Presentation Organization

1) Definition2) Historical background of Glass3) Glass making processes 4) Types & Utilization of Glass 5) Consumption of Glass6) Recycling of Glass7) Social, environmental and health impacts

Definition An amorphous solids. The term is usually applied to inorganic solids and not to plastics or otherorganics.Glasses do not have crystalline internal structure.

They usually are hard and brittle solidsExamples: borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, isinglass

Historical background of Glass

It is thought to have been first created around 3000 BC, during the bronze age. Egyptian glass beads date back to about 2500 BC. As early as 4000 BC glass was used in the Middle East as a glaze to decorate beads. By 1550 BC, coloured glass vessels were widespread and used for cooking and drinking. Glass makes up around 7% of the average household dustbin.

History of Human Using Glass:

People have used glass dating back to 5000 B.C Ancient Egypt: earliest use of glass, for royalty and

priest as luxuries Usually use as containers or for decoration purposes

in human history

Manufacturing Process of Glass

Natural Resources for manufacturing of Glass

Silica sand 72% Soda Ash 17% Lime 5%

Percentage of Ingredients in Glass

silica sandsoda ashlimeother ingredients

72%

17%5%6%

Historical Glass Manufacturing process:

Historical method: heating and blowing shape the glass

products by hand requires high skills & is

time consuming

Today’s Glass Manufacturing Process:

1. Silica sand, limestone, soda ash and cullet (recycled glass or broken glass) are keep dry and cool in a batcher house in silos or compartments

2. Mixing and weighting into proper proportion

3. Send to furnaces in hoppersa). operated by natural gas b). heat the mixture at 1300-1600 degrees Celsius into soften or molten state

www.glassforever.co.uk/howisglassmade/

4. Molding --- molten glass flows to forming machine to mold into desire shapes

5. Annealing lehrs --- reheating the glass in an oven > to ensure even cooling of glass for strengthening of the products

6. Cooling process --- Cool for 30 min to an hour for safe to handle. 7. Glass products are then decorated,

inspected again and finally packaged and shipped to our customers.

glass furnace cooling systems

Different type of glass:

There are a number of different types of glass, and it is important to decide which is most suited for a particular job.

'Ordinary' sheet glass

This glass is made by passing the molten glass through rollers; this process gives an almost flat finish but the effects of the rollers upon the molten glass makes some distortion inevitable. The glass can be used in domestic windows etc.

Float glass (plate)

Float glass gets its name from the method of production used to manufacture it. The molten glass is 'floated' onto a bed of molten tin - this produces a glass which is flat and distortion free.

Energy efficient glass

Some manufacturers produce float glass with a special thin coating on one side which, allows the suns energy to pass through in one direction while reducing the thermal transfer the other way

Toughened (Safety glass)

Toughened glass is produced by applying a special treatment to ordinary float glass after it has been cut to size and finished. The treatment involves heating the glass so that it begins to soften (about 620 degrees C) and then rapidly cooling it. This produces a glass which, if broken, breaks into small pieces without sharp edges.

Laminated glass

As the name suggests, laminated glass is made up of a sandwich of two or more sheets of glass , bonded together by a flexible, normally transparent material.

If the glass is cracked or broken, the flexible material is designed to hold the glass fragments in place.

UTILIZATION OF GLASSPractical glass Industrial glassGlass of science and medicine

Examples of today’s glass products:

· Containers (jars and bottles)

· Flat glass Lighting glass Tableware (drinking

glasses) TV tubes and

screens

glass package43%

sheet glass30%

plants and conduits5%

electrotechnical needs10%

housekeeping12%

Consumption of GlassThree largest consumers:

1. glass packaging (43%)2. domestic commodities3. construction industry

National Glass Usage

Recycling of Glass

Recycle of glass is mostly used for packaging > Recycle process is as fallows:

Effects from glass manufacturing process

Workers: Dangerous & harmful to workers if breakage occurs while

glass holds heated or corrosive, can result in serious injuries Glass making process occurs at high temperature Glass can broke easily under pressure, impact or thermal

shock Prevention: wear protective clothing and gloves to prevent those injuries

Environmental impact

Environmental degradation:> Air pollution> Aquatic Life> Human Health> Economy

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