SP

SPONTYANEAUS COMBUSTION

HYDRAULIC SUPPORT

“GLOBALFOAM-SP” RESIN

FOAM FOR CAVITY FILLING,

GAS, SEALING AND FIRE

FIGHTTING IN MINING

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SOLUTIONS TO THE PHENOMENON OF "SUBSIDENCE”

A)

B)

C)

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BACKFILL – GLOBALFOAM-SP

D)

BACKFILL – GLOBALFOAM-SP

Backfilling procedure for fully mechanised coal mining with self-backfilling hydraulic supports:

- a) The moment when the first-round backfilling neighbouring the boundary coal pillar is finished;

- b) The left sketch shows the moment when the mould bag stretches as a result of the forward

movement of the hydraulic support, which is also indicated in the right photo;

- c) Backfilling material being pumped into the rear space formed by the mould bag;

- d) End of the first-round backfilling procedure.

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“GLOBALFOAM-SP” RESIN FOAM FOR CAVITY FILLING, GAS, SEALING AND FIRE FIGHTTING IN MINING

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DUST STOPPING IN MINING

Typically the GLOBALFOAM-AS is made into a 2-3% (normal range 1.5-4%) solution in water.

GLOBALCRYL-46 (see technical data sheet) can be added with the GLOBALFOAM-AS (0.5-1% in total water

solution) to strengthen the foam or adjust the properties of the excavated soil/Coal/dust.

APPLICATION

A foam is produced by dispersion of air into an aqueous solution of the Globalfoam AS.

Globalfoam AS foam solution can be expanded with air to produce a stable foam. The foam recipe, foam

expansion and the foam injection rate into the face, working cutting machines, or screw conveyor, will

depend on soil conditions encountered .

Foam is a highly efficient agent consisting of water, foam concentrate(GLOBALFOAM AS) and air. A constant

percentage of foam concentrate is steadily added to the water stream by inductors. The water foam mixture

produced in this way is converted into foam in foam generators. The degree of foaming depends on the

capacity of the foam generator, the foam concentrate and on the rate of induction. Foam is a highly efficient

agent consisting of water, foam concentrate(GLOBALFOAM AS) and air. A constant percentage of foam

concentrate

(GLOBALFOAM AS) is steadily added to the water stream by inductors. The water foam mixture produced in

this way is converted into foam in foam generators. The degree of foaming depends on the capacity of the

foam generator, the foam concentrate and on the rate of induction.

POSITION OF SPLITTER ARM MAY ALLOW DUST TO MIGRATE INTO WALKWAY

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Another type of foam generator:

Use surfactants. Surfactants such as GLOBALFOAM AS dissolve in water and can be beneficial in maintaining

the proper moisture content of the intake roadways. Surfactants decrease the surface tension of water, which

allows the available moisture to wet more particles per unit volume.

Foam discharge from shearer drum. The discharge of foam from large-diameter nozzles located in the shearer

drum has shown promise in reducing the shearer operator’s respirable dust exposures. A U.S. Bureau of

Mines research study [Laurito and Singh 1987] showed that foam can distribute a given quantity of moisture

much more evenly over a large surface area.

However, a high degree of mixing must take place between the foam and the cut coal for the foam application

to be successful in reducing dust levels.. As stated earlier, the optimum location to attack dust generated by

the cutting action of the drums is at the source. In the study by Laurito and Singh [1987], a compressed-air

foam generation system that discharged foam through 10–12 nozzles on the shearer drum was evaluated at

long wall operations. Results from the tests showed that shearer operator dust exposures were reduced by

50%–80%. Like the ventilated drum, a foam distribution system adds complexity, maintenance, and cost, but

offers the potential for improved dust control of shearer generated dust. • High-pressure inward-facing drum

sprays.

High-pressure (up to 1,200 psi), inward-facing drum sprays [Jankowski et al. 1989] have been shown to

confine the dust generated by the cutting drum to the face area. This spray system seemed to suppress the

amount of dust that becomes airborne by improving the moisture distribution efficiency of the drum sprays.

The high-pressure, inward-facing drum water spray system consists of high-pressure sprays located in each

bit block and oriented toward the coal face. Based on field tests at a long wall operation , high-pressure,

inward-facing drum sprays were most effective at reducing dust levels with the sprays oriented at 30° and

operated at 800 psi.

Dust exposure levels under these conditions were reduced by 39%. Testing has shown that the use of high-

pressure, inward-facing drum sprays had some constraints. The most objectionable from an operation

standpoint was clogging of the sprays. Rust particles from the drum were a potential source of water

contamination, increasing the risk of the sprays clogging. To minimize clogging, the spray system water

supply should be filtered. With some refinements and improvements, this system may help keep dust

generated by cutting drums confined to the face area

Foam Spray Systems

There are several types of foam sprays available for use on continuous miners to control dust.

Spray nozzle type, location, pattern, flow, and pressure are all factors to consider when designing a spray system.

The type of spray used at a particular location depends on the desired application. For example, for suppression of

dust, high flow at low pressure close to the source is most effective. For airborne dust capture, smaller high-

velocity droplets are required to impact with dust and remove it from the air. For redirection, higher pressure is

required.

Hollow-cone.

Hollow-cone sprays use a circular, outer-ring spray pattern in three different designs: whirl chamber, deflected, and

spiral sprays. These sprays produce small to medium droplet sizes. Hollow-cone sprays are the best choice for

most practical mining applications because they have larger-orifice nozzles and are less likely to clog . Standard

foam spray systems from the manufacturer typically locate hollow-cone sprays on the boom directly behind the

cutter head, on the underside of the boom, and along the sides of the cutter head. They are particularly effective for

dust knockdown, as well as redirecting dust away from the worker. •

Full-cone.

Full-cone sprays use a solid cone-shaped spray pattern with a round impact area that provides high velocity over a

distance. They produce medium to large droplet sizes over a wide range of pressures and flows. They are normally

used when the sprays need to be located farther away from the dust source or when a uniform wetting pattern is

desired, such as scrubber filters or belt transfer points. Full-cone sprays are also useful to wet the throat area of

the miner’s conveyor to suppress dust during transfer to shuttle cars. • Solid-stream. A straight, solid, uniform

stream of foam at high flow and low pressure is the goal of solid-stream sprays. They provide uniformity of wetting

of the material to be cut. They are designed to be used close to the source to deluge the area before cutting or

loading. The objective of solid-stream sprays is dust suppression. • Flat-fan. The flat-fan spray pattern comes in

three different designs: tapered, even, and deflected-type sprays. Flat-fan sprays produce small to medium droplet

sizes over a wide range of flows and spray angles and are normally located in narrow, enclosed spaces. Locating

flat-fan sprays along the side of the cutter head helps to contain dust under the boom, allowing for capture by the

scrubber inlets. Flat-fan sprays are effective for dust containment. •

Air-atomizing.

Air-atomizing spray patterns are available in two different designs: hydraulic and air assisted. Hydraulic nozzles

produce fine-mist droplet sizes and have low volume capacities. Air assisted nozzles produce the smallest

droplets of all sprays, but are the most expensive and complex to install because they require compressed air.

Although air-atomizing nozzles produce the best airborne dust capture, their use in mines is impractical due to

high maintenance requirements (i.e., they are prone to clogging) and the need to supply compressed air to each

nozzle.

GLOBALFOAM-AS product application Degree 2 dust visible only after 24 hours

DUST EMISSION ON UNTREATED ROAD

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Most continuous miners use a combination of spray types to achieve the best control. Although higher foam

pressure will raise the effectiveness of foam sprays, a marked disadvantage is that it entrains large volumes of

air and subsequently dust. This can result in dust rollback. The earliest foam sprays on a continuous miner

were used for bit lubrication, bit cooling, and dust control.

Although these sprays controlled respirable dust exposure to a limited extent, they also created large

quantities of turbulence and dust rollback. Dust rollback over the continuous miner infiltrated the operator’s

position, resulting in dust overexposure. To control rollback, sprays were relocated atop and beneath the

cutting drum. The top sprays operated at a pressure of 100 psi and a flow rate of 0.95 gpm (gallone per minute)

per spray. Two large-orifice, deluge-type sprays were mounted on the left and right underside of the boom and

directed to spray into the cutting bits. These sprays operated at a low pressure of about 7 psi and a higher flow

rate of 5 gpm per spray. Dust rollback was decreased as a result because the spray droplets moved only a

short distance before impacting on the cutting bits. The short distance also increased coal surface wetting

capabilities while minimizing turbulence. In-mine evaluations of these boom sprays show that miner operator

dust exposures are reduced by 40% compared to the factor yinstalled spray system.

FO

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VENTURI SPRAYS MOUNTED ON HEADGATE SPLITTER ARM

KEY BENEFITS OF “GLOBALFOAM-AS”:

• GOOD PENETRATION INTO THE ROAD BED FAST

• COST EFFECTIVE COMPARED TO ROAD SURFACE WATERING

• CUMULATIVE EFFECT WITH REPEATED USE

• SAVINGS ON WATER USAGE AND LABOUR

• NO IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY OR PLANT LIFE

• BIODEGRADABLE AND PROMOTE AQUATIC PLANT GROWTH

- GLOBALFOAM-AS

It is a high performance liquid foaming agent based on special biodegradable anionicsurfactants, studied to treat clayey and sandy grounds in mining and tunnels dug with full-section mechanical cutter.It produces very stable foam and it can be dilute in both fresh and salt waters, even with ahigh degree of hardness.

- GLOBALCRYL-46

It is a liquid polymer synthetic high molecular weight, formulated with special copolymers acrylamide / sodium acrylate, suitable treatment of the sludge in preparation work drilling land and civil engineering. It is as translucent milky liquid medium viscosity, extremely easy to disperse in water, which hydrolyzes forming solutions clear and highly viscous.

GROUND

TBM-EPB

COLLAPSED

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GROUND GROUND

EXAMPLE OF PROTECTION OF

MANUFACTURED AND STABILITY OF

'THE LAND BEFORE DIGGING A

TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND

EXAMPLE OF CONSOLIDATION TYPE

“TENT" UNDER THE ROADS AND

MANUFACTURED BEFORE DIGGING A

TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND

“JET-GROUTING” OR CHEMICAL RESIN

“GLOBALSTONE-M” OR “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

The serious problem is solved with the "GLOBALSTONE-M” or “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

EXAMPLE OF CONSOLIDATION OF

MANUFACTURED WITH POLES TYPE “JET-

GROUTING" BEFORE DIGGING A TUNNEL

FOR UNDERGROUND

EXAMPLE OF A CONSOLIDATION OF

RAILWAY LINE WITH POLES TYPE “JET-

GROUTING" BEFORE DIGGING A TUNNEL

FOR UNDERGROUND

“JET-GROUTING” OR CHEMICAL RESIN

“GLOBALSTONE-M” OR “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

The serious problem is solved with the "GLOBALSTONE-M” or “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

COLLAPSED

COLLAPSED

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“GLOBALSTONE-LV50” INJECTION

PHASE 01 PHASE 02

“GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF” AND “GLOBALFOAM-SP” INJECTION

WATER

STABILIZATION (RIGID) OF SUBSTRATE

INJECTION “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

- Pile foundation - Anchorage of avalanche protection structureìs

and nois barriers

- Buoyancy control

- Slope and embankment stabilization - Injection works

- Reinforcement of excavation pits and retaining walls - Foundation of pylons and wind mills

INJECTION “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

WATER / OIL TANK

ANCHORED REACTION BLOCK WALLS CONSIST OF

DISCRETE, ANCHORED CONCRETE BLOCKS PLACED

IN A PATTERN ON A SLOPE TO INCREASE THE

SLOPE STABILITY.

TYPICAL REPAIR SCHEME

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Step 1)

State of fact.

Loss of water to the subsurface

Step 2)

Drilling

Step 3)

Injection and consolidation of the

subsurface (1st filling)

Step 4)

Injection and consolidation of the

subsurface (2st filling)

Step 5)

Preparation for the consolidation of the wall

structure. All this can be done without locking

the flow of water (in this case potable water)

Step )

Consolidation of the wall structure.

Injection “GLOBALSTONE-LV50” TH

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GLOBALSTONE-LV50

GLOBALSTONE-LV50

FORMULATED (?)

DEPTH 50 METERS:

- DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MAX 50 YEARS

- DURABILITY "GLOBALSTONE" EXCEEDING 500 YEARS

DEPTH 300 METERS:

- DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MAX 100 YEARS

- DURABILITY "GLOBALSTONE" EXCEEDING 500 YEARS

SUBSOIL

CAISSONS STORAGE MADE WITH "GLOBALSTONE"

SOLUTION "A"

CAISSONS STORAGE MADE WITH "GLOBALSTONE"

DEPTH 300 METERS:

- DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MAX 100 YEARS

- DURABILITY "GLOBALSTONE" EXCEEDING 500 – 1000 YEARS

DEPTH 50 - 100 METERS:

- DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MAX 50 YEARS

- DURABILITY "GLOBALSTONE" EXCEEDING 500 - 1000 YEARS

SEA

SOLUTION “B"

INJ ECTION RESIN “GLOBALSTONE-LV50”

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RADIOACTIVE LIQUID

..life continues…

TYPICAL REPAIR SCHEME

WATER

INJECTION OF“GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

ORDER TO AVOID THAT THEWATER ENTERS THE HOLE OFOIL EXTRACTION

GAS

OIL

FAULTS

OIL DERRICK

SECTION

PLAN VIEW

WATER

WATER

INJECTION OF

“GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

ORDER TO AVOID THAT

THE WATER

ENTERS THE HOLE OF

OIL EXTRACTION

INJECTION OF

“GLOBALFOAM-PU-NF”

ORDER TO AVOID THAT

THE WATER

ENTERS THE HOLE OF

OIL EXTRACTION

HOLE

DRILLING

FOR OIL

GLOBALCHIMICA SRL is an Italian limited liability company, etablished in 1949 and

situated in Lombardore, in the North of Italy, at 20 Km from Turin and 180 Km from

Genoa, one of the bigger port of Italy. Manufacturer of chemical products for the

building, mould making and mining/tunnelling sector, Globlachimica’s factory size is of

4.500 covered square meters on a total surface of 9.700 m2.

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GLOBALCHIMICA SRL has consolidated experience on the mains markets, exporting since

1980 in Eastern Europe, North and South America, Mid East and Southeast Asia, with an export

percentage of 60 - 70 % on the total annual sales.

Internal structure of the Company is essencial but efficent. With 10 specialized employees on

the production line, team of R&D, Commercial - Export department, and Administration.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) : GLOBALCHIMICA SRL has a modern research

and development laboratory, for controlling raw materials and finished products. This allows, to

carry out elaborate organic syntheses independently in the preparation of special raw materials

and complex formulae.

QUALITY CONTROL: Company’s main purpose is customer satisfaction. To realize this aim,

helped from equipments endowed with very high technology, products are subjected to a

process to verify that all the mains features are satisfied (Density, Viscosity, Consistency,

Dynamometer tests, FTIR and other spectral controls, Chemical analysis, etc.).

TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT: E.P.C. CONSULTING SRL (Exclusive world) –

Manager: Lamanna Luigi Franco Beside internal commercial-export department, profitable is a

cooperation for Tunnelling and Mining sector with engineers and commercial assistants located

in ROME (ITALY).

CERTIFICATION : since the end of 2007, GLOBALCHIMICA SRL is working to develop ISO

9001 certification, obtained at the beginning of 2010.

Company is shared in 4 divisions :

•Tunneling and mining : Resins for stabilising ground/rock before and after conventional

digging or with TBM through injections.

•Building : GLOBALCHIMICA SRL produces a comprehensive range of paints, protective

coatings and special formulae for building and various purposes, including waterproofing road

planking, terrace roofs, car parks, tanks, aqueducts, protective coating of bridges, viaducts,

facings, forced ducts, corrosion-proofing of chemical and industrial plants; low, medium and

high thickness coating of industrial and domestic floors, structural consolidation of major

construction works (tunnels, bridges, viaducts, railways), monumental and civil restoration.

•Mould making : Production and marketing of Room Temperature Vulcanizing RTV2 silicone

rubbers and polyurethane rubbers for moulds and matrices. Epoxy formulae for moulds and

matrices.

•Defense : Production of special paints suited for protection and camouflage of military

equipments.

INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT TUNNELING , MINING AND OIL

SPECIALIZED IN MECHANIZED TUNNELING WITH HARD ROCK

TBM AND SOFT SOIL EPB SHIELDS

EXPERT AND CONSULTANT IN STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT

LAMANNA Luigi Franco, performs for 40 years professional consulting and technical

direction in the various sectors of civil, industrial, military, hydraulics, railway,

highway and recent years in the sector of “tunneling” and “mining” on the correct

use of special “resin” and related technologies for consolidation, repair and

maintenance of masonry, concrete, iron and wood.

Is the author of numerous scientific publications and is always engaged in the study

and development of “innovative materials” and related techniques and technologies

used.

- MAINTENANCE OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS, ROAD TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTIVE/DISSIPATIVEPAVEMENTS

- INJECTION RESINS SYSTEM IN TUNNELLING, MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

- DAMS and BRIDGS - REPAIR, PROTECTION AND REINFORCEMENT OF STRUCTURAL

CONCRETE

- SOLUTIONS FOR PRE-EXCAVATION GROUTING IN ROCK TUNNELING AND MINING

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Provide strong engineering solutions for our clients by

planning, designing and supervising construction of

infrastructure projects in the fields of energy, transportation,

resources, urban and public sector development.

- Hydropower - Tunnels

- Railways - Mining

- Roads - Bridgs

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Co

nsu

ltan

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EXPOSURE OF OUR PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIRS

GLOBALCHIMICA srl

16-18, via del Boschetto

10040 LOMBARDORE (TORINO) – ITALY - U.E.

e-mail: info @ globalchimica.com

TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT:

DIVISIONS:

- TUNNELLING

- MINING

- OIL

- CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERGROUND ENG.

- TBM-EPB (GREASE-SEALANTS, SOIL CONDITIONING FOAMS AND POLIMERS)

Mr. LAMANNA LUIGI FRANCO

132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROME – ITALY - U.E.

e-mail: lamannaluigifranco1 @ gmail.com

Luigi Franco, Mr. LAMANNA

132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROME, ITALY, U.E.

INDEPENDENT TECHNICAL CONSULTANT

Tunnelling Consultant Specialized in Mechanized Tunnelling with

Hard Rock TBM and Soft Soil EPB Shields

Expert and Consultant in structural reinforcement

e-mail: lamannaluigifranco1 @ gmail.com

LIBERATORIA

Questo PDF è un prodotto amatoriale al quale non può essere applicato l'art. 5 della legge italiana 08

Febbraio 1948 n. 47, poiché l'aggiornamento delle notizie in esso contenute non ha periodicità regolare

(art. 1 comma 3, legge 07 Marzo 2001 n. 62).

Questo PDF non rappresenta una testata giornalistica o quant’altro e i post editi hanno lo scopo di stimolare

la discussione e l’approfondimento tecnico, la critica e la libertà di espressione del pensiero, nei modi e nei

termini consentiti dalla legislazione italiana vigente.

Come a conoscenza in tutto il mondo il materiale pubblicato su Internet è di dominio pubblico. Tuttavia, se

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DISCLAIMER

This PDF is an amateur product which can not be applied Article. 5 of the Italian Law No 8 February 1948 n.

47, since the updating of the information contained in it has no regular periodicity (art. 1 paragraph 3, of the

law 7 March 2001 n. 62).

This PDF is not represent a journalistic head or whatever and posts published are intended to stimulate

discussion and the technical study, criticism and freedom of expression of thought, in the manner and within

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We declare, moreover, they are not responsible for the comments included in the post. Any reader

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