Upload
greenbridge-nv
View
129
Download
5
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Academische case KULeuven - "Opslagtechnieken voor het net"
Citation preview
Opslagtechnieken voor het net
Frederik Geth (Johan Driesen)[email protected]
KU Leuven ElectaStudiedag: Energieopslag en Smart Grids
“Een visie op het net van morgen”
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Energy Storage in the Electric Power System
• Intermittent and difficult-to-predict renewables pose challenges to design and operation of power system
• Increased flexibility needs• Generation-consumption
• Localized grid issues
• No single flexibility source is indispensable, but all are part of a cost-effective solution
Space Time
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Electricity Storage Definition
• Electricity storage systems, connected to the grid, perform three functions:• Consuming electric power• Accumulating the energy• Generating electric power
• Implies • Conversion of energy• Losses
• Causality between generation and consumption
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Decourt, B., & Debarre, R. (2013). Factbook Electricity Storage (p. 98). ’s-Gravenhage, Netherlands.
>99%
Worldwide installed capacity
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Decourt, B., & Debarre, R. (2013). Factbook Electricity Storage (p. 98). ’s-Gravenhage, Netherlands.
Most Common Technologies
Technology Comparison
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Storage Plant Ratings
Gruber, K. H. Mit der Kraft des Wassers.
MWh
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Large-Scale Electricity Storage
• Two most economical options:• Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) (+ Natural gas?)
• Both depend on geological/geographical features, typically far from population (load centers)• Hydro: elevation difference & water storage• CAES: salt dome cavity for compressed gas storage
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Conversion ‘Direct’
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
SMES
http://www.bruker-est.com/bas_special_applications.html
Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage
• Cooling!• High power, low energy• Stores energy in
electromagnetic field• Power quality support
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›Electricity Storage /
Storage techniquesSupercapacitors - Concept
• A supercapacitor or an ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually large amount of energy storage capability compared to common capacitors
• Stores energy in electric field
• High-power• Long cycle-life• High roundtrip efficiency
Source: Maxwell Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS)
• Position of body of water in gravitational field
• Pure and mixed
• Power pumping ≠ turbine
• Roundtrip efficiency 65-85%
• Most often in HV grid
• Asset of producers in liberalized market
Turbine-generator
Motor-pump
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
PHS in Belgium
La centrale d’ accumulation par pompage de Coo – Trois-ponts. (2012). Electrabel. Retrieved from https://www.electrabel.com/assets/be/corporate/documents/12018_Coo_Folder_FR_LR.pdfThe hydroelectric power station of la Plate Taille. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://services-techniques.met.wallonie.be/en/waterways/the_hydroelectric_power_s/
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Energy Island
Offshore PHS storage off the Belgian coast• Recently proposed project• Proven (mature) technology in a new innovative
context• Facilitating the integration of offshore wind power• Future offshore Supergrid building block?
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
CAES + Gas - Concept
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Huntorf CAES
• Single commercial CAES in Europe Huntorf, Germany
• Low storage efficiency
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
CAES + Gas - Pro’s and con’s
• Advantages:
– Low capital cost (integrated in CCGT plant)• Disdavantages:
– Need for natural cavity (typically salt cavern)– Lower round trip efficiency– Needs natural gas – Depends on presence of gas turbines and natural
gas pipeline
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Adiabatic Compressed Air Storage
• Heat storage + pressure storage separated• Heat storage in oil, rocks, molten salt or
concrete• Efficiency target 70 %• Prototype under construction in Germany
(Adele project)
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
AA-CAES
RWE project ADELE
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Flywheel development
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›Electricity Storage /
Storage techniquesBatteries - Comparison
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Techno-economic parameters
• Averaged values over a given cycle depth• Assuming normal operation
envelope
• How to match technology to an application
• Develop cycling strategies to support a service
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Safe operating conditions
• Envelope of – Voltage– Current– Temperature
• Failure mode depends on how envelope is breached– Cell use outside of normal envelope
may not have immediate consequences
– Damage is initiated by (a set of) abuse events
– Damage may then grow from operation within the safety envelope!
– Causes failure over time
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Sodium Sulfur
• “NAS” by NGK insulators (Tepco)
• > 316 MW deployed @ > 200 locations
• 1 MW - 7.2 MWh units
– 20 x 50 kW modules
– 300 - 350 degrees C
– 15 a, 300 cycles / a, >75 % roundtrip
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
BESS: Battery Energy Storage System
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Sodium Sulfur
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
NaNiCl
• Manufacturers FIAMM and GE• High temperature• Sometimes called ZEBRA
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Li-ion Family
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Li-ion Family
• Mass-production ramping up with rollout of electric vehicles• Different chemistries have different features• Long lifetime and high efficiency achievable, cost coming down
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Containerized solutions
• NEC(A123)
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
PbAcid and NiCd/NiMH
• Well-known technologies• PbAcid a little more efficient than NiMH/NiCd• NiCd not to be used in Europe anymore• Low(er) energy and power densities relative to NaS and Li-ion
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Electrochemical storage with circulation
• Decoupling between power and energy– Power: number of cells– Capacity: storage tank volume
• High cycling and misuse tolerance• No auto-discharge once the
electrolytes have been charged• Liquid electrodes
• Complex: • circulation system,
infrastructure, command, maintenance, sensitive membranes
• Consumption of the auxiliaries: • 5-10% impact on the
efficiency in case of PSB • 3% of equivalent auto-
discharge per day (VRB 45kW/2h technology)
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Zinc Bromide
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Battery Technologies
Normal
Pb
Gel VRLA
AGM VRLA
Open cell
Ni
NiCd
NiMH
NiZn
Li
LiCoO2
LiMn2O4
LiFePO4
Li4Ti5O12
Metal-air
High temperature
NaS
NaNiCl
Flow-type
PSB
VRB
ZnBr
CeZn
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Li-air
G. Girishkumar, B. McCloskey, a. C. Luntz, S. Swanson, and W. Wilcke, Lithium Air Battery: Promise and Challenges, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 1, no. 14, pp. 2193-2203, Jul. 2010.
“… have to solve the difficult problem of developing
a high throughput air-breathing system that passes
O2 and keeps out environmental contaminants.”“The oxidation of 1kg of lithium metal
releases 11680Wh/kg, not much lower than
that of gasoline.”
“Prototype aprotic Li-air cells deliver current densities in the order of 1 mA/cm2. It will be critical to increase this current density by at least 1 order of magnitude”
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Overview Storage Technologies
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›Electricity Storage /
Storage techniquesFuel Cells - Concept
• By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed.
• However, a given device is usually maximized for operating in one modus and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards.
• Fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems
• Designs for different fuels: hydrogen, natural gas
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Converting electricity to fuel?Power-to-gas
Specht, M., Zuberbühler, U., Baumgart, F., Feigl, B., Frick, V., Stüurmer, B., Sterner, N., Waldstein, G., Storing Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid. Methane via Power-to-Gas (P2G): A Renewable Fuel for Mobility, http://www.solar-fuel.net/
Efficiency?
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Comparing storage quantities
M. Specht, F. Baumgart, B. Feigl, V. Frick, B. Stürmer, U. Zuberbühler, M. Sterner, G. Waldstein, Themen 2009, Forschungsverbund Erneuerbare Energien, S. 69, Berlin (2010)
Applications
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
EPRI, “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options,” 2010.
Location in the Power System
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Self-consumption of PV?
German Federal Law: “Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Rechts der Erneuerbaren Energien im Strombereich und zur Anderung damit zusammenhangender Vorschriften (EEG)“ (English translation), Federal Law Gazette (Bundesgesetzblatt) 2008 I No. 49, Bonn, Germany, October 2008.
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Developing Business Cases
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Electricity Storage
Electric power input
Electric power output
Consuming + accumulating GeneratingWaiting
Charging Discharging
Roundtrip efficiency includes all losses over a charge-discharge cycle!
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Zinc Air
Stored sealedOnce opened, oxidation will occur, whether or not current is used (self-discharge)Energy density high Slow discharge (air flow!)Small cells commercialized
Energieopslag en Smart Grids4 & 5 september 2014 p. ‹#›
Self-consumption favoring tariff?